Loading...
The URL can be used to link to this page
Your browser does not support the video tag.
R-03-11-13-11G1 - 11/13/2003
RESOLUTION NO. R -03-11-13-11G1 WHEREAS, Chapter 791 of the Texas Government Code, V.T.C.A., authorizes local governments and agencies of the state to enter into agreements with one another to .perform governmental functions and services, and WHEREAS, the City of Round Rock wishes to enter into an Interlocal Contract for Orthophotography with the Capital Area Planning Council for Aerial Photography Updates of selected high growth areas in and, around the City, Now Therefore BE IT RESOLVED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF ROUND ROCK, TEXAS, That the Mayor is hereby authorized and directed to execute on behalf of the City an Interlocal Contract for Orthophotography with the Capital Area Planning Council, a copy of said Contract being attached hereto as Exhibit "A" and incorporated herein for all purposes. The City Council hereby finds and declares that written notice of the date, hour, place and subject of the meeting at which this Resolution was adopted, was posted and that such meeting was open to the public as required by law at all times during which this Resolution and the subject matter hereof were discussed, considered and formally acted upon, all as required by the Open Meetings Act, Chapter 551, Texas Government Code, as amended. RESOLVED this 13th day of November, 2003. ATTEST: City of Round Rock, Texas N ,'" Ma lilUua�tine> CHRISTINE R. MARTINEZ, City Secreta @FFDe:;ktop\::ODMA/WORLDOX/0:/W'DOX/RESOLUTI/R31113G1.WPD/sc CAPITAL AREA PLANNING COUNCIL INTERLOCAL CONTRACT FOR ORTHOPHOTOGRAPHY Art. 1. Parties and Purpose 1.1. The Capital Area Planning Council ("CAPCO") is a regional planning commission and political subdivision of the State of Texas organized and operating under the Texas Regional Planning Act of 1965, as amended, chapter 391 of the Local Government Code. 1.2. The City of Round Rock (the "City") is a Texas home -rule municipality that is seeking to obtain orthophotography mapping services. 1.3. CAPCO has contracted with Sanborn Colorado L.C.C. ("Sanborn") to provide orthophotography services. This contract is entered into between CAPCO and the City under chapter 791 of the Government Code so that the City can contribute to the cost of CAPCO's contract with Sanborn and Sanborn can provide the City with additional orthophotography mapping. Art. 2. Goods and Services 2.1. CAPCO agrees to furnish the City the orthophotography mapping prepared by Sanborn for the City under its contract with CAPCO. The orthophotography mapping specifications and timetable for delivery are described in the Attachment to this contract. Art. 3. Contract Price and Payment Terms 3.1. The City agrees to compensate CAPCO in the total amount of not to exceed $14,489 for goods and services furnished the City under this contract. The City represents that it has current revenues available on the effective date of this contract to make all payments required by this contract. 3.2. The City agrees to pay CAPCO the total contract price in installments as work is completed and invoiced. 3.3. CAPCO agrees to invoice the City for the payments when due under paragraph 3.2, and the City agrees to pay CAPCO the invoiced amount within 30 calendar days from the date of the invoice. Art. 4. Effective Date and Term of Contract 4.1. This contract takes effect on the date it is signed on behalf of CAPCO and it ends, unless sooner terminated under Art. 6, on April 30th, 2004. Art. 5. Nondiscrimination and Equal Opportunity b 3 EXHIBIT II All 5.1. CAPCO and the City shall not exclude anyone from participating under this contract, deny anyone benefits under this contract, or otherwise unlawfully discriminate against anyone in carrying out this contract because of race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, handicap, or national origin. Art. 6. Early Termination of Contract 6.1. If CAPCO or the City breaches a material provision of this contract, the other may notify the breaching party describing the breach and demanding corrective action. The breaching party has five business days from its receipt of the notice to correct the breach, or to begin and continue with reasonable diligence and in good faith to correct the breach. If the breach cannot be corrected within a reasonable time, despite the breaching party's reasonable diligence and good faith effort to do so, the parties may agree to terminate the contract or either party may invoke the dispute resolution process of Art. 7. 6.2. If the City fails to pay CAPCO the full contract price set out in paragraph 3.1, CAPCO and Sanborn jointly own with the City any goods and services provided the City but not paid for. Joint ownership of these goods and services is automatically established among CAPCO, Sanborn, and the City at the time of termination for nonpayment under paragraph 6.1 and continues until Sanborn is paid in full for the goods and services provided, at which time the City becomes the sole owner of the goods and services. 6.3. Termination for breach under paragraph 6.1 does not waive either party's claim for damages resulting from the breach, Art. 7. Dispute Resolution 7.1. The parties desire to resolve disputes arising under this contract without litigation. Accordingly, if a dispute arises, the parties agree to attempt in good faith to resolve the dispute between themselves. To this end, the parties agree not to sue one another, except to enforce compliance with this Art. 7, until they have exhausted the procedures set out in this Article. 7.2. At the written request of either party, each party shall appoint one nonlawyer representative to negotiate informally and in good faith to resolve any dispute arising under this contract. The representatives appointed shall determine the location, format, frequency, and duration of the negotiations. 7.3. If the representatives cannot resolve the dispute within 30 calendar days after the first negotiation meeting, the parties agree to refer the dispute to the Dispute Resolution Center of Austin for mediation in accordance with the Center's mediation procedures by a single mediator assigned by the Center. Each party shall pay half the cost of the Center's mediation services. 7.4. The parties agree to continue performing their duties under this contract, which are unaffected by the dispute, during the negotiation and mediation process. 2 Art. 8 Notice to Parties 8.1. Notice to be effective under this contract must be in writing and received by the party against whom it is to operate. Notice is received by a party: (1) when it is delivered to the party personally; (2) on the date shown on the return receipt if mailed by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, to the party's address specified in paragraph 8.2 and signed on behalf of the party; or (3) three business days after its deposit in the United States mail, with first-class postage affixed, addressed to the party's address specified in paragraph 7.2. 8.2. CAPCO's address is 2512 IH -35, South, Suite 220, Austin, TX 78704, Attention: Betty Voights, Executive Director. The City's address is 221 E. Main Street, Round Rock , Texas 78664, Attention: Jim Nuse, City Manager. 8.3. A party may change its address by providing notice of the change in accordance with paragraph 8.1. Art. 9. Miscellaneous 9.1. Each individual signing this contract on behalf of a party warrants that he or she is legally authorized to do so and that the party is legally authorized to perform the obligations undertaken. 9.2. This contract states the entire agreement of the parties, and an amendment to it is not effective unless in writing and signed by all parties. 9.4. This contract is binding on and inures to the benefit of the parties' successors in interest. 9.5. Sanborn is a third -party beneficiary of this contract. 9.6. This contract is executed in duplicate originals. CITY OF ROUND ROCK, TEXAS CAPITAL AREA PLANNING COUNCIL By By Nyle Maxwell Mayor Betty Voights Executive Director Date Date 3 ATTACHMENT: DESCRIPTION OF GOODS AND SERVICES 4 12 inch pixel B&W Orthophoto 12 inch • ixel Color Ortho • hoto 12 inch • ixel Color Infrared Orth • • hoto 12inch • ixel Muftis • ectral Orthoima • e inch ''tel Color Ortlioehy. 10' Contours from 24 inch • ixel ima . e DEM's/DTM's 199.32 Per sq. mile 217.49 Per s ' . mile 226.87 Per '.mile NO BID Per s ' . mile mss 77717' 5' Contours from 12 inch • ixel ima le DEM's/DTM's 2' Contours from 6 inch ' ixel ima • e DEM's/DTM's $ 56.02 Per s I . mile 296.08 Per s ' . mile U • • ated 2' Contours from 6 inch 'ixel ima , e DEM's/DTM's U • • ated 100 ma . scale .lanimetrics from 6 inch 'ixel ima e e 952.37 Per '.mile $ 952.37 Capital Area Planning Council ate y of Round Rock requested bythe RFP., lection 62, and Sanborn Colorado's Proposal, Section 5, the following table of service options indicates the services selected by the City of Round Rock 1,822.651 Per •.mile mile Square Miles 20.83 Task Fee Ortho/plan/topo $3,360.15 Total Fee $69,991.92 Pricing Notes: 1. See the attached Statement of Work for detailed specifications, deliverables, fee and production schedules and map area calculations and diagrams. 1 Includes the fee to mosaic the entire City image database into the MrSID format using the updated tiles. CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary. 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc., ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1 Capital Area Pienning Council CAPCO — City of Round Rock Statement of Work • The following scope of work is in response to a request for services by CAPCO/Qty of Round Rock from Sanborn Colorado, L.L.C. The services include production as follows: • Produce first generation 6" pixel resolution color orthophotography of the Qty of Round Rock (approximately 20.83 square miles) according to the attached shape file printout and area calculation labeled Attachment A. • Update 2' contour data of the Qty of Round Rock (approximately 20.83 square miles; Attachment A). • Update and compile planimetric data of the Qty of Round Rock (approximately 20.83 square miles; Attachment A). • Compress the new orthoimagerywith the existing database in MrSID format. The following services will be performed to support the project • Acquisition of Color aerial photography at 1" =600' • Panel existing ground control point locations and establish new control points as necessary (pre -marked or photo -identifiable features) • Acquisition of AGPS data during the photography missions to supplement the ground control network • Scanning of the film negatives at a scan resolution of 14 microns • Aerial Triangulation implementing softcopytechniques • Softcopy stereo compilation of LIDAR DTM and planimetric data • Database design developed in conjunction with CAPOO/Qty of Round Rock (from Qty of Round Rock 2001 database design) Procedures Sanborn will acquire color aerial photography at a negative scale of 1" =600' along an optimal flight line pattern. The aerial photography mission will be flown in spring 2003. Prior to initiating the aerial photography mission, a proposed flight line map will be developed using digital boundaries provided by CAPCO/City of Round Rock The flight plan be submitted to the Qty of Round Rock's Project Manager for approval prior to initiating the aerial photography mission. The aerial mission will proceed upon receipt of Qty of Round Rock's signed approval/authorization to proceed. The film negatives will be reviewed prior to scanning. The film will be examined for scratches, marks, artifacts, overall quality, scale, crab, tilt, overlap, sidelap, and adherence to the flight plan. Upon approval, the frim will be scanned at 14 microns on Z/I PhotoScan scanners. Scanning resolutions will be appropriate to meet output requirements for the ground spatial distance (GSD) of the orthophotos. A pre -scan analysis will be performed to facilitate the generation of image histograms and correlation between negatives. CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary. 02002 The Sansom Map Company, Inc., AU. RIGHTS RESERVED 2 Capital Area Planning Council Sanborn will use a combination of conventional ground control augmented by airborne GPS (AGPS) data to control the FAAT. Sanborn will maximize the use of existing ground survey stations as control and checkpoints for the generation of orthophotographs. Suitable existing NSRS geodetic control will be used, supplemented where necessary by new semi-permanent ground control points. Ties will be made to existing Order B (two or more) and First Order horizontal control, and to vertical control of suitable (Second Order or better) quality, to ensure conformity with the specified datums (NAD83 and NAVD88). Vertical control will be established via a combination of Second Order digital geodetic leveling and First Order GPS surveys. Final coordinates will be provided on the Texas Plane Coordinate System, Central Zone in units of the US. Survey Foot. Upon completing CAPCO project's ground control phase, Sanborn will prepare and submit a final Survey Report. A Control Diagram will also be prepared which will address all existing and newly established control used as a basis for the subsequent photogrammetric work Digital orthophotography will be produced by digitally scanning the color aerial photography. Each image will be resected to simulate its position in space at the time of exposure. The DTM will be applied to the raster file to differentially rectify the image to eliminate distortion. Once the imagery has been rectified, it will be structured and formatted in a seamless image database and re -sampled to the appropriate resolution. The final deliverable will be images in tiled Geo wF format with world files. Fully analytical aerial triangulation will be performed on the new photography and control to support Softcopycompilation. The existing DTM and planimetrics will be updated using Softcopy compilation methods. The LIDAR DTM was collected for the City of Round Rock area during spring 2001. The LIDAR DTM will be updated as necessary to support the generation of the updated 2' contours. All LIDAR procedures used by Sanborn will comply with FEMA guidelines. Contour lines will be developed in accordance with the contour guidelines for 1" =100' scale topographic maps. Every fifth contour line is an index contour and is distinguished using a heavier line style to enhance identification. All contour lines are solid and unbroken upon generation and will only be broken in client specified locations. Where the ground is obscured by vegetation, the contours are dashed, which indicate application of less strict accuracy criteria. Elevation values are assigned to the contour lines and carried as attributes. Spot elevations will be indicated at the following locations: • Road intersections and the road centerline at the abutment and center of bridges and over all major culverts • Road/railroad intersections • Surface water elevations and intersection points of all tributaries and main channel • Crest of significant closed contours • Lowest point of significant closed depression contours, saddles, and cuts • Areas of dense vegetation where the ground is visible CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary, 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc.. All RIGHTS RESERVED 3 Capital Area Planning Council The City of Round. Rock 1" =100' Map Scale Planimetric features will be updated using the spring 2003 1" =600' negative scale photography. The feature capture rates (% completeness) are listed below. Feature Paved roads (edge of pavement) Paved parking (10 cars or more) Paved driveway (>150 ft) Paved alley % Capture City of Round Rock (1"=100' map scale) 100 100 98 Unpaved roads (public, maintained) Unpaved alleys Trail centerlines (hike & bike) Public sidewalks 98 Buildings (>100 sq. ft., commercial if >4000 sq. ft) Building spot heights (commercial & industrial) Lake (>5 acres) River (>10 ft, double sided) Drain (<10 ft., single line) Pond (> 1 acre) Concrete Drain Hidden Drain Bridge 98 98 95 100 98 98 100 100 Culvert Obscurred area 95 98 98 95 100 95 98 Accuracy Specifications The accuracy specifications for the project will be as follows: • ASPRS Class 1 Accuracy Standards for Large Scale Maps (1" =100' map scale) • FEMA LiDAR specifications (See Attachment B). Data that fails to meet project acceptance criteria are reworked in APS and ArcInfo. Deliverables • Project Initiation Phase + Conversion Work Plan (preliminary and final) • Aerial PhotographyPhase + Flight line plan and control diagram + Aerial film negatives + One set of all digital scans on CD or DVD • Survey Control Phase • Control diagram CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary. 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc.. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4 Capital Area Planning Council • One hard copy and one digital (ASCII) file of the report outlining results of the ground Global Positioning Satellite observations •�• GPS observations, results, observation logs, and data analysis and adjustments • Aerial Triangulation Phase • One copy of FAAT Report • Digital Orthophoto Phase •�• One set ofdigital orthoP in '11rr ® /TFW format on or DVD o Photh Y °• One set of compressed digital orthophotography in MrSID format on CD or DVD • Photogrammetric Compilation Phase •�• Preliminary photogrammetric checkplots and Arc Info digital data • Confirmation plots, as required • Final photogrammetric plots on paper •�• Digital Arc Info and AutoCAD files of planimetric and topographic data • Data for DTM/DEM in ASCII file format Acceptance Criteria The following guidelines establish the Acceptance Criteria between Sanborn and CAPCO/Qty of Round Rock The review period is subject to an acceptance rating in a unit of delivery (i.e. tile). Sanborn divides the acceptance criteria into 3 distinct categories; each of which is subject to an acceptance rating that we base on the total number of features e.g., database attributes in a unit of delivery (i.e. tile). The three categories of . acceptance criteria are, (1) data accuracy, (2) orthophotography accuracy, and (3) review periods. 1. Data Accuracy (a) Data Base Design: Sanborn is responsible for achieving 100.0 percent accuracy when comparing compliance between the files/database and the database design/scheme specifications and all the topological system requirements (computer checkable). These requirements are system specific and necessitate a list of details, such as, • inclusively, the database record is all features that the database design/scheme defines as having a database record; • the database record includes only correct database relationships; • features (data elements) correspond to a specific database record; • attributes populate with [legal] value ranges; • location of data within the map extent; and • precision, fuzzy, and dangle tolerances are specific. Edge -Matching: (b) CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary, 0 2002 The Sanbom Map Company, Inc., ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 5 Capital Area Planning Council Sanborn is responsible for achieving 100.0 percent accuracy when edgematching (ie., graphic cross -tile connection) all linear features within a delivery area. The point (x,y) at which a linear element crosses one tile, is the same value in the next tile. (c) Snapping: Sanborn is responsible for achieving 100.0 percent accuracy when snapping features that are part of a topologically structured coverage (ie., polygon), and 98.0 percent for non - topologically structured linear features within 1/1000' (.001 feet for 100 -scale mapping). 2. Orthophotography Accuracy: Sanborn has developed a comprehensive Quality Assurance (QA) Plan for measuring the quality of digital orthophoto imagery. The QA Plan identifies specific standards and criteria to determine an acceptance value for criteria including the following: • Horizontal Image Accuracy- typically basedupon the project accuracy standards. • Image Quality- depends on mosaicking , edgematching, foreign artifacts, scratches, brightness, shadows, and contrast. • Other Issues - radial displacement, water reflections, and system anomalies. Sanbom has developed and published Digital Imaging Acceptance Criteria for producing digital orthophotographyfor the CAPCO project. This document required signatures of both Sanborn's and the Qty of Round Rock's Project Managers as an agreement to the criteria to be applied during the production and QC of the orthoimagery. Please refer to this document in Attachment C 3. Review Periods: (d) CAPCO/Qty of Round Rock's Review Period: CAPCO/Qty of Round Rock completes all computer checks or tests on the data within 30 days of receipt of the initial delivery. On or before 30 days, CAPCO/Qty of Round Rock notifies Sanborn of the status of the file as either (1) accepted (2) received— edited (returned to Sanborn for corrections), or (3) rejected (returned to Sanborn without a complete edit). Any delivered tile that is found to exceed the error tolerances specified herein within one year after project delivery will be corrected free of charge by Sanborn. CAPCO/Qty of Round Rock may submit any falling tiles at the end of each calendar quarter. Sanborn will correct and redeliver them within 30=60 calendar days. (e) CAPOO/Qty of Round Rock's Rejected Products: CAPCO/City of Round Rock reserves the right to reject the file in total, if, in CAPCO/Qtyof Round Rock's judgment, the file is unusable for the quality control edit process, ie., and unreadable media. (f) Sanbom's Review Period: Sanborn validates and corrects all calls for redelivery of edited/rejected computer checked digital files within 30 days of receipt from CAPCO/Qty of Round Rock Sanborn and CAPCO/Qty of Round Rock need to aim for a one -pass edit cycle. If data requires a redelivery because of failing to meet the acceptance criteria, then Sanborn corrects (for final delivery) only those edit calls identified in the digital data file during CAPCO/Qty of Round Rock's initial quality control data validation. Sanbom is CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary. 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc.. AU. RIGHTS RESERVED 6 Capital Area Planning Council responsible for achieving 100 percent accuracy for edit calls CAPCD/Qty of Round Rock identifies. (g) Acceptable Errors: Errors falling within the acceptance criteria (under 2 percent), Sanborn will correct from CAPCO/City of Round Rock edits for an additional fee (fee is according to the actual hours required to correct and to process the data— per delivery unit.). Invoicing and Payment Terms Sanbom shall invoice monthly for percent complete. Payment terms for all valid invoices received are NET30 from date of invoice. Production Schedule Sanborn will commence work upon receipt of the signed work order from CAPCO. Final data will be completed and delivered on or before September 30, 2003. Delivery of final data is dependent upon actual date of acquisition of photography. Adjustments to the production schedule will be made for any events that delay production, CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary, 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc., ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 7 Capital Area Planning Council ecifications Guidelines and Specifications for Flood Hazard Mapping Partners Appendix A Guidance for Aerial Mapping and Surveying Y g A.1 Introduction This Appendix presents Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) aerial mapping and surveying guidelines and specifications that have been established to specify the quality of the spatial data products to be produced, including work maps and base maps used in the production of Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), Digital Flood Insurance Rate Maps (DFIRMs), and DFIRM-Digital Line Graphs (DFIRM-DLGs). The term "FIRM" is used generically hereinafter to specify this "family" of FEMA spatial products. This Appendix also includes guidance for ground surveys of control points, cross sections, and hydraulic structures; topographic mapping using photogrammetry, LIght Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) or other airborne remote -sensing technologies, consistent with FEMA and industry standards. [February 2002] A.8 Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) Surveys When Mapping Partners choose to use airborne LIDAR systems for gathering the data necessary to create digital elevation data for hydraulic modeling of floodplains, digital terrain maps, and other NFIP products, the guidelines and specifications presented in this section of these Guidelines must be used. CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Contiderdial and Proprietary. 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc.. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED • 8 Capital Area Planning Council LIDAR systems may not be able to gather all of the data necessary to create those products. Data in areas such as bodies of water or dense forests may not meet the requirements of this Appendix. For FEMA products containing such areas, the assigned Mapping Partner shall supplement LIDAR data with data acquired by other means, as needed for hydraulic modeling. Lesser standards may be applied for hydrologic modeling of watersheds or other studies. The guidelines and specifications herein are to be used by FEMA Mapping Partners who use LIDAR systems for data gathering purposes. [February 2002] A.8.1 System Definitions For the purpose of these Guidelines, LIDAR is defined as an airborne laser system, flown aboard rotary or fixed -wing aircraft, that is used to acquire x, y, and z coordinates of terrain and terrain features that are both manmade and naturally occurring. LIDAR systems consist of an airborne GPS with attendant GPS base stations, Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), and light - emitting scanning laser. The system measures ranges from the scanning laser to terrain surfaces within a scan width beneath the aircraft. The time it takes for the emitted light (LIDAR return) to reach the earth's surface and reflect back to the onboard LIDAR detector is measured to determine the range to the ground. Scan widths will vary, depending on mission purpose, weather conditions, desired point density and spacing, and other factors. The other two components of LIDAR systems are the airborne GPS, which ascertains the in- flight three-dimensional position of the sensor, and the IMU, which delivers precise information about the attitude of the sensor, i.e., the roll, pitch and heading. [February 2002] A.8.2 General Guidelines for Use Two important factors in the LIDAR system mission planning are the point density of the randomly spaced LIDAR points and the point spacing of the uniformly spaced DEM points derived from the randomly spaced LIDAR returns. The correct point density necessary to accurately represent terrain and terrain features will depend on flight conditions, mission purpose, and required accuracy. As discussed in Sections A.3 and A.4, DEM point spacing of 5 meters or less and vertical accuracy of 1.2 feet at the 95-percecent confidence level (Accuracy) is required for digital elevation data equivalent to 2 -foot contours for flat terrain, and Accuracy of 2.4 feet is required for digital elevation data equivalent to 4' -foot contours for rolling to hilly terrain. Flight -path planning is another important factor in the LIDAR system mission. The flight path shall cover the study area satisfactorily including both parallel and enough cross flight lines to eliminate shadowing and allow for proper quality control. CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary, 0 2002 Tile Sanborn Map Company, Inc.. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 9 Capital Area Planning. Council Unlike aerial photograrnmetry, LIDAR missions can be flown without regard to sun angle. Flights may take place at night, if conditions otherwise allow. However, it is recommended that some form of imagery exist over the LIDAR area. Simultaneous video or digital imagery cannot be acquired if LIDAR data are acquired at night, but LIDAR intensity returns can be acquired day or night, and these help to identify features during LIDAR post -processing. Alternatively, digital orthophotos acquired at a different time can be used for this purpose. Elevation and measurement information related to subsurface channel and hydraulic structure geometry shall be obtained through the use of other mapping technologies over deep or turbid water. In some instances, shallow water and near -shore coastal surveys can be accomplished using airborne LIDAR bathymetric systems equipped with lasers operating in portions of the light spectrum that allow transmission through water. LIDAR system tolerance for inclement weather conditions (e.g., high winds, wet snow, rain, fog, high humidity, low cloud cover) generally is higher than that of photogrammetric methods. However, such conditions have been known to degrade the accuracy of laser return data. Therefore, Mapping Partners shall generally avoid missions during inclement weather. High point densities may allow satisfactory data collection in areas of dense foliage. Still, care shall be taken in planning missions with regard to both natural (vegetative) and manmade (structure) ground cover. Pulse width, beam divergence, first and last pulse return discrimination, and choice of the post processing algorithms used for vegetation or structure removal may all affect the accuracy of LIDAR-derived data in areas of dense foliage. [February 2002] A.8.3 Performance Standards The accuracy standards in Sections A.3 and A.4 of this Appendix also shall apply to NFIP maps and map products derived from LIDAR systems. LIDAR-derived data shall have the accuracy required to produce topographic maps and products that meet NSSDA. FEMA is not aware of any existing LIDAR system performance standards. Current information about LIDAR systems is available from ASPRS (See ASPRS, 2001), National Oceanic. and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Aeronautic and Space Administration, U.S. Anmy Corps of Engineers, LIDAR system manufacturers and venders, and private firms that provide LIDAR system services. As professional or trade associations issue specifications and standards, FEMA may adopt those standards and specifications and amend this Appendix. [February 2002] A.8.3.1 Overall Standards The assigned Mapping Partner shall furnish all necessary materials and equipment. The assigned Mapping Partner also shall supply the supervisory, professional, and technical services personnel required to manage, survey, document, and process all data associated with CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Propdetary, 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc., ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 10 Capital Area Planning Council LIDAR system mapping, scanning, and digital image processing. The assigned Mapping Partner shall provide all deliverables in accordance with the contract or other agreement with FEMA and the requirements in this Appendix. DEM posting shall be the minimum allowed by the data and shall not exceed 5 meters. As specified in Section A.3, Accuracy, shall normally be 1.2 foot (equivalent to 2 -foot contours) in flat terrain and 2.4 feet (equivalent to 4 -foot contours) in rolling to hilly terrain. [February 2002] A.8.3.1.1 Data Voids For the purposes of this Appendix, areas not within two times the DEM posting of data points are data voids. Data voids may occur from several different causes, including the following: • LIDAR pulses may be naturally absorbed by water bodies or areas recently covered with asphalt. Such voids are normally considered to be unavoidable. • The LIDAR system may have malfunctioned for some reason. • Heavy winds, flight navigation system (FMS) error or pilot error may have caused "holidays" between flight lines. • Data points may be intentionally removed as part of the bare -earth post -processing to delete points that impinged on the tops of manmade structures or failed to penetrate dense vegetation. Data voids caused by system malfunctions or flight line holidays are unacceptable, requiring new flights. Data voids caused by removal of LIDAR data points on manmade structures are always acceptable. Data voids caused by removal of LIDAR data points on dense vegetation are subject to additional guidelines, depending on whether or not the voids exist inside or outside the floodplain for which hydraulic modeling is to be performed: When data voids exist outside the floodplain, hydrologic modeling of the watershed can still be performed acceptably by "filling" the voids through interpolation from surrounding points. When data voids exist inside the floodplain, the cause of the data voids, the size of the voids, and the location of the voids all have a bearing on whether additional ground surveys will be required to fill the voids. For example, if the data voids are caused by dense mangrove or sawgrass areas, supplemental ground surveys within such areas are not needed. These voids are normally "filled" by interpolation from elevation points immediately surrounding the mangrove or sawgrass areas. When small data voids of less than 1 acre are caused by removal of points in other types of dense vegetation, similar interpolation procedures may be employed at the discretion of the FEMA Lead. CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary. 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc.. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 11 Capital Area Planning Council The principal scenario where additional ground surveys are required involves larger void areas, normally larger than 1 acre, located in areas where representative cross sections must be cut. If equally acceptable areas exist elsewhere to cut representative cross sections, the FEMA Lead may decide that the additional expense is unwarranted for filling larger data voids by ground surveys. This 'judgment call" is roughly equivalent to photogtammetric mapping where the photogrammetrist cannot see through the dense vegetation, determines areas to be "obscured," and maps the contours with dashed lines. In such cases, the photogrammetrist compiles representative cross sections only where the bare earth terrain can be seen in stereo, and performs ground surveys of additional cross sections only if alternative photogrammetrically compiled locations for cross sections are determined to be unacceptable. [February 2002] A.8.3.1.2 Artifacts Artifacts are regions of anomalous elevations or oscillations and ripples within the DEM . data resulting from systematic errors, environmental conditions, or incomplete post -processing. They may result from malfunctioning sensors, poorly calibrated instrumentation, adverse atmospheric conditions, or processing errors. When artifacts are not totally removed, the assigned. Mapping Partner shall provide an analysis of the effects of the remaining artifacts on DEM accuracy. The analysis shall include a description of the causes (contributing sources) of the artifacts and a description of the steps taken to eliminate them. Again, imagery is helpful in identification of artifacts. Figure A-4 shows examples of artifacts that remain after automated post -processing and prior to manual post -processing of LIDAR data. Since a major portion of post -processing costs pertain to manual post -processing which could consume as much as 80 percent of the total budget for a LIDAR project, the FEMA Lead may decide that it is not cost effective to require the bare -earth digital terrain data to be 100 percent clean and free of artifacts. As with data voids, the severity of such artifacts depends upon their size and location. In fact, the removal of such artifacts would create new data voids; therefore the guidelines are essentially identical. Artifacts outside the floodplain, but inside the watershed, have no bearing on hydraulic modeling and can be neglected. Often, LIDAR cross sections can be "cut" in areas other than where ue're the artifacts remain; and additional ground surveys are required only if necessary to cross sections through such artifact areas. The exception to this policy is in the event that the Mapping Partner needs DEMs to be 100 percent clean of artifacts for reasons other than hydraulic modeling (e.g., for community GIS Figure 4-4 Example of Artifacts CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary. 02002 The Sanborn Map Company. Inc., nu RIGHTS RESERVED 12 Capital Area Planning Council initiation for the purposes of identifying and correcting systematic errors. Proper system calibration requires repetitive overflight of terrain features of known and documented size and elevation using flight paths similar to those that will be used in the study area. For some projects, daily in-situ calibrations may be required. [February 2002] A.B.3.3 Flight Planning Planning a flight path that considers all aspects of data collection is critical to the success of the mission. An analysis of the project area, project requirements, topography, proximity to restricted air space, and other factors will determine the flight path configuration. The mission should include parallel flight lines and, for quality control purposes, at least one cross flight line. The spacing between the flight lines will depend on the desired amount of sidelap between swaths and the terrain. The density and accuracy of data generated by different equipment vary widely. The assigned Mapping Partner shall have the flexibility of providing a flight path to create the necessary point density to meet the posting and accuracy requirements and minimize the occurrence of data voids. The assigned Mapping Partner shall check the Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP) in the study area. The PDOP is an indicator of the positional accuracy that can be derived from the current GPS satellite geometry, which varies continuously; the smaller the PDOP number, the higher the data quality. The assigned Mapping Partner shall document mission date, time, flight altitude, airspeed, scan angle, scan rate, laser pulse rates, and other information deemed pertinent. For a sample mission data recordation . checklist, refer' to Table A-4, which appears at the end of this Appendix. [February 2002] A.8.3.4 Global Positioning System (GPS) Base Stations The assigned Mapping Partner shall select the GPS base stations carefully to ensure reliable differential processing of airborne GPS data. NGS recommends the simultaneous use of two GPS base stations during the mission. Either public- or private -domain GPS base stations are suitable for use for this purpose, provided they are within the acceptable GPS baseline limits. Normally 20 kilometer baseline lengths are maximum for high -accuracy LIDAR surveys, where the airborne GPS error component should contribute no more than 5 centimeters to the vertical error budget. Where possible, GPS base stations shall have ellipsoid heights to an accuracy of 2 centimeters relative to the Continuously Operating Reference Stations or the High Accuracy Reference CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Coofidential and Proprietary. 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc., All RIGHTS RESERVED 14 Capital Area Planning Council Network. The assigned Mapping Partner shall use high-quality, dual -frequency GPS receivers and associated antennae at the GPS base stations. [February 2002] A.8.4 Accuracy Reporting Methodology FGDC documented a common methodology for determining and reporting the accuracy of horizontal and vertical coordinates for geodetic control points (survey monuments) in FGDC- STD-007.1 and FGDC-STD-007.2. Additional guidance is included in NGS -58 (NOAA, 1997). [February 2002] A.8.5 Post -Processing of Data For hydraulic modeling, the assigned Mapping Partner shall provide high-resolution, high - accuracy, "bare -earth" ground elevation data. To restrict data to ground elevations only, Mapping Partner shall remove elevation points on bridges, buildings and other structures, he on vegetation from the LIDAR-derived data. In addition to randomly spaced LIDAR inand before and after removal of data associated with structures and vegetation, the assigned Mapping Partner shall produce a bare -earth TIN as well as a DEM, with the minimum regular point spacing, no greater than 5 meters, allowed by the data in eastings and northings. The assigned Mapping Partner shall use TIN linear interpolation procedures when validating the vertical accuracy of the elevation dataset. Accuracy assessments should normally beperformed on the TIN and not on the DEM which is a derived product of slightly lower accuracy. Using digital orthophotos, stereo photogrammetry, or other source materials, the assigned Mapping Partner shall produce breaklines for stream centerlines, drainage ditches, tops and bottoms of streambanks, ridge lines, road crowns, levees, bulkheads, seawalls, road/hi wa embankments, and selected manmade features that constrict or control the flow of water., (g curb lines). When merged with mass points, breaklines are used to enforce TIN triangle edges. ess, The assigned Mapping Partner also shall specify the sources and accuracyof bre Breaklines are not depicted for small culverts that pass under roads unlesthoseculverts data. ditches leading in and out of them) are visible on available imagery without rts (or photogrammetric stereo compilation which is normally too expensive fort this the use of purpose. [February 2002] A.8.6 Quality Assurance/Quality Control QA/QC of the LIDAR-derived data is primarily the responsibility of the assigned Mapping Partner. This QA/QC process shall include reviews of flightg alignmentspp and completeness of supporting data (e.g., cross sections, profiles). Until LIDAR technology and procedures become mature, FEMA will normally provide funding for independent QA/QC testing. g CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary. O 2002 The Sanborn Map Company. Inc.. All RIGHTS RESERVED 15 Capital Area Planning Council [February 2002] A.8.6.1 Vertical RMSE Standards When systematic errors have been corrected and remaining errors have a normal distribution, the NSSDA uses the root mean square error (RMSE) to estimate both horizontal and vertical accuracy. RMSE is the square root of the average of the set of squared differences between dataset coordinate values and coordinate values from an independent source of higher accuracy for identical points. If those differences are normally distributed and average zero, 95 percent of any sufficiently large sample should be less than 1.96 times the RMSE. Therefore, vertical RMSE of 18.5 -centimeters is often referred to as equivalent to 2' contours, or "37 -centimeter accuracy at the 95 -percent confidence level." Following that convention, the vertical accuracy of any digital elevation dataset is defined as 1.96 times the RMSE of linearly interpolated elevations in that dataset, as compared with known elevations from high -accuracy test points. For the NFIP, TINs (and DEMs derived therefrom) should normally have a maximum RMSE of 18.5 cm, equivalent to 2' contours, in flat terrain; and a maximum RMSE of 37 cm, equivalent to 4' contours, in rolling to hilly terrain. The Mapping Partner shall field verify the vertical accuracy of this TIN to ensure that the 18.5 cm or 37.0 cm RMSE requirement is satisfied for all major vegetation categories that predominate within the floodplain being studied. [February 2002] A.8.6.2 Ground Cover Categories The assigned Mapping Partner shall separately evaluate and report on the TIN accuracy for the main categories of ground cover in the study area, including the following: 1. Bare -earth and low grass (plowed fields, lawns, and golf courses); 2. High grass, weeds, and crops (hay fields, corn fields, and wheat fields); 3. Brush lands and low trees (chaparrals, mesquite); 4. Forested, fully covered by trees (hardwoods, evergreens, and mixed forests); 5. Urban areas (high, dense manmade structures); 6. Sawgrass; and 7. Mangrove. Ground cover Categories 1 through 5 above are fairly common everywhere. FEMA experience with Categories 6 and 7 is that sawgrass and mangrove each have vegetation so dense that LIDAR pulses do not penetrate to the ground, but instead map the top reflective surface. The assigned Mapping Partner must treat such areas like "obscured terrain" with conventional photogiammetry whereby bare earth elevations within such vegetation category polygons can only be estimated by interpolating elevations from ground points surrounding such polygons. The assigned Mapping Partner may further subdivide and expand the above definitions to better accommodate the predominant vegetation types in the study area. The assigned CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary. 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company. Inc.. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 16 Capital Area Planning Council Mapping Partner shall distribute sample points throughout each category area being evaluated and not group the sample points of the same type in a small sub -area. The assigned Mapping Partner shall select a minimum of 20 test points for each major vegetation category identified. Therefore, a minimum of 60 test points shall be selected for three (minimum) major land cover categories, 80 test points for four major categories, and so on. The Mapping Partner shall consider establishing test points when planning field surveys to gather cross section data for hydraulic modeling. Confidence in the calculated RMSE value increases with the number of test points and is a function of sample size. By specifying a minimum of 60 checkpoints (20 each in three or more land cover categories), FEMA is specifying that 60 test points are the minimum necessary for a practical level of confidence in the calculated RMSE statistic but recognizing that a higher number of checkpoints will provide higher confidence that performance standards have been achieved. The test points are to be selected in terrain that is flat or uniformly sloped within 5 meters in all directions. The uniform slope must not exceed 20 percent. The test points must never be located near to breaklines, such as bridges or embankments. Test points on sloping or irregular terrain would be unreasonably affected by the linear interpolation of test points from surrounding TIN points and, therefore, shall not be selected. [February 2002] A.8.6.3 Analysis of Error Frequency Distribution The RMSE process assumes that errors have a normal distribution (bell curve) with zero mean, and that all systematic errors have been removed. This is rarely the case, especially with LIDAR data. Some systematic errors or biases remain undetected, even after regular calibrations of LIDAR systems. This Subsection addresses statistical processes for evaluating whether the errors have a central tendency close to zero, evaluating the measure of general variability, and evaluating the measure of skewness. Unfortunately, no hard and fast rules to pinpoint problems exist, but each of the statistical processes mentioned have some value in detecting the potential presence of systematic errors, for which further investigations are warranted, especially if the RMSE calculation fails to pass the vertical accuracy criteria established for the project. [February 2002] A.8.6.3.1 Histograms The most common form of error analysis is to develop a histogram of all errors. If a dataset tabulates errors for all checkpoints, a histogram might show how many of those errors fell within different 5 -centimeter ranges, for example, graphing the number of errors between the following error values: - 50 cm, -45 cm, -40 cm, -35 cm, -30 cm, -25 cm, -20 cm, -15 cm, -10 cm, -5 cm, 0, +5 cm, +10 cm, +15 cm, +20 cm, +25 cm, +30 cm, +35 cm, +40 cm, +45 cm, and +50 cm. Histograms illustrate whether the errors are unimodal, bimodal, or multimodal, CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary, 0 2002 The Sanborn Map company. Inc.. AU. RIGHTS RESERVED 17 Capital Area Planning Council have small or large variability, or are skewed on either the positive or negative side. Often, such histograms for LIDAR data appear to approximate a normal distribution, except that it does not have a zero mean; this would appear to indicate the presence of uncorrected systematic error. Separate histograms for individual land cover categories often depict significantly different characteristics that help to understand LIDAR system performance (including post -processing) in the different categories. Figure A-5 is an example of a histogram reflecting checkpoint errors from a LIDAR dataset that does approximate a normal error distribution. Figure A-5 Histogram for Checkpoint Errors in LIDAR Dataset [February 2002] A.8.6.3.2 Measures of Central Tendency Three common measures of the central tendency of errors in a dataset may be used to quantify the nearness to or departure from the expected central tendency of zero: • The Arithmetic Mean is the sum of all the errors, divided by the number (n) of checkpoints. When the mean error is large, this is an indicator that systematic errors may be present. CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Propnlelary, 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Ine., ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 18 Capital Area Planning Council • The Median is the value at which there are as many larger errors as there are smaller errors. • The Mode is the value at which the greatest number of errors is concentrated. In a histogram, the mode is the error value or error range which has the highest ordinate value at the peak of the histogram. [February 2002] A.8.6.3.3 General Variability Various measures of general variability for statistical data exist, including range, average deviation, RMSE, standard deviation, and variance. However, the industry standard for geospatial data is the RMSE explained in Sections A.2 and A.3. For the dataset used to compute the histogram in Figure A-5, the RMSE. =11.7 -centimeters which equates to vertical Accuracy= of approximately 22.9 -centimeters at the 95 -percent confidence level. The standard deviation (a or sigma) is primarily used for determination of statistical outliers, i.e., elevation errors that exceed the 3 -sigma level. [February 2002] A.8.6.3.4 Skewness Skewness is the condition of being asymmetrical or lopsided, and departing from the expected normal distribution shown by the "bell curve." The coefficient of skewness (a unitless number) is used to compute the asymmetry of the errors about the arithmetic mean error. When the absolute value of the skew exceeds 0.5, this means that the error distribution is asymmetrical and may not represent a normal distribution. The Mapping Partners should investigate all datasets with skew values exceeding ±0.5 to determine if there is a valid reason why the errors do not have a normal distribution (a basic assumption in calculation of RMSE values). For the dataset used to compute the histogram in Figure A-5, the skew is 0.429. The skew is computed automatically by Microsoft Excel and other spreadsheets, and uses calculations of the second and third central moments of the dataset. The coefficient of skew is zero when the error distribution is perfectly symmetrical. [February 2002] A.8.6.4 Error Assessment When a LIDAR dataset does not pass the vertical accuracy standard, steps must be taken to identify the cause of the errors. Systematic corrections should never be applied without first identifying the cause of errors. Many factors could have contributed to errors, including the following: • The LIDAR aircraft may have flown at too high of an altitude, causing IMU angular errors to propagate to larger errors on the ground from a higher altitude. CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock ConfidentlaI and Proprietary. 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc.. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 19 Capital Area Planning Council • The GPS baselines may be too long, flying too far from the GPS base stations, and causing larger than normal errors in airborne GPS positions. • The scan angle may have been too large or the airspeed too fast, causing wider point spacings and fewer laser pulses that were near vertical. • The satellite PDOP may have been too high, reducing the accuracy of airborne GPS positions. • The post -processing algorithms may have been applied incorrectly. • There may have been systematic errors with the airborne GPS, IMU, or laser scanner. The list of potential causes is a long one because the process is complex. Many of the statistical tools described in Subsection A.8.6.3 may point to the apparent existence of systematic errors. The following are standard procedures to be used by FEMA's Mapping Partners to "trouble shoot" total LIDAR systems in order to isolate systematic errors: [February 2002] A.8.6.4.1 Assessments by Land Cover If ground cover category 1 (bare earth, sand, rock, dirt, short grass) does not pass the vertical accuracy standard, the potential causes are different from potential causes when vegetated or urban areas do not pass. Ground cover category 1 essentially should always pass accuracy standards, unless something systematic is wrong. Daily calibration tests help to confirm that the system performed well at the calibration test site (on that same day with the same sensor), and the calibration site normally includes bare earth terrain and short grasses. If ground cover categories 3 or 4 (see Subsection A.8.6.2) alone do not pass the vertical accuracy standard, the most probable causes are shortcomings in the vegetation -removal procedures used in post- processing. If ground cover category 5 (urban terrain) does not pass, something systemic about urban buildings may cause the errors. [February 2002] A.8.6.4.2 Assessments by Error Locations The Mapping Partner shall assess errors relative to their location within flight lines, or near the beginning or end of swaths. This may indicate IMU errors or high satellite residuals due to aircraft banking causing cycle slips and multipath. [February 2002] CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock CorrNial and Proprietary, 02002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc., ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 20 Capital Area Planning Council A.8.6.4.3 Assessments by Dates/Sensors When L1DAR datasets are flown on different dates, or with different sensors, the Mapping Partner must consider these variables in the error analyses. [February 2002] A.8.6.4.4 Airborne GPS Verification The Mapping Partner shall examine GPS flight trajectories, compare the forward and reverse flight trajectories' combined separation, check satellite health, check geo-magnetic observations, and verify the following: • PDOP; • GPS satellite residuals; • Satellite phase RMS; • Weighting adjustments when two or more differential base stations are used; • Base station distance separation; • Position standard deviations; • Vertical datum used; and • Correct application of Geoid99 calculation of orthometric heights. [February 2002] A.8.6.4.5 Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) Verification The Mapping Partner normally shall do the following to verify the accuracy of the IMU: • Review the Kalman filter, the measurement residual ratio (MRR), and the consecutive measurement rejections settings; • Confirm IMU was in "fine align" mode for the whole of the dataset; • Check accelerometer drift and scale factor, and the gyro drift and scale factor to ensure they are within specifications; • Compare GPS trajectory with recomputed IMU trajectory and investigate large discrepancies; and CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary, 02002 The Sanborn Map Company. Inc.. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 21 Capital Area Planning Council • Review IMU to lever arm parameter measurements and ensure they are entered correctly in the proper reference system. [February 2002] A.8.6.4.6 Laser Range Verification The Mapping Partner shall normally do the following to verify the accuracy of the laser ranges: • Review raw laser ranges; • Identify areas of high dropouts (no returns) and correlate them to justifiable features; • Review scanner mirror angles (galvanometers or micro -controller); • Examine intensity images if collected; and • Review system generated error log sheets. [February 2002] A.8.6.4.7 Total System Verification To verify the accuracy of the whole system, the Mapping Partner shall do the following: • Review calibration flights and compare to system flight parameters; • Use CAD software to analyze individual flightlines and verify pitch, roll and heading errors; • Check overlap for roll and scaling errors; • Check ground features for pitch (i.e., buildings, bridges, etc.); • Check scaling errors if water bodies exist; • Compare cross flight data for attitude; and • Verify vegetation removal procedure and review parameters if data were "corrected" or adjusted for pitch, roll and heading errors; for example, was the iteration angle too high for the terrain type? Is the morphological window within a reasonable size for area features (e.g., is it too large and removes key components such as large dunes?). [February 2002] CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary. 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company. inc., ALL R)GHTS RESERVED 22 Capital Area Planning Council A.8.6.4.8 Systematic Error Corrections It is relatively easy to determine the magnitude of systematic errors and adjust all data accordingly, however, the assigned Mapping Partner must not be "correct" such errors until the error source is clearly identified and documented. The Mapping Partner must report systematic errors to the FEMA Lead for review before systematic reprocessing of data that initially failed to pass the accuracy criteria. [February 2002] A.8.6.5 Cross Flight Verification To supplement the QA/QC process for LIDAR data, the Mapping Partner may employ different optional techniques to check not only the accuracy but also the precision. The balance is to address the need for additional verification checkpoints with cost-effective methods that aid in identifying the internal consistency (precision) of LIDAR data. Two GPS techniques that may be utilized are continuous kinematic and Real Time Kinematic (RTK). Continuous kinematic collects positional data every epoch while maintaining fixed ambiguities on a minimum of five satellites. In the event of loss of lock on satellites, the integer ambiguities must be recomputed to their fixed integer value before a sub decimeter position can be calculated. Post processing is required to obtain the positional data. RTK is similar to continuous kinematic except that the data do not need to be post -processed. The estimated ambiguities are fixed to their integer values and positional data are calculated and stored in real time. Both methods are efficient for GPS surveys along highways. With both types of GPS procedures the process is to survey checkpoints perpendicular to the LIDAR flight paths at different strategic locations, with these additional checkpoints along roads or highways that transect the survey area. The assigned Mapping Partner shall conduct surveys close to the center of roads and -highways, but avoiding bridges, elevated roads, or roads with steep embankments so that LIDAR points can be interpolated accurately without concern for steep slopes. If the flights are flown north to south, then the checkpoints must traverse east and west across the project area. A minimum of three cross lines must be measured, one at each end of the flight lines and another through the center. Typically the weakest data will be at the beginning of the flight line if the GPS and IMU have not stabilized due to the turning of the aircraft. The center cross line will help identify if the airborne data are stabilized. Ideally checkpoints should have a minimum point spacing of one half the LIDAR swath width to ensure each swath has at least one checkpoint. Increasing the number of cross flight checkpoints will assist in verifying confidence within the data. Because such surveys are less accurate than the surveys of checkpoints to NGS -58 5 -centimeter standards, these additional verification points are not to be mixed with the survey checkpoints used to compute the vertical RMSE or Accuracy. However, this is a relatively inexpensive way to generate a relatively large number of somewhat less -accurate checkpoints when there is concern that the 60, 80 or 100 checkpoints (20 each in the major land cover categories) are insufficient for providing a high degree of confidence in the accuracy statistics. [February 2002] CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary. 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc.. AU. RIGHTS RESERVED 23 Capital Area Planning Council A.8.7 Deliverables All data and products associated with contract deliverables shall meet or exceed relevant NSSDA standards and fully comply with the FGDC metadata format standard with the provisions in the contract. The Mapping Partner shall use Appendix I of these Guidelines as a guide for preparing and submitting deliverable products to FEMA in digital format. [February 2002] A.8.7.1 Pre -Project Deliverables Prior to data collection, the Mapping Partner shall submit the following to the FEMA Lead or a Mapping Partner designated by the FEMA Lead: A map showing the study area boundaries and flight path, at a medium scale (1:24,000) or small scale (1:50,000); typically, USGS maps are desirable for this purpose • Documentation specifying altitude, airspeed, scan angle, scan rate, LIDAR pulse rates, and other flight and equipment information deemed appropriate; and • A chart of areas of high PDOP, or a list showing the time of the beginning and end of high PDOP. [February 2002] A.8.7.2 Post -Project Deliverables Following project completion, the Mapping Partner shall submit the following to the FEMA Lead or a Mapping Partner designated by the FEMA Lead: • A LIDAR system data report; • A flight report; • A ground control report; • Data processing procedures for selection of postings, and all orthometric values of x z coordinates for LIDAR returns. Elevations shall be orthometric heights; and y, and • A system calibration report. The LIDAR system data report shall include discussions of the following: • Data processing methods used, including the treatment of artifacts; • Final LIDAR pulse and scan rates; CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary, 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc., AU. RIGHTS RESERVED 24 Capital Area Planning Council • Scan angle; • Capability for multiple returns from single pulses; • Accuracy and precision of the LIDAR data acquired; • Accuracy of the topographic surface products; • Any other data deemed appropriate; • Companion imagery, if any; and • A digital spatial index showing the orientation of all data tiles within the project site with tile labels corresponding to the CD (or other media) ID and file name on that CD. The flight report shall document mission date, time, flight altitude, airspeed, and other information deemed pertinent. The report shall include information about GPS -derived flight tracks, provide a detailed description of final flight line parameters and GPS controls (i.e., benchmarks), and include ground truth and complementary reference data. The ground control report shall include, at a minimum, all pertinent base station information and mission notes, including information on GPS station monument names and stability. [February 2002] A.8.7.3 Delivery of Digital Data In addition to the pre- and post -project deliverables described above, the Mapping Partner shall submit the following: • All raw datasets, dataset of survey points filling voids, dataset of transects (if generated), bare -earth DEM data, and breaklines in separate data files; and • Uniformly spaced DEM(s), on ISO 9660 standard CD-ROM (or DVD) media in a format specified in Appendix L. The Mapping Partner shall deliver raw datasets and LIDAR system data, including orthometric heights for each point, in comma -delimited ASCII files in x, y, and z format. The Mapping Partner shall deliver the DEM in the format designated on the Table A-4 checklist. The Mapping Partner also shall flag raw datasets from sidelap and overlap areas of separate flight lines. Breaklines shall be produced, and breakline files shall contain a flag record that identifies them as breakline features and identifies their source and accuracy. The Mapping Partner shall submit raw datasets in tiles or data models matching those of the DEM. The Mapping Partner shall ensure that all deliverables conform to the projection, datum, and coordinate system specified in the agreement with FEMA. File sizes cannot exceed 1 gigabyte, CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary, 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc., All RIGHTS RESERVED 25 Capital Area Planning Council unless otherwise specified by the FEMA Lead. Each file shall be organized to facilitate data manipulation and processing. [February 2002] A.8.8 Acceptance/Rejection The terms of acceptance/rejection in Section A.7.5.5 of this Appendix shall apply. � PP. Y *Denotes Minimum Required Information CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Cadential and Proprietary, 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company. Inc.. AU. RIGHTS RESERVED 26 DATE: November 7, 2003 SUBJECT: City Council Meeting - November 13, 2003 ITEM: *11.G.1. Consider a resolution authorizing the Mayor to execute an Interlocal Contract for Orthophotography with the Capital Area Planning Council for Digital Orthophotography and Planimetric Mapping. Resource: Joe Vining, Planning Director History: The City of Round Rock and CAPCO entered into an interlocal agreement in 2001 to provide aerial photography for the entire ETJ. That contract was completed in September 2001. Since that time, rapid growth required us to enter into a new contract in order to re- collect certain areas of our community. That contract expired in Sept. 2003. The purpose of this contract is to extend the term to April 30, 2004 in order to complete the digital orthophotography and planimetric mapping for all of the participating local governments in the region. Funding: Cost: $14,489.00 Source of Funds: 1998 General Obligation Bonds Outside Resources: Capital Area Planning Council Benefit: Planning, Fire, Public Works and other departments will benefit with their mapping programs and current data with updated information captured from the new photography. Public Comment: None required. Sponsor: Planning and Community Development Department. Executed Document Follows CAPITAL AREA PLANNING COUNCIL INTERLOCAL CONTRACT FOR ORTHOPHOTOGRAPHY Art. 1. Parties and Purpose 1.1. The Capital Area Planning Council ("CAPCO") is a regional planning commission and political subdivision of the State of Texas organized and operating under the Texas Regional Planning Act of 1965, as amended, chapter 391 of the Local Government Code. 1.2. The City of Round Rock (the "City") is a Texas home -rule municipality that is seeking to obtain orthophotography mapping services. 1.3. CAPCO has contracted with Sanborn Colorado L.C.C. ("Sanborn") to provide orthophotography services. This contract is entered into between CAPCO and the City under chapter 791 of the Government Code so that the City can contribute to the cost of CAPCO's contract with Sanborn and Sanborn can provide the City with additional orthophotography mapping. Art. 2. Goods and Services 2.1. CAPCO agrees to furnish the City the orthophotography mapping prepared by Sanborn for the City under its contract with CAPCO. The orthophotography mapping specifications and timetable for delivery are described in the Attachment to this contract. Art. 3. Contract Price and Payment Terms 3.1. The City agrees to compensate CAPCO in the total amount of not to exceed $14,489 for goods and services furnished the City under this contract. The City represents that it has current revenues available on the effective date of this contract to make all payments required by this contract. 3.2. The City agrees to pay CAPCO the total contract price in installments as work is completed and invoiced. 3.3. CAPCO agrees to invoice the City for the payments when due under paragraph 3.2, and the City agrees to pay CAPCO the invoiced amount within 30 calendar days from the date of the invoice. Art. 4. Effective Date and Term of Contract 4.1. This contract takes effect on the date it is signed on behalf of CAPCO and it ends, unless sooner terminated under Art. 6, on April 30th, 2004. Art. 5. Nondiscrimination and Equal Opportunity R-03-103-1164 5.1. CAPCO and the City shall not exclude anyone from participating under this contract, deny anyone benefits under this contract, or otherwise unlawfully discriminate against anyone in carrying out this contract because of race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, handicap, or national origin. Art. 6. Early Termination of Contract 6.1. If CAPCO or the City breaches a material provision of this contract, the other may notify the breaching party describing the breach and demanding corrective action. The breaching party has five business days from its receipt of the notice to correct the breach, or to begin and continue with reasonable diligence and in good faith to correct the breach. If the breach cannot be corrected within a reasonable time, despite the breaching party's reasonable diligence and good faith effort to do so, the parties may agree to terminate the contract or either party may invoke the dispute resolution process of Art. 7. 6.2. If the City fails to pay CAPCO the full contract price set out in paragraph 3.1, CAPCO and Sanborn jointly own with the City any goods and services provided the City but not paid for. Joint ownership of these goods and services is automatically established among CAPCO, Sanborn, and the City at the time of termination for nonpayment under paragraph 6.1 and continues until Sanborn is paid in full for the goods and services provided, at which time the City becomes the sole owner of the goods and services. 6.3. Termination for breach under paragraph 6.1 does not waive either party's claim for damages resulting from the breach, Art. 7. Dispute Resolution 7.1. The parties desire to resolve disputes arising under this contract without litigation. Accordingly, if a dispute arises, the parties agree to attempt in good faith to resolve the dispute between themselves. To this end, the parties agree not to sue one another, except to enforce compliance with this Art. 7, until they have exhausted the procedures set out in this Article. 7.2. At the written request of either party, each party shall appoint one nonlawyer representative to negotiate informally and in good faith to resolve any dispute arising under this contract. The representatives appointed shall determine the location, format, frequency, and duration of the negotiations. 7.3. If the representatives cannot resolve the dispute within 30 calendar days after the first negotiation meeting, the parties agree to refer the dispute to the Dispute Resolution Center of Austin for mediation in accordance with the Center's mediation procedures by a single mediator assigned by the Center. Each party shall pay half the cost of the Center's mediation services. 7.4. The parties agree to continue performing their duties under this contract, which are unaffected by the dispute, during the negotiation and mediation process. 2 Art. 8 Notice to Parties 8.1. Notice to be effective under this contract must be in writing and received by the party against whom it is to operate. Notice is received by a party: (1) when it is delivered to the party personally; (2) on the date shown on the return receipt if mailed by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, to the party's address specified in paragraph 8.2 and signed on behalf of the party; or (3) three business days after its deposit in the United States mail, with first-class postage affixed, addressed to the party's address specified in paragraph 7.2. 8.2. CAPCO's address is 2512 IH -35, South, Suite 220, Austin, TX 78704, Attention: Betty Voights, Executive Director. The City's address is 221 E. Main Street, Round Rock , Texas 78664, Attention: Jim Nuse, City Manager. 8.3. A party may change its address by providing notice of the change in accordance with paragraph 8.1. Art. 9. Miscellaneous 9.1. Each individual signing this contract on behalf of a party warrants that he or she is legally authorized to do so and that the party is legally authorized to perform the obligations undertaken. 9.2. This contract states the entire agreement of the parties, and an amendment to it is not effective unless in writing and signed by all parties. 9.4. This contract is binding on and inures to the benefit of the parties' successors in interest. 9.5. Sanborn is a third -party beneficiary of this contract. 9.6. This contract is executed in duplicate originals. CITY OF ROUND ROCK, TE - CAPITAL AREA PL NNING COUNCIL A By l' � By1 /1A►/ASO 4fAV'ea- a • well IIIIIIIII B 411are ights Tf ayor Executive Dir:,' tor Date f I - 3 Date `N I ATTACHMENT: DESCRIPTION OF GOODS AND SERVICES 4 Capital Area Planning Council ate y of Round Rock by the`4 ` ` ection 6.2, and Sanborn Colorado's Proposal, Section 5, the following table of service options indicates the services selected by the City of Round Rock Square Miles 12 inch pixel B&W Orthophoto $ 199.32 Per sq. mile 12 inch • ixel Color Ortho • hoto $ 217.49 Per '.mile 12 inch • ixel Color Infrared 0 • • hoto $ 226.87 Per .. mile 12inch ' ixel Muftis, ectral Orthoimae $ NO BID Per ' . mile inch A xelColor , 1 ' 8 ' .11 2, . ? it E a t Ortho/plan/topo 10' Contours from 24 inch • ixel ima ± e DEM's/DTM's $ 56.02 Per s • . mile 5' Contours from 12 inch • ixel ima s e DEM's/DTM's $ 296.08 Per s • . mile 2' Contours from 6 inch • ixel ima ! e DEM's/DTM's $ 952.37 Per .. mile U• • ated 2' Contours from 6 inch p ixel.ima • e DEM's/DTM's $ 952.37 Per :.' ate U.. ated 100 ma s scale .lanimetrics from 6 inch. I ixel ima a e $ 1,82246' Per °:'. r'• Square Miles Task Fee Total Fee 20.83 Ortho/plan/topo $3,360.15 $69,991.92 Pricing Notes: 1. See the attached Statement of Work for detailed specifications, deliverables, fee and production schedules and map area calculations and diagrams. 1 Includes the fee to mosaic the entire City image database into the MrSID format using the updated tiles. CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary, 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Comp** Inc.. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1 Capital Area Planning Council CAPCO — City of Round Rock Statement of Work • The following scope of work is in response to a request for services by CAPCO/City of Round Rock from Sanborn Colorado, L.L.C. The services include production as follows: • Produce first generation 6" pixel resolution color orthophotography of the City of Round Rock (approximately 20.83 square miles) according to the attached shape file printout and area calculation labeled Attachment A. • Update 2' contour data of the City of Round Rock (approximately 20.83 square miles; Attachment A). • Update and compile planimetric data of the Qty of Round Rock (approximately 20.83 square miles; Attachment A). • Compress the new orthoimagerywith the existing database in MrSID format. The following services will be performed to support the project: • Acquisition of Color aerial photography at 1" =600' • Panel existing ground control point locations and establish new control points as necessary (pre -marked or photo -identifiable features) • Acquisition of AGPS data during the photography missions to supplement the ground control network • Scanning of the film negatives at a scan resolution of 14 microns • Aerial Triangulation implementing softcopytechniques • Softcopy stereo compilation of LIDAR DTM and plana metric data • Database design developed in conjunction with CAPCO/City of Round Rock (from City of Round Rock 2001 database design) Procedures Sanborn will acquire color aerial photography at a negative scale of 1" =600' along an optimal flight line pattern. The aerial photography mission will be flown in spring 2003. Prior to initiating the aerial photography mission, a proposed flight line map will be developed using digital boundaries provided by CAPOO/City of Round Rock. The flight plan will be submitted to the City of Round Rock's Project Manager for approval prior to initiating the aerial photography mission. The aerial mission will proceed upon receipt of City of Round Rock's signed approval/authorization to proceed. The film negatives will be reviewed prior to scanning. The film will be examined for scratches, marks, artifacts, overall quality, scale, crab, tilt, overlap, sidelap, and adherence to the flight plan. Upon approval, the film will be scanned at 14 mucrons on Z/I PhotoScan scanners. Scanning resolutions will be appropriate to meet output requirements for the ground spatial distance (GSD) of the orthophotos. A pre -scan analysis will be performed to facilitate the generation of image histograms and correlation between negatives. CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rode Confidential and Proprietary. 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company. Inc.. AU. RIGHTS RESERVED 2 Capital Area Planning Council Sanborn will use a combination of conventional ground control augmented by airborne GPS (AGPS) data to control the FAAT. Sanborn will maximize the use of existing ground survey stations as control and checkpoints for the generation of orthophotographs. Suitable existing NSRS geodetic control will be used, supplemented where necessarybynew semi-permanent ground control points. Ties will be made to existing Order B (two or more) and First Order horizontal control, and to vertical control of suitable (Second Order or better) quality, to ensure conformity with the specified datums (NAD83 and NAVD88). Vertical control will be established via a combination of Second Order digital geodetic leveling and Fust Order GPS surveys. Final coordinates will be provided on the Texas Plane Coordinate System, Central Zone in units of the U.S. Survey Foot. Upon completing CAPCO project's ground control phase, Sanborn will prepare and submit a final Survey Report. A Control Diagram will also be prepared which will address all existing and newly established control used as a basis for the subsequent photogrammetric work. Digital orthophotography will be produced bydigitallyscanning the color aerial photography. Each image will be resected to simulate its position in space at the time of exposure. The DTM will be applied to the raster file to differentially rectify the image to eliminate distortion. Once the imagery has been rectified, it will be structured and formatted in a seamless image database and re -sampled to the appropriate resolution. The final deliverable will be images in tiled Geo It F format with world files. Fully analytical aerial triangulation will be performed on the new photography and control to support Softcopy compilation. The existing DTM and planimetrics will be updated using Softcopy compilation methods. The LIDAR DTM was collected for the City of Round Rock area during spring 2001. The LIDAR DTM will be updated as necessary to support the generation of the updated 2' contours. All LIDAR procedures used by Sanborn will comply with FEMA guidelines. Contour lines will be developed in accordance with the contour guidelines for 1" =100' scale topographic maps. Every fifth contour line is an index contour and is distinguished using a heavier line style to enhance identification. All contour lines are solid and unbroken upon generation and will only be broken in client specified locations. Where the ground is obscured by vegetation, the contours are dashed, which indicate application of less strict accuracy criteria. Elevation values are assigned to the contour lines and carried as attributes. Spot elevations will be indicated at the following locations: • Road intersections and the road centerline at the abutment and center of bridges and over all major culverts • Road/railroad intersections • Surface water elevations .and intersection points of all tributaries and main channel • Crest of significant closed contours • Lowest point of significant closed depression contours, saddles, and cuts • Areas of dense vegetation where the ground is visible CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary. 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc..ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Capital Area Planning Council The City of Round. Rock 1" ==100' Map Scale Planimetric features will be updated using the spring 2003 1" =600' negative scale photography. The feature capture rates (% completeness) are listed below. Feature Paved roadsledge of pavement) % Capture City of Round Rock (1-=100' map scale) 100 Paved parking (10 cars or more) 100 Paved driveway (>150 ft.) 98 Paved alley 98 Unpaved roads (public, maintained) 98 Unpaved alleys 98 Trail centerlines (hike & bike) 95 Public sidewalks 100 Buildings (>100 sq. ft, commercial if >4000 sq. ft) 98 Building spot heights (commercial & industrial) 98 Lake (>5 acres) - 100 River (>10 ft, double sided) 100 Drain (<10 ft., single line) 95 . Pond (> 1 acre) 98 Concrete Drain . 98 Hidden Drain 95 Bridge 100 Culvert 95 Obscurred area 98 Accuracy Specifications The accuracy specifications for the project will be as follows: • ASPRS Class 1 Accuracy Standards for Large Scale Maps (1" =100' map scale) • FEMA LIAR specifications (See Attachment B). Data that fails to meet project acceptance criteria are reworked in APS and ArcInfo. Deliverables • Project Initiation Phase •�• Conversion Work Plan (prelin inaiy and final) • Aerial Photography Phase •�• Flight line plan and control diagram • Aerial film negatives • One set of all digital scans on CD or DVD • Survey Control Phase • Control diagram CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock 4 Confidential and Proprietary. 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, inc., ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Capital Area Planning Council ❖ One hard copy and one digital (ASAI) file of the report outlining results of the ground Global Positioning Satellite observations ❖ GPS observations, results, observation logs, and data analysis and adjustments • Aerial Triangulation Phase + One copy of FAAT Report • Digital Orthophoto Phase ❖ One set of digital orthophotography in '1'ltT/TFW format on CD or DVD ❖ One set of compressed digital orthophotographyin MraSID format on CD or DVD • Photogramn tric Compilation Phase �• Preliminaryphotogrammetric checkplots and Arc Info digital data ❖ Confirmation plots, as required ❖ Final photogrammetric plots on paper •:• Digital Arc Info and AutoCAD files of planimetric and topographic data • Data for DTM/DEM in ASCII file format Acceptance Criteria The following guidelines establish the Acceptance Criteria between Sanborn and CAPOO/Qty of Round Rock. The review period is subject to an acceptance rating in a unit of delivery (i.e. tile). Sanborn divides the acceptance criteria into 3 distinct categories; each of which is subject to an acceptance rating that we base on the total number of features e.g., database attributes in a unit of delivery (i.e. tile). The three categories of . acceptance criteria are, (1) data accuracy, (2) orthophotography accuracy, and (3) review periods. 1. Data Accuracy (a) Data Base Design: Sanborn is responsible for achieving 100.0 percent accuracy when comparing compliance between the files/database and the database design/scheme specifications and all the topological system requirements (computer checkable). These requirements are system specific and necessitate a list of details, such as, • inclusively, the database record is all features that the database design/scheme defines as having a database record; • the database record includes only correct database relationships; • features (data elements) correspond to a specific database record; • attributes populate with [legal] value ranges; • location of data within the map extent; and • precision, fuzzy, and dangle tolerances are specific. Edge -Matching: (b) CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock 5 Confidential and Proprietary. 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc., AU. RIGtR8 RESERVED Capital Area Planning Council Sanborn is responsible for achieving 100.0 percent accuracy when edgematching (ie., graphic cross -tile connection) all linear features within a delivery area. The point (x,y) at which a linear element crosses one tile, is the same value in the next tile. (c) Snapping: Sanborn is responsible for achieving 100.0 percent accuracywhen snapping features that are part of a topologically structured coverage (ie., polygon), and 98.0 percent for non - topologically structured linear features within 1/1000' (.001 feet for 100 -scale mapping). 2. Orthophotography Accuracy: Sanborn has developed a comprehensive Quality Assurance (QA) Plan for measuring the quality of digital orthophoto imagery. The QA Plan identifies specific standards and criteria to determine an acceptance value for criteria including the following: • Horizontal Image Accuracy- typically basedupon the project accuracy standards. • Image Quality- depends on mosaicking , edgematching, foreign artifacts, scratches, brightness, shadows, and contrast. • Other Issues - radial displacement, water reflections, and system anomalies. Sanbom has developed and published Digital Imaging Acceptance Criteria for producing digital orthophotographyfor the CAPOO project. This document required signatures of both Sanbom's and the City of Round Rock's Project Managers as an agreement to the criteria to be applied during the production and QC of the orthoimagery. Please refer to this document in Attachment C 3. Review Periods: (d) CAPOO/City of Round Rock's Review Period: CAPCO/City of Round Rock completes all computer checks or tests on the data within 30 days of receipt of the initial delivery. On or before 30 days, CAPOO/Qty of Round Rock notifies Sanborn of the status of the file as either (1) accepted (2) received— edited (returned to Sanborn for corrections), or (3) rejected (returned to Sanborn without a complete edit). Any delivered tile that is found to exceed the error tolerances specified herein within one year after project delivery will be corrected free of charge by Sanborn. CAPOO/Qtyof Round Rock may submit any failing tiles at the end of each calendar quarter. Sanborn will correct and redeliver them within 30.60 calendar days. (e) CAPOO/Qty of Round Rock's Rejected Products: CAPOO/Qtyof Round Rock reserves the right to reject the file in total, if, in CAPCO/City of Round Rock's judgment, the file is unusable for the quality control edit process, i.e., and unreadable media. (f) Sanborn's Review Period: Sanborn validates and corrects all calls for redelivery of edited/rejected computer checked digital files within 30 days of receipt from CAPCO/Qty of Round Rock Sanborn and CAPCO/(pity of Round Rock need to aim for a one -pass edit cycle. If data requires a redelivery because of failing to meet the acceptance criteria, then Sanborn corrects (for final delivery) only those edit calls identified in the digital data file during CAPCO/City of Round Rock's initial quality control data validation. Sanborn is CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary, 0 2002 The Sanbom Map Company, Mc., ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 6 Capital Area Planning Council responsible for achieving 100 percent accuracy for edit calls CAPOO/C..ityof Round Rock identifies. (g) Acceptable Errors: Errors falling within the acceptance criteria (under 2 percent), Sanborn will correct from CAPCO/City of Round Rock edits for an additional fee (fee is according to the actual hours required to correct and to process the data— per deliveryunit.). Invoicing and Payment Terms Sanborn shall invoice monthly for percent complete. Payment terms for all valid invoices received are NET30 from date of invoice. Production Schedule Sanborn will commence work upon receipt of the signed work order from CAPOO. Final data will be completed and delivered on or before September 30, 2003. Delivery of final data is dependent upon actual date of acquisition of photography. Adjustments to the production schedule will be made for any events that delay production. CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Propdelxy. 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, lam. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED T Capital Area Planning Council Guidelines and Specifications for Flood Hazard Mapping Partners Appendix A Guidance for Aerial Mapping and Surveying Y g A.1 Introduction This Appendix presents Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) aerial mapping and surveying guidelines and specifications that have been established to specify the quality of the spatial data products to be produced, including work maps and base maps used in the production of Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FJRMs), Digital Flood Insurance Rate Maps (DFIRMs), and DFIRM-Digital Line Graphs (DFIRM-DLGs). The term "FIRM" is used generically hereinafter to specify this "family" of FEMA spatial products. This Appendix also includes guidance for ground surveys of control points, cross sections, and hydraulic structures; topographic mapping using photogrammetry, LIght Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) or other airborne remote -sensing technologies, consistent with FEMA and industry standards. [February2002] A.8 Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) Surveys When Mapping Partners choose to use airborne LIDAR systems for gathering the data necessary to create digital elevation data for hydraulic modeling of floodplains, digital terrain maps, and other NFIP products, the guidelines and specifications presented in this section of these Guidelines must be used. CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential as Proprietary, 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc., ALL RIGHTS RESERVED • 8 Capital Area Planning Council LIDAR systems may not be able to gather all of the data necessary to create those products. Data in areas such as bodies of water or dense forests may not meet the requirements of this Appendix. For FEMA products containing such areas, the assigned Mapping Partner shall supplement LIDAR data with data acquired by other means, as needed for hydraulic modeling. Lesser standards may be applied for hydrologic modeling of watersheds or other studies. The guidelines and specifications herein are to be used by FEMA Mapping Partners who use LIDAR systems for data gathering purposes. [February 2002] A.8.1 System Definitions For the purpose of these Guidelines, LIDAR is defined as an airborne laser system, flown aboard rotary or fixed -wing aircraft, that is used to acquire x, y, and z coordinates of terrain and terrain features that are both manmade and naturally occurring. LIDAR systems consist of an airborne GPS with attendant GPS base stations, Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), and light - emitting scanning laser. The system measures ranges from the scanning laser to terrain surfaces within a scan width beneath the aircraft. The time it takes for the emitted light (LIDAR return) to reach the earth's surface and reflect back to the onboard LIDAR detector is measured to determine the range to the ground. Scan widths will vary, depending on mission purpose, weather conditions, desired point density and spacing, and other factors. The other two components of LIDAR systems are the airborne GPS, which ascertains the in- flight three-dimensional position of the sensor, and the IMU, which delivers precise information about the attitude of the sensor, i.e., the roll, pitch and heading. [February 2002] A.8.2 General Guidelines for Use Two important factors in the LIDAR system mission planning are the point density of the randomly spaced LIDAR points and the point spacing of the uniformly spaced DEM points derived from the randomly spaced LIDAR returns. The correct point density necessary to accurately represent terrain and terrain features will depend on flight conditions, mission purpose, and required accuracy. As discussed in Sections A.3 and A.4, DEM point spacing of 5 meters or less and vertical accuracy of 1.2 feet at the 95-percecent confidence level (Accuracy) is required for digital elevation data equivalent to 2 -foot contours for flat terrain, and Accuracy of 2.4 feet is required for digital elevation data equivalent to 4' -foot contours for rolling to hilly terrain. Flight -path planning is another important factor in the LIDAR system mission. The flight path shall cover the study area satisfactorily including both parallel and enough cross flight lines to eliminate shadowing and allow for proper quality control. CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rods Confidential and Proprietary, 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Mo., ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 9 Capital Area Planning Council Unlike aerial photogrammetry, LIDAR missions can be flown without regard to sun angle. Flights may take place at night, if conditions otherwise allow. However, it is recommended that some form of imagery exist over the LIDAR area. Simultaneous video or digital imagery cannot be acquired if LIDAR data are acquired at night, but LIDAR intensity returns can be acquired day or night, and these help to identify features during LIDAR post -processing. Alternatively, digital orthophotos acquired at a different time can be used for this purpose. Elevation and measurement information related to subsurface channel and hydraulic structure geometry shall be obtained through the use of other mappingtechnologies over deep or turbid water. In some instances, shallow water and near -shore coastal surveys can be accomplished using airborne LIDAR bathymetric systems equipped with lasers operating in portions of the light spectrum that allow transmission through water. LIDAR system tolerance for inclement weather conditions (e.g., high winds, wet snow, rain, fog, high humidity, low cloud cover) generally is higher than that of photogranunetric methods. However, such conditions have been known to degrade the accuracy of laser return data. Therefore, Mapping Partners shall generally avoid missions during inclement weather. High point densities may allow satisfactory data collection in areas of dense foliage. Still, care shall be taken in planning missions with regard to both natural (vegetative) and manmade (structure) ground cover. Pulse width, beam divergence, first and last pulse return discrimination, and choice of the post processing algorithms used for vegetation or structure removal may all affect the accuracy of LIDAR-derived data in areas of dense foliage. [February 2002] A.8.3 Performance Standards • The accuracy standards in Sections A.3 and A.4 of this Appendix also shall apply to NFIP maps and map products derived from LIDAR systems. LIDAR-derived data shall have the accuracyrequired to produce topographic maps and products that meet NSSDA. FEMA is not aware of any existing LIDAR system performance standards. Current information about LIDAR systems is available from ASPRS (See ASPRS, 2001), National Oceanic. and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Aeronautic and Space Administration, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, LIDAR system manufacturers and venders, and private firms that provide LIDAR system services. As professional or trade associations issue specifications and standards, FEMA may adopt those standards and specifications and amend this Appendix. [February 2002] A.8.3.1 Overall Standards The assigned Mapping Partner shall furnish all necessary materials and equipment. The assigned Mapping Partner also shall supply the supervisory, professional, and technical services personnel required to manage, survey, document, and process all data associated with CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary, 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc., AU. RIGHTS RESERVED 10 Capital Area Planning Council LIDAR system mapping, scanning, and digital image processing. The assigned Mapping Partner shall provide all deliverables in accordance with the contract or other agreement with FEMA and the requirements in this Appendix. DEM posting shall be the minimum allowed by the data and shall not exceed 5 meters. As specified in Section A.3, Accuracy shall normally be 1.2 foot (equivalent to 2 -foot contours) in flat terrain. and 2.4 feet (equivalent to 4 -foot contours) in rolling to hilly terrain. [February 2002J A.8.3.1.1 Data Voids For the purposes of this Appendix, areas not within two times the DEM posting of data points are data voids. Data voids may occur from several different causes, including the following: • LIDAR pulses may be naturally absorbed by water bodies or areas recently covered with asphalt. Such voids are normally considered to be unavoidable. • The LIDAR system may have malfunctioned for some reason. • Heavy winds, flight navigation system (FMS) error or pilot error may have caused "holidays" between flight lines. • Data points may be. intentionally removed as part of the bare -earth post -processing to delete points that impinged on the tops of manmade structures or failed to penetrate dense vegetation. Data voids caused by system malfunctions or flight line holidays are unacceptable, requiring new flights. Data voids caused by removal of LIDAR data points on manmade structures are always acceptable. Data voids caused by removal of LIDAR data points on dense vegetation are subject to additional guidelines, depending on whether or not the voids exist inside or outside the floodplain for which hydraulic modeling is to be performed: When data voids exist outside the floodplain, hydrologic modeling of the watershed can still be performed acceptably by filling the voids through interpolation from surrounding points. When data voids exist inside the floodplain, the cause of the data voids, the size of the voids, and the location of the voids all have a bearing on whether additional ground surveys will be required to fill the voids. For example, if the data voids are caused by dense mangrove or sawgrass areas, supplemental ground surveys within such areas are not needed. These voids are nonnally "filled" by interpolation from elevation points immediately surrounding the mangrove or sawgrass areas. When small data voids of less than 1 acre are caused by removal of points 'in other types of dense vegetation, similar interpolation procedures may be employed at the discretion of the FEMA Lead. CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Propietary, 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc.. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 11 Capital Area Planning Council The principal scenario where additional ground surveys are required involves larger void areas, normally larger than 1 acre, located in areas where representative cross sections must be cut. If equally acceptable areas exist elsewhere to cut representative cross sections, the FEMA Lead may decide that the additional expense is unwarranted for filling larger data voids by ground surveys. This 'judgment call" is roughly equivalent to photogrammetric mapping where the photogrammetrist cannot see through the dense vegetation, determines areas to be "obscured," and maps the contours with dashed lines. In such cases, the photogrammetrist compiles representative cross sections only where the bare earth terrain can be seen in stereo, and performs ground surveys of additional cross sections only if alternative photogrammetrically compiled locations for cross sections are determined to be unacceptable. [February 2002] A.8.3.1.2 Artifacts Artifacts are regions of anomalous elevations or oscillations and ripples within the DEM . data resulting from systematic errors, environmental conditions, or incomplete post processing. They may result from malfunctioning sensors, poorly calibrated instrumentation, adverse atmospheric conditions, or processing errors. When artifacts are not totally removed, the assigned. Mapping Partner shall provide an analysis of the effects of the remaining artifacts on DEM accuracy. The analysis shall include a description of the causes (contributing sources) of the artifacts and a description of the steps taken to eliminate them. Again, imagery is helpful in identification of artifacts. Figure A-4 shows examples of artifacts that remain after automated post processing and prior to manual post processing of LIDAR data. Since a major portion of post -processing costs pertain to manual post -processing which could consume as much as 80 percent of the total budget for a LIDAR project, the FEMA Lead may decide that it is not cost effective to require the bare -earth digital terrain data to be 100 percent clean and free of artifacts. As with data voids, the severity of such artifacts depends upon their size and location. In fact, the removal of such artifacts would create new data voids; therefore the guidelines are essentially identical. Artifacts outside the floodplain, but inside the watershed, have no bearing on hydraulic modeling and can be neglected. Often, LIDAR cross sections can be "cut" in areas other than where the artifacts remain; and additional ground surveys are required only if necessary to "cut" cross sections through such artifact areas. Figure A-4 Example of Artifacts The exception to this policy is in the event that the Mapping Partner needs DEMs to be 100 percent clean of artifacts for reasons other than hydraulic modeling (e.g., for community GIS CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential end Proprktary. 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc.. AU. RIGHTS RESERVED 12 Capital Area Planning Council requirements). In such cases, other criteria must be applied to justify the additional costs for removal of all artifacts. [February 2002] A.8.3.1.3 Outliers During the RMSE calculation process in which survey checkpoints are compared to the interpolated TIN values, for example, discrepancies may exist between the two values. Some of the discrepancies may be larger than expected, especially in steep terrain or if a "blanket" of dense vegetation such as mangrove, sawgrass, or dense wheat fields exists where the LIDAR may accurately survey the top surfaces of such vegetation rather than penetrating to the ground; in areas of complex topography (e.g., levees that look like hedge rows, boulders that look like haystacks); or in forested areas where removal of the top canopy may yield a lower canopy of underbrush that still does not represent the bare -earth terrain. If there are a limited amount of larger than normal differences between the LIDAR interpolated elevations and the elevations of surveyed checkpoints, this may have a significant impact on the final RMSE calculation. Outliers often occur as a result of the failure to achieve a true bare -earth surface from the vegetation removal process. A single outlier can override dozens or hundreds of accurate checkpoints, making the entire RMSE value appear to be poor. When this occurs, the coefficient of skew may indicate that the errors do not have a normal distribution, a sign that the RMSE calculation may be misleading. (See Subsection A.8.6.3.4.) Having a large quantity of outliers may highlight improper post processing. In order to deal with outliers, a criterion may be established to remove a small percentage of the total number of checkpoints surveyed which exhibit the largest discrepancies. Statisticians almost unanimously agree that errors exceeding the "3 -sigma" level are outliers; the "3 -sigma" level provides confidence at the 99.75% confidence level, enabling only the worst 0.25% of a dataset to be discarded as outliers. Less stringent criteria consider the discarding of the worst 1%, 5% or 10% of the data. Allowing 10% outliers would be in accord with the traditional National Map Accuracy Standard where the worst 10% of all checkpoints are treated as outliers that can be discarded, regardless of size. The PO is free to consider the provision of a limited percentage of outliers, especially if the skew calculation indicates that the dataset lacks a normal distribution. The option to collect additional check points to replace the outliers may be considered. [February 2002] A.8.3.2 System Calibration LIDAR system components are most effectively tested and calibrated by the equipment manufacturer. Therefore, the Mapping Partner shall provide FEMA with evidence of manufacturer calibration. In addition to evidence of manufacturer calibration of system components, the Mapping Partner shall submit evidence that the total LIDAR system was calibrated prior to project CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock ContkkMial and Proprietary. 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc., ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 13 Capital Area Planning Council initiation for the purposes of identifying and correcting systematic errors. Proper system calibration requires repetitive overflight of terrain features of known and documented size and elevation using flight paths similar to those that will be used in the study area. For some projects, daily in-situ calibrations may be required. [February 2002] A.8.3.3 Flight Planning Planning a flight path that considers all aspects of data collection is critical to the success of the mission. An analysis of the project area, project requirements, topography, proximity to restricted air space, and other factors will determine the flight path configuration. The mission should include parallel flight lines and, for quality control purposes, at least one cross flight line. The spacing between the flight lines will depend on the desired amount of sidelap between swaths and the terrain. The density and accuracy of data generated by different equipment vary widely. The assigned Mapping Partner shall have the flexibility of providing a flight path to create the necessary point density to meet the posting and accuracy requirements and'minimize the occurrence of data voids. The assigned Mapping Partner shall check the Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP) in the study area. The PDOP is an indicator of the positional accuracy that can be derived from the current GPS satellite geometry, which varies continuously; the smaller the PDOP number, the higher the data quality. The assigned Mapping Partner shall document mission date, time, flight altitude, airspeed, scan angle, scan rate, laser pulse rates, and other information deemed pertinent. For a sample mission data recordation . checklist, refer' to Table A-4, which appears at the end of this Appendix. [February 2002] A.8.3.4 Global Positioning System (GPS) Base Stations The assigned Mapping Partner shall select the GPS base stations carefully to ensure reliable differential processing of airborne GPS data. NGS recommends the simultaneous use of two GPS base stations during the mission. Either public- or private -domain GPS base stations are suitable for use for this purpose, provided they are within the acceptable GPS baseline limits. Normally 20 kilometer baseline lengths are maximum for high -accuracy LIDAR surveys, where the airborne GPS error component should contribute no more than 5 centimeters to the vertical error budget. Where possible, GPS base stations shall have ellipsoid heights to an accuracy of 2 centimeters relative to the Continuously Operating Reference Stations or the High Accuracy Reference CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary, 0 2002 The Sanborn Hep Company, Inc., ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 14 Capital Area Planning Council Network. The assigned Mapping Partner shall use high-quality, dual -frequency GPS receivers and associated antennae at the GPS base stations. [February 2002] A.8.4 Accuracy Reporting Methodology FGDC documented a common methodologyfor determining and reporting the accuracy of horizontal and vertical coordinates for geodetic control points (survey monuments) in FGDC- STD-007.1 and FGDC-STD-007.2. Additional guidance is included in NGS -58 (NOAA, 1997). [February 2002] A.8.5 Post -Processing of Data For hydraulic modeling, the assigned Mapping Partner shall provide high-resolution, high - accuracy, "bare -earth" ground elevation data. To restrict data to ground elevations only, the Mapping Partner shall remove elevation points on bridges, buildings and other structures, and on vegetation from the LIDAR-derived data. In addition to randomly spaced LIDAR points, before and after removal of data associated with structures and vegetation, the assigned Mapping Partner shall produce a bare -earth TIN as well as a DEM, with the minimum regular point spacing, no greater than 5 meters, allowed by the data in eastings and northings. The assigned Mapping Partner shall use TIN linear interpolation procedures when validating the vertical accuracy of the elevation dataset. Accuracy assessments should normally be performed on the TIN and not on the DEM which is a derived product of slightly lower accuracy. Usingdigital orthophotos, stereo photogrammetry, or other source materials, the assigned Mapping Partner shall produce breaklines for stream centerlines, drainage ditches, tops and bottoms of streambanks, ridge lines, road crowns, levees, bulkheads, seawalls, road/highway embankments, and selected manmade features that constrict or control the flow of water (e.g., curb lines). When merged with mass points, breaklines are used to enforce TIN triangle edges. The assigned Mapping Partner also shall specify the sources and accuracy of breakline data, Breaklines are not depicted for small culverts that pass under roads unless those culverts (or ditches leading in and out of them) are visible on available imagery without the use of photogrammetric stereo compilation which is normally too expensive for this purpose. [February 2002] A.8.6 Quality Assurance/Quality Control QA/QC of the LIDAR-derived data is primarily the responsibility of the assigned Mapping Partner. This QA/QC process shall include reviews of flight alignments and completeness of supporting data (e.g., cross sections, profiles). Until LIDAR technology and procedures become mature, FEMA will normally provide funding for independent QA/QC testing. CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary, I) 2002 The Sanborn Map Company. Inc., ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 15 Capital Area Planning Council [February 2002] A.8.6.1 Vertical RMSE Standards When systematic errors have been corrected and remaining errors have a normal distribution, the NSSDA uses the root mean square error (RMSE) to estimate both horizontal and vertical accuracy. RMSE is the square root of the average of the set of squared differences between dataset coordinate values and coordinate values from an independent source of higher accuracy for identical points. If those differences are normally distributed and average zero, 95 percent of any sufficiently large sample should be less than 1.96 times the RMSE. Therefore, vertical RMSE of 18.5 -centimeters is often referred to as equivalent to 2' contours, or "37 -centimeter accuracy at the 95 -percent confidence level." Following that convention, the vertical accuracy of any digital elevation dataset is defined as 1.96 times the RMSE of linearly interpolated elevations in that dataset, as compared with known elevations from high -accuracy test points. For the NFIP, TINs (and DEMs derived therefrom) should normally have a maximum RMSE of 18.5 cm, equivalent to 2' contours, in flat terrain; and a maximum RMSE of 37 cm, equivalent to 4' contours, in rolling to hilly terrain. The Mapping Partner shall field verify the vertical accuracy of this 11N to ensure that the 18.5 cm or 37.0 cm RMSE requirement is satisfied for all major vegetation categories that predominate within the floodplain being studied. [February 2002] A.8.6.2 Ground Cover Categories The assigned Mapping Partner shall separately evaluate and report on the TIN accuracy for the main categories of ground cover in the study area, including the following: 1. Bare -earth and low grass (plowed fields, lawns, and golf courses); 2. High grass, weeds, and crops (hay fields, corn fields, and wheat fields); 3. Brush lands and low trees (chaparrals, mesquite); 4. Forested, fully covered by trees (hardwoods, evergreens, and mixed forests); 5. Urban areas (high, dense manmade structures);. 6. Sawgrass; and 7. Mangrove. Ground cover Categories 1 through 5 above are fairly common everywhere. FEMA experience with Categories 6 and 7 is that sawgrass and mangrove each have vegetation so dense that LIDAR pulses do not penetrate to the ground, but instead map the top reflective surface. The assigned Mapping Partner must treat such areas like "obscured terrain" with conventional photogrammetry whereby bare earth elevations within such vegetation category polygons can only be estimated by interpolating elevations from ground points surrounding such polygons. The assigned Mapping Partner may further subdivide and expand the above definitions to better accommodate the predominant vegetation types in the study area. The assigned CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary, 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, loci. AU. RIGHTS RESERVED 16 Capital Area Planning Council Mapping Partner shall distribute sample points throughout each category area being evaluated and not group the sample points of the same type in a small sub -area. The assigned Mapping Partner shall select a minimum of 20 test points for each major vegetation category identified. Therefore, a minimum of 60 test points shall be selected for three (minimum) major land cover categories, 80 test points for four major categories, and so on. The Mapping Partner shall consider establishing test points when planning field surveys to gather cross section data for hydraulic modeling. Confidence in the calculated RMSE value increases with the number of test points and is a function of sample size. By specifying a minimum of 60 checkpoints (20 each in three or more land cover categories), FEMA is specifying that 60 test points are the minimum necessary for a practical level of confidence in the calculated RMSE statistic but recognizing that a higher number of checkpoints will provide higher confidence that performance standards have been achieved. The test points are to be selected in terrain that is flat or uniformly sloped within 5 meters in all directions. The uniform slope must not exceed 20 percent. The test points must never be located near to breaklines, such as bridges or embankments. Test points on sloping or irregular terrain would be unreasonably affected by the linear interpolation of test points from surrounding TIN points and, therefore, shall not be selected. [February 2002] A.8.6.3 Analysis of Error Frequency Distribution The RMSE process assumes that errors have a normal distribution (bell curve) with zero mean, and that all systematic errors have been removed. This is rarely the case, especially with LIDAR data. Some systematic errors or biases remain undetected, even after regular calibrations of LIDAR systems. This Subsection addresses statistical processes for evaluating whether the errors have a central tendency close to zero, evaluating the measure of general variability, and evaluating the measure of skewness. Unfortunately, no hard and fast rules to pinpoint problems exist, but each of the statistical processes mentioned have some value in detecting the potential presence of systematic errors, for which further investigations are warranted, especially if the RMSE calculation fails to pass the vertical accuracy criteria established for the project. [February 2002] A.8.6.3.1 Histograms The most common form of error analysis is to develop a histogram of all errors. If a dataset tabulates errors for all checkpoints, a histogram might show how many of those errors fell within different 5 -centimeter ranges, for example, graphing the number of errors between the following error values: - 50 cm, -45 cm, -40 cm, -35 cm, -30 cm, -25 cm, -20 cm, -15 cm, -10 cm, -5 cm, 0, +5 cm, +10 cm, +15 cm, +20 cm, +25 cm, +30 cm, +35 cm, +40 cm, +45 cm, and +50 cm. Histograms illustrate whether the errors are unimodal, bimodal, or multimodal, CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary, 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc., ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 17 Capital Area Planning Council have small or large variability, or are skewed on either the positive or negative side. Often, such histograms for LIDAR data appear to approximate a normal distribution, except that it does not have a zero mean; this would appear to indicate the presence of uncorrected systematic error. Separate histograms for individual land cover categories often depict significantly different characteristics that help to understand LIDAR system performance (including post processing) in the different categories. Figure A-5 is an example of a histogram reflecting checkpoint errors from a LIDAR dataset that does approximate a normal error distribution. Figure A-5 Histogram for Checkpoint Errors in LIDAR Dataset [February 2002] A.8.6.3.2 Measures of Central Tendency Three common measures of the central tendency of errors in a dataset may be used to quantify the nearness to or departure from the expected central tendency of zero: • The Arithmetic Mean is the sum of all the errors, divided by the number (n) of checkpoints. When the mean error is large, this is an indicator that systematic errors may be present. CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confiaential and Proprietary, 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Int., AU. RIGHTS RESERVED 18 • Capital Area Planning Council • The Median is the value at which there are as many larger errors as there are smaller errors. • The Mode is the value at which the greatest number of errors is concentrated. In a histogram, the mode is the error value or error range which has the highest ordinate value at the peak of the histogram. [February 2002] A.8.6.3.3 General Variability Various measures of general variability for statistical data exist, including range, average deviation, RMSE, standard deviation, and variance. However, the industry standard for geospatial data is the RMSE explained in Sections A.2 and A.3. For the dataset used to compute the histogram in Figure A-5, the RMSEz =11.7 -centimeters which equates to vertical Accuracyz of approximately 22.9 -centimeters at the 95 -percent confidence level. The standard deviation (a or sigma) is primarily used for determination of statistical outliers, i.e., elevation errors that exceed the 3 -sigma level. [February 2002] A.8.6.3.4 Skewness Skewness is the condition of being asymmetrical or lopsided, and departing from the expected normal distribution shown by the "bell curve." The coefficient of skewness (a unitless number) is used to compute the asymmetry of the errors about the arithmetic mean error. When the absolute value of the skew exceeds 0.5, this means that the error distribution is asymmetrical and may not represent a normal distribution. The Mapping Partners should investigate all datasets with skew values exceeding ±0.5 to determine if there is a valid reason why the errors do not have a normal distribution (a basic assumption in calculation of RMSE values). For the dataset used to compute the histogram in Figure A-5, the skew is 0.429. The skew is computed automatically by Microsoft Excel and other spreadsheets, and uses calculations of the second and third central moments of the dataset. The coefficient of skew is zero when the error distribution is perfectly symmetrical. [February 2002] A.8.6.4 Error Assessment When a LIDAR dataset does not pass the vertical accuracy standard, steps must be taken to identify the cause of the errors. Systematic corrections should never be applied without first identifying the cause of errors. Many factors could have contributed to errors, including the following: • The LIDAR aircraft may have flown at too high of an .altitude, causing IMU angular errors to propagate to larger errors on the ground from a higher altitude. CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Ploprfetagr. O 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc.. AU. RIGHTS RESERVED 19 Capital Area Planning Council • The GPS baselines may be too long, flying too far from the GPS base stations, and causing larger than normal errors in airborne GPS positions. • The scan angle may have been too large or the airspeed too fast, causing wider point spacings and fewer laser pulses that were near vertical. • The satellite PDOP may have been too high, reducing the accuracy of airborne GPS positions. • The post processing algorithms may have been applied incorrectly. • There may have been systematic errors with the airborne GPS, IMU, or laser scanner. The list of potential causes is a long one because the process is complex. Many of the statistical tools described in Subsection A.8.6.3 may point to the apparent existence of systematic errors. The following are standard procedures to be used by FEMA's Mapping Partners to "trouble shoot" total LIDAR systems in order to isolate systematic errors: [February 2002] A.8.6.4.1 Assessments by Land Cover If ground cover category 1 (bare earth, sand, rock, dirt, short grass) does not pass the vertical accuracy standard, the potential causes are different from potential causes when vegetated or urban areas do not pass. Ground cover category 1 essentially should always pass accuracy standards, unless something systematic is wrong. Daily calibration tests help to confirm that the system performed well at the calibration test site (on that same day with the same sensor), and the calibration site normally includes bare earth terrain and short grasses. If ground cover categories 3 or 4 (see Subsection A.8.6.2) alone do not pass the vertical accuracy standard, the most probable causes are shortcomings in the vegetation -removal procedures used in post- processing. If ground cover category 5 (urban terrain) does not pass, something systemic about urban buildings may cause the errors. [February 2002] A.8.6.4.2 Assessments by Error Locations The Mapping Partner shall assess errors relative to their location within flight lines, or near the beginning or end of swaths. This may indicate IMU errors or high satellite residuals due to aircraft banking causing cycle slips and multipath. [February 2002] CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Propdetaiy, 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc., ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 20 Capital Area Planning Council A.8.6.4.3 Assessments by Dates/Sensors When LIDAR datasets are flown on different dates, or with different sensors, the Mapping Partner must consider these variables in the error analyses. [February 2002] A.8.6.4.4 Airborne GPS Verification The Mapping Partner shall examine GPS flight trajectories, compare the forward and reverse flight trajectories' combined separation, check satellite health, check geo-magnetic observations, and verify the following: • PDOP; • GPS satellite residuals; • Satellite phase RMS; • Weighting adjustments when two or more differential base stations are used; • Base station distance separation; • Position standard deviations; • Vertical datum used; and • Correct application of Geoid99 calculation of orthometric heights. [February 2002] A.8.6.4.5 Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) Verification The Mapping Partner normally shall do the following to verify the accuracy of the IMU: • Review the Kalman filter, the measurement residual ratio (MRR), and the consecutive measurement rejections settings; • Confirm IMU was in "fine align" mode for the whole of the dataset; • Check accelerometer drift and scale factor, and the gyro drift and scale factor to ensure they are within specifications; • Compare GPS trajectory with recomputed IMU trajectory and investigate large discrepancies; and CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary, 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc., All RIGHTS RESERVED 21 • Capital Area Planning Council • Review IMU to lever arm parameter measurements and ensure they are entered correctly in the proper reference system. [February 2002] A.8.6.4.6 Laser Range Verification The Mapping Partner shall normally do the following to verify the accuracy of the laser ranges: • Review raw laser ranges; • Identify areas of high dropouts (no returns) and correlate them to justifiable features; • Review scanner mirror angles (galvanometers or micro -controller); • Examine intensity images if collected; and • Review system generated error log sheets. [February 2002] A.8.6.4.7 Total System Verification To verify the accuracy of the whole system, the Mapping Partner shall do the following: • Review calibration flights and compare to system flight parameters; • Use CAD software to analyze individual flightlines and verify pitch, roll and heading errors; • Check overlap for roll and scaling errors; • Check ground features for pitch (i.e., buildings, bridges, etc.); • Check scaling errors if water bodies exist; • Compare cross flight data for attitude; and • Verify vegetation removal procedure and review parameters if data were "corrected" or adjusted for pitch, roll and heading errors; for example, was the iteration angle too high for the terrain type? Is the morphological window within a reasonable size for area features (e.g., is it too large and removes key components such as large dunes?). [February 2002] CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock ConfidewdW and Pmpdetary, 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc., ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 22 Capital Area Planning Council A.8.6.4.8 Systematic Error Corrections It is relatively easy to determine the magnitude of systematic errors and adjust all data accordingly, however, the assigned Mapping Partner must not be "correct" such errors until the error source is clearly identified and documented. The Mapping Partner must report systematic errors to the FEMA Lead for review before systematic reprocessing of data that initially failed to pass the accuracy criteria. [February 2002] A.8.6.5 Cross Flight Verification To supplement the QA/QC process for LIDAR data, the Mapping Partner may employ different optional techniques to check not only the accuracy but also the precision. The balance is to address the need for additional verification checkpoints with cost-effective methods that aid in identifying the internal consistency (precision) of LIDAR data. Two GPS techniques that may be utilized are continuous kinematic and Real Time Kinematic (RTK). Continuous kinematic collects positional data every epoch while maintaining fixed ambiguities on a minimum of five satellites. In the event of loss of lock on satellites, the integer ambiguities must be recomputed to their fixed integer value before a sub decimeter position can be calculated. Post processing is required to obtain the positional data. RTK is similar to continuous kinematic except that the data do not need to be post -processed. The estimated ambiguities are fixed to their integer values and positional data are calculated and stored in real time. Both methods are efficient for GPS surveys along highways. With both types of GPS procedures the process is to survey checkpoints perpendicular to the LIDAR flight paths at different strategic locations, with these additional checkpoints along roads or highways that transect the survey area. The assigned Mapping Partner shall conduct surveys close to the center of roads and -highways, but avoiding bridges, elevated roads, or roads with steep embankments so that LIDAR points can be interpolated accurately without concern for steep slopes. If the flights are flown north to south, then the checkpoints must traverse east and west across the project area. A minimum of three cross lines must be measured, one at each end of the flight lines and another through the center. Typically the weakest data will be at the beginning of the flight line if the GPS and IMU have not stabilized due to the turning of the aircraft. The center cross line will help identify if the airborne data are stabilized. Ideally checkpoints should have a minimum point spacing of one half the LIDAR swath width to ensure each swath has at least one checkpoint. Increasing the number of cross flight checkpoints will assist in verifying confidence within the data. Because such surveys are less accurate than the surveys of checkpoints to NGS -58 5 -centimeter standards, these additional verification points are not to be mixed with the survey checkpoints used to compute the vertical RMSE or Accuracy. However, this is a relatively inexpensive way to generate a relatively large number of somewhat less -accurate checkpoints when there is concern that the 60, 80 or 100 checkpoints (20 each in the major land cover categories) are insufficient for providing a high degree of confidence in the accuracy statistics. [February 2002] CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Propfetary. 0 2002 The Sanbom Map Company, Inc., ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 23 Capital Area Planning Council A.8.7 Deliverables All data and products associated with contract deliverables shall meet or exceed relevant NSSDA standards and fully comply . with the FGDC metadata format standard with the provisions in the contract. The Mapping Partner shall use Appendix I of these Guidelines as a guide for preparing and submitting deliverable products to FEMA in digital format. [February 2002] A.8.7.1 Pre -Project Deliverables Prior to data collection, the Mapping Partner shall submit the following to the FEMA Lead or a Mapping Partner designated by the FEMA Lead: A map showing the study area boundaries and flight path, at a medium scale (1:24,000) or small scale (1:50,000); typically, USGS maps are desirable for this purpose • Documentation specifying altitude, airspeed, scan angle, scan rate, LIDAR pulse rates, and other flight and equipment information deemed appropriate; and • A chart of areas of high PDOP, or a list showing the time of the beginning and end of high PDOP. [February 2002] A.8.7.2 Post -Project Deliverables Following project completion, the Mapping Partner shall submit the following to the FEMA Lead or a Mapping Partner designated by the FEMA Lead: • A LIDAR system data report; • A flight report; • A ground control report; • Data processing procedures for selection of postings, and all orthometric values of x, y, and z coordinates for LIDAR returns. Elevations shall be orthometric heights; and • A system calibration report. The LIDAR system data report shall include discussions of the following: • Data processing methods used, including the treatment of artifacts; • Final LIDAR pulse and scan rates; CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary, 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company, Inc., AU. RIGHTS RESERVED 24 Capital Area Planning Council unless otherwise specified by the FEMA Lead. Each file shall be organized to facilitate data manipulation and processing. [February 2002] A.8.8 Acceptance/Rejection The terms of acceptance/rejection in Section A.7.5.5 of this Appendix shall apply. *Denotes Minimum Required Information CAPCO Ortho Update: Fee Schedule - City of Round Rock Confidential and Proprietary, 0 2002 The Sanborn Map Company. Inc.. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 26 c .i 3 I X22 a. C m • E Q E. as es is m 2 v e. g a �3 3 N cC C. 1 n.,.A 1...._11A 1 t•_. a. 111181 4.8,000.00 43,050.00 150,525.00 155,000.00 --: e4 gf : hpCp_t. A$ o NOSE o - t NvA: -SO y O t H Q C QV :odA H H n4 N 3 1Y,361.1.UU $ 11,341.51 $ 10,078.35 $46,999.86 . • o'o00 v� OD • NNOCAy.,fV H H v', e R H aso g.1CA4• H O CO H R .0S3 vl y y H O VI O ,D OQ. N r 8 o H I — H Gr. 3' H 3 w H r: H q aN f` Nip' H o 0 0 re H oo H H 4 W "7 4 rq v01 i O O.1 `� Q� 0 _ fa�j m (y h 1� 0 4 p O 6.= 0 0 N H O N1 H• T G ' H ? it :1 a H T IMH O tel T C z v 1 va .5- .p O O _ P h O ovN N H" O .p v1 v-1 O =" H: z `' T z H H eel T z O H eel z H O 0 oNo 00 h� C N H H _00goy N H 0 T Qfry H H M e -i H ^ N H ♦ OH a.. H 13 M 69 °' el' NI — TOC HS ti O o ItT 1' O O o0 ,On O v �f t� N O N en (� O� C. V1 A v1 f6'9 H N a H ot en T H O v1 O 0 • tai H r . M epi H h p, . ^ 1� H e7 ♦ p V� g p _ pvo f` g 1 . y�9 .51 N M 6�9 v01 p0gp M R V H A N h V vel 00 N v , oo fV cV — en V'.1 y r o o6 ,nn '. o 69 ��pp 00 o'no ♦ H e ♦ e H O 000 H h h co,o vl fon n H H ♦ I hT; r us e e.i N N I rata for Crty of Taylor - Monthly Totals/Grand Total I $4,055.001 $0.001 $0.001 $4,055.001 $4,055.001 $0.00 $5,727.78 $8,553.61 en T 6 V 0 T "' H H "' O h “, N N h o el •.? 0 O O^ — - opP. 6N9 H H N H O • H H 00 W H N OQ n, 10 if • nq en v1 h o6 r o ^e? o$ o6 v • H h 0 vNS it a H H o a H e T = o`S T 8 vi o ♦ e 5 37,631.2' 38,750.01 O O $86,611 Apr43 ,f1 , H $ 4,465.25 Apr -13 $ 4,895.00 O h v H en N 6 ..et , N eef o6 6 e O `C; c • �' N en O N N o r e� to O O n H to fry • H 6 h , 4. `^ v h • 4 6 v H ' H en W X 0 n O e• H a i ii O O(7, N , .v1© N0 .O m h N N H op p 40 O N , 0... — Y w i HO Y w H , d, en w 0 Ni' H d c� e+1 m o O 4 ri — 72 0-: In N _ ,e, 1 1 1 4 H v1 0 a ooi H H o 69 0 OfA 10 T 0 o j O a o — N j1J1iII :: eg o o, 0 0 N N mX o �t 0 0 0 N N N Q eo ; 0 0 N N it U is 0 N aworarar jar t rave t.ounty Tari Cowry fastrierey Services Buffer 2003; Color Aerial Phota l ra , h Deduction for area communities overt Subtotal for Travis County ESB M oT nthy otals/Grand Total 4b 4titeda 2003; Color Aerial Photography, Scan, AT 2003; Topography (2' FEMA Contours) 2003; 6" Pixel Color Orthophotos Subtotal for City of Buda M enthly otalsGrand Total Ctb IICtir Park 2003; Color Aerial Photography, Scan, AT 2003; I"=100' Planimetric capture (buildings/corridors) 2003; 6" Pixel Color Onhophotos Subtotal for City of Cedar Park Monthly Totals/Grand Total Cl6r 9t�e teN Rock 2003; Color Aerial Photography, Scan, AT 2003; l"=100' Planimetric capture 2003; Topography (2' FEMA Contours) 2003; 6" Pixel Color Onhophotos Subtotal for City of Taylor Monthly Totals/Grand Total Cis, //Twill' 2003; Color Aerial Photography, Scan, AT 2003; I "=100' Planimetric capture 2003; Topography (2' FEMA Contours) 2003; 6" Pixel Color Onhophotos Sub ! 3 Projected invoices are estimates only. Invoices will refle \ a 8 LL V Y LL LL Y Y LL Y 0000 I(I N (7 Q Capital Area Planning Council 2003 Sanborn Co Production Schedule Report I Austin IP. o�oo point ♦ Progress point point ♦ Cribcal point D Summary point kr O Start milestone point O Finish milestone point ar A Early start V Eery finish fifi■ fiEarly bar - Progress b - Critical bar Summary b r 1 t - f 1. Delivery of data dependent upon actual acquisition of aerial photography and LIDAR. 2. Review period for initial data is 30 days from receipt. +t 1 f� 4 as Y130/1. L/90 V eo/tZ/h0 1 V COM./90 t/90 V e0/L 1./a0 PO/673'0 tro/9zIP0 v eoiz I./e° v ea/co/ K, 8 8 a < $ - S < < U 8 ar 5§8i < 8F 4 4Kry ijq jor34 e , `T„ 1ro9/02A 112/11/02A <<<<<< 8888B_8888 5 O WZ- 5 a Q O g g yi p8 O O aaa�a Q=(' O O O O 8 N pZf :: O < 88?§§§§§§"M `88 S O � a $< - Qp .: <<<<<<<<<� �=�QgQQ� 8888§8811F"�_ <<4 8 �aa 1� g O 8 8 O <4 8 8 aaa O �,�, 8 _ Q= Wamwr':I 5a,...p,nx 1pm oa r 12/20/02 A 02/18103 A 06/30/03 A 12/05/03 8a Q 8 a _ 'i << 888 aaa: QQQ�� < 558 _ <<<<; 888' „aaa;. Q=Q ::5588 � <<<<< P! �, QQ�=�Q=Q��' �55888888�° 8&""8" a << �a�,a� 2 OO � O V O O O 1n %' 0.0. 0 00.0.00R2 O 1n 8 Oi m .; - ....0.0.00.0, Compile sidewalks from 1997 photos (Austin) 751 0 Process & edit LIDAR DTM 111 61 w O n co O g V ��yy O < min O W pp pp�� N V O O O uI V T N N r �_ Produce AT for project 159 CD f� 1A h< v 0 0 �f7 (9 �q O �4• Design physical GIS databases Set-up processing systems Transition project into production Pa▪ nel control point locations Collect AGPS data Process and adjust GPS data Produce final survey report a a g Ran aerial photo mission Acquire LIDAR DTM Acquire color aerial photography Process LIDAR data Process and label color film Review and edit calor film Scan film Acquire CIR aerial photography Produce photo products or scans Process and label CIR film • end d edit CIR film Scan CIR film Produce AT report 11.111WIMIPMWPWVN^ Produce AT for Pilot Technical setup Compile Pilot models m Q ts o a a '5 11 Ship Pilot Imagery Ship Riot Rst/Topo data Carred Pilot Ptan/Topo data Correct Pilot Imagery w ' .' 8 S E 8 V 'Agit' 8la g m "" a o $ • ► Sanborn Colorado, L.L.C. Report Date: 09/10/03 Page 2A of 4A ► s 8 U LL LL Y Y LL LL Y Y le a O O O O 1(J tV f7 O ► H ' lhIIIIMIIIIMIIIM am 11 ff�r IiIIIIIilIIIIIIIiJ p Eery start point A Progress point V Early Inlsh point ♦ Critical point I= Early bar p Summary point MN Progress bar • Start mIeatone point MN Critical bar • Fnlsh milestone point -- Summary bar 1 >1L��+ �S 1 1 11■1[ ®III 1 ' ► ■■I L 4 >� �_ . isa ii ail ii ai, iIIL 1P■`� EN ■ di® IL ■II lir ®11.i L. L int upon actual acquisition of aerial photography and LIDAR. lata is 30 days from receipt. CV ----- cm 8V v)� ,C co r ii • SANBORN- Q 8 Q a a rOOO�N 88 a 88888 a 8 anam NQgQOQ 8 S86 a a r 8 8- i8 :�QQg/_§1p,§ 8 a o, a 4 8 8 3 88 n a a 8 8 pa s 88$a a N§ sN . X Q Q38 8383838388388 QQ�((jj1QQ1.(� O O§ Q8 QCp,,Q=4E=asZasco H 0 0 0. r 8 , r r . F. r N N 20 01/09/04 * f 20 02/03/04 * ( $ ` O 33 B. �sVr,,raa� O d< 88333838 N N N SSS88 a = N 8 C� N Q 8 Z o O O O p O N N N N N N N S N S N i N S' N N N N N N N N b N N N N 0 0 0 0 ' N N N pp N N N O N N S N S p, pp N ' N N N N N N N N N !f, N N N N £x, O O O Review color aerie) photography Night pans Review pilot color imagery Review plot plan/topo data Review CIR flight pan O p, 0 8 0 0 Review area 4-6 orlhos Review plot CIR imagery Review area 5 planrtopo Review area 7-9 orlhos anitapo )ory & Correct area 1 pan/topo/ortho edits Correct area 2 pan/topo edits Correct area 2,3 ortho edits Correct area 3 pan/topo edits Correct area 4 pan/topo edits Correct area 4-6 ortho edits Correct area 5 plan/ropo edits Correct area 7-9 ortho edits Correct area 6 pan/topo edits Correct CIR edits Correct area 7 plan/topo edits Incremental shipments - corrected CIR imagery Correct area 8 pan/topo edits Correa area 9 pan/topo edits O'f 5 ads t, c 266 Ship kraal geodetic survey report )sliver CIR flight pan to date 09/09/03 3 Z. N N S S IO b b b 1 1 CO V S S$3 b bb I 1 a ,W 6. a._ b .. SIN 0 eL� biota ® 4 a' r UYYYY yr 2 oc 0000 11 a 4 s p n2 A Eary start point A Progress point 1. Delivery of data dependent upon actual acquisition of aerial photography and LIDAR. V Early lnleh point ♦ Crete' point 2. Review period for initial data is 30 days from receipt. Early bar o Summary point mu Progress bar O Start mlestone point NIM Critical bar • Trish mlestone point Summary bar a .1r - ' Capital Area Planning Council 2003 Production Schedule Austin [,.e ..L a .a .? as et V5 a ag _50-886 aaa4. O 3-' O 8gV. §§ O g iz: - aataaa r 55887-55886 as � g 6 8 �� N� . O O - N N O O N N O O N N s O N 0 N N 0 0 N N cm N O O 8 80 0 N N 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 N 0 0 N N 0 N .. 0 O im E O a m OA/OC update pan/topo date _ > .1++4u+.,:.. Review wee 10 pian/topo Review areas 10, 11 orthos Review areas 11, 12 orthos Review area 11 plan/tcpo Review area 12 plan/topo Review area 13 plan/topo r, Correct area 10 planimetricedits Correct areas 10, 11 ortho edits Correct areas 11, 12 ortho edits Correct area 13 parametric edits gg V ' E E E i i a s ..1-V m m m � E ao 111 8 ts le g n.--:ems--...enmsn -__wm.aw.cn s9m FxRm aa.es L.3B& . - `P. ... a. .d' .J-•Y. .... s 'Ju. .[ .ei'e a