R-2025-139 - 6/12/2025 RESOLUTION NO. R-2025-139
A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY OF ROUND ROCK,TEXAS ADOPTING THE CITY OF
ROUND ROCK HAZARD MITIGATION ACTION PLAN UPDATE: 2025 UPDATE
MITIGATING RISK FOR A SAFE,SECURE,SUSTAINABLE FUTURE.
WHEREAS, the City of Round Rock("City") recognizes the threat that natural hazards pose to
people and property within the City; and
WHEREAS,the City has previously adopted a FEMA-approved Hazard Mitigation Action Plan
and wishes to approve a new updated plan; and
WHEREAS,the City has prepared an updated multi-hazard mitigation plan,hereby known as City
of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update: 2025 Update Mitigating Risk for a Safe, Secure,
Sustainable Future ("Plan'), in accordance with the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000; and
WHEREAS,the Plan identifies mitigation goals and actions to reduce or eliminate long-term risk
to people and property in the City from the impacts of future hazards and disasters; and
WHEREAS,the City Council has reviewed the Plan and adoption by City Council demonstrates
its commitment to hazard mitigation and achieving the goals outlined in the Plan; and
WHEREAS, the City Council wishes to approve and implement the new Plan, Now Therefore
BE IT RESOLVED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF ROUND ROCK,TEXAS,
That the City Council adopts the City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update:2025
Update Mitigating for a Safe,Secure,Sustainable Future,attached hereto as Exhibit"A"and incorporated
herein, is hereby approved.
This Plan,as approved,may be edited or amended after submission for review,but will not require
the City Council to re-adopt any further iterations. This only applies to this specific Plan and does not
absolve the City from updating the Plan in five (5) years.
The City Council hereby finds and declares that written notice of the date,hour,place and subject
of the meeting at which this Resolution was adopted was posted and that such meeting was open to the
0I 12.202502:4926-9968-9283
public as required by law at all times during which this Resolution and the subject matter hereof were
discussed, considered and formally acted upon, all as required by the Open Meetings Act, Chapter 551,
Texas Government Code, as amended.
RESOLVED this 12th day of June, 2025.
CRAIG M RGAN, ayor
City of Ro nd Roc Texas
ATTEST:
v
ANN FRANKLIN, City Clerk
2
a h +
I
k
SECTION 1
APPENDIX A - PLANNING TEAM
APPENDIX B - PUBLIC SURVEY RESULTS
APPENDIX C - CRITICAL FACILITIES
APPENDIX D - DAM LOCATIONS
APPENDIX E - MEETING DOCUMENTATION
APPENDIX F - CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
APPENDIX G - STATE AND FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
ADOPTION - CITY RESOLUTION
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 9
1- - =- M--
CITY OF ROUND ROCK
HAZARD MITIGATION
ACTION PLAN UPDATE
2025 UPDATE
Mitigating Risk for a Safe, Secure, Sustainable Future
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For more information, visit our website at:
https://www.roundrocktexas.gov/
Written comments should be forwarded to:
H2O Partners, Inc.
P. O. Box 160130
Austin, Texas 78716
info .h2opartnersusa.com
www.h2opartnersusa.com
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 2
SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION
Background...............................................................................................................................11
Scope and Participation............................................................................................................12
Purpose ....................................................................................................................................12
Authority....................................................................................................................................12
Summaryof Sections.................................................... ..........................................................13
SECTION 2 - PLANNING PROCESS
Plan Preparation and Development...........................................................................................15
Review and Incorporation of Existing Plans ..............................................................................21
Timeline for Implementing Mitigation Actions............................................................................24
Public and Stakeholder Involvement.........................................................................................25
SECTION 3 - CITY PROFILE
Overview...................................................................................................................................34
Population and Demographics..................................................................................................36
PopulationGrowth ...................................................................................................................37
EconomicImpact ......................................................................................................................37
Natural, Cultural. and Historic Resources..................................................................................39
Existing Land Use and Development Trends ............................................................................41
Changesin Vulnerability ...........................................................................................................41
Future Growth and Development..............................................................................................42
SECTION 4 - RISK OVERVIEW
HazardDescription ...................................................................................................................45
Disaster Declaration History .....................................................................................................49
Natural Hazards and Climate Change ......................................................................................50
Overview of Hazard Analysis ...................................................................................................53
HazardRanking .............. ........................................................................................................54
SECTION 5 - DAM FAILURE
HazardDescription ...................................................................................................................57
Extent .......................................................................................................................................59
Location ...................................................................................................................................67
Historical Occurrences .............................................................................................................69
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 3
Probability of Future Events .....................................................................................................69
Vulnerabilityand Impact ...........................................................................................................69
Climate Change Considerations ...............................................................................................72
SECTION 6 - DROUGHT
HazardDescription ...................................................................................................................75
Location....................................................................................................................................75
Extent ......................................................................................................................................78
Historical Occurrences .............................................................................................................80
Probability of Future Events .....................................................................................................84
Vulnerabilityand Impact ...........................................................................................................84
Climate Change Considerations ...............................................................................................88
SECTION 7 - EARTHQUAKE
HazardDescription ...................................................................................................................91
Location....................................................................................................................................92
Extent ......................................................................................................................................94
HistoricalOccurrences .............................................................................................................97
Probability of Future Events .....................................................................................................97
Vulnerabilityand Impact ...........................................................................................................97
Climate Change Considerations ...............................................................................................98
SECTION 8 - EXTREME HEAT
HazardDescription .................................................................................................................100
Location..................................................................................................................................100
Extent ....................................................................................................................................100
HistoricalOccurrences ...........................................................................................................103
Probabilityof Future Events ...................................................................................................104
Vulnerabilityand Impact .........................................................................................................105
Climate Change Considerations .............................................................................................109
SECTION 9 - FLOOD
HazardDescription .................................................................................................................111
Location..................................................................................................................................111
Extent ....................................................................................................................................116
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 4
Historical Occurrences ...........................................................................................................118
Probability of Future Events ...................................................................................................120
Vulnerability and Impact .........................................................................................................120
Climate Change Considerations .............................................................................................125
NFIPParticipation ..................................................................................................................125
NFIP Compliance and Maintenance .......................................................................................126
RepetitiveLoss ......................................................................................................................127
SECTION 10 - HAIL
HazardDescription .................................................................................................................130
Location..................................................................................................................................130
Extent ....................................................................................................................................131
Historical Occurrences ...........................................................................................................132
Probability of Future Events ...................................................................................................134
Vulnerability and Impact .........................................................................................................134
Climate Change Considerations .............................................................................................137
SECTION 11 - LAND SUBSIDENCE
HazardDescription .................................................................................................................139
Location..................................................................................................................................140
Extent ....................................................................................................................................141
Historical Occurrences ...........................................................................................................143
Probability of Future Events ...................................................................................................144
Vulnerabilityand Impact .........................................................................................................144
Climate Change Considerations .............................................................................................146
SECTION 12 - LIGHTNING
HazardDescription .................................................................................................................148
Location..................................................................................................................................148
Extent ....................................................................................................................................148
Historical Occurrences ...........................................................................................................149
Probability of Future Events ...................................................................................................151
Vulnerability and Impact .........................................................................................................151
Climate Change Considerations .............................................................................................154
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 5
SECTION 13 - THUNDERSTORM WIND
HazardDescription .................................................................................................................157
Location..................................................................................................................................157
Extent ....................................................................................................................................158
Historical Occurrences ...........................................................................................................159
Probabilityof Future Events ...................................................................................................162
Vulnerabilityand Impact .........................................................................................................162
Climate Change Considerations .............................................................................................166
SECTION 14 - TORNADO
HazardDescription .................................................................................................................168
Location..................................................................................................................................168
Extent ....................................................................................................................................169
HistoricalOccurrences ...........................................................................................................171
Probability of Future Events ...................................................................................................174
Vulnerabilityand Impact .........................................................................................................174
Climate Change Considerations .............................................................................................179
SECTION 15 - WILDFIRE
HazardDescription .................................................................................................................181
Location..................................................................................................................................182
Extent ....................................................................................................................................185
Historical Occurrences ...........................................................................................................189
Probability of Future Events ...................................................................................................193
Vulnerabilityand Impact .........................................................................................................193
Climate Change Considerations .............................................................................................199
SECTION 16 - WINTER STORM
HazardDescription .................................................................................................................202
Location..................................................................................................................................204
Extent ....................................................................................................................................206
HistoricalOccurrences ...........................................................................................................207
Probabilityof Future Events ...................................................................................................210
Vulnerabilityand Impact .........................................................................................................210
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 6
Climate Change Considerations .............................................................................................214
SECTION 17 - CYBER ATTACK
HazardDescription .................................................................................................................216
Location..................................................................................................................................218
Extent ....................................................................................................................................218
Historical Occurrences ...........................................................................................................219
Probability of Future Events ...................................................................................................220
Vulnerability and Impact .........................................................................................................221
Climate Change Considerations .............................................................................................222
SECTION 18 - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
HazardDescription .................................................................................................................224
Location..................................................................................................................................225
Extent ....................................................................................................................................227
Historical Occurrences ...........................................................................................................227
Probability of Future Events ...................................................................................................228
Vulnerabilityand Impact .........................................................................................................228
Climate Change Considerations .............................................................................................231
SECTION 19 - INFECTIOUS DISEASE
HazardDescription .................................................................................................................233
Location..................................................................................................................................234
Extent ....................................................................................................................................234
HistoricalOccurrences ...........................................................................................................238
Probability of Future Events ...................................................................................................239
Vulnerabilityand Impact .........................................................................................................239
Climate Change Considerations .............................................................................................243
SECTION 20 - PIPELINE FAILURE
HazardDescription .................................................................................................................245
Location ..................................................................................................................................245
Extent ....................................................................................................................................246
Historical Occurrences ...........................................................................................................247
Probability of Future Events ...................................................................................................247
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 7
Vulnerabilityand Impact .........................................................................................................247
Climate Change Considerations .............................................................................................250
SECTION 21 - TERRORISM
HazardDescription .................................................................................................................252
Location..................................................................................................................................252
Extent ....................................................................................................................................253
Historical Occurrences ...........................................................................................................254
Probability of Future Events ...................................................................................................255
Vulnerabilityand Impact .........................................................................................................256
Climate Change Considerations .............................................................................................256
SECTION 22 - MITIGATION STRATEGY
MitigationGoals .....................................................................................................................258
Goal1 ....................................................................................................................................258
Goal2 ....................................................................................................................................258
Goal3 ....................................................................................................................................259
Goal4 ....................................................................................................................................259
Goal5 ....................................................................................................................................259
Goal6 ....................................................................................................................................259
Goal7 ....................................................................................................................................260
SECTION 23 - PREVIOUS ACTIONS
Summary ...............................................................................................................................262
Cityof Round Rock.................................................................................................................263
SECTION 24 - MITIGATION ACTIONS
Summary ...............................................................................................................................274
Cityof Round Rock ................................................................................................................276
SECTION 25 - PLAN MAINTENANCE
Plan Maintenance Procedures ...............................................................................................303
Incorporation ..........................................................................................................................303
Monitoringand Evaluation ......................................................................................................305
Updating ................................................................................................................................307
Continued Public Involvement ................................................................................................308
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 8
SECTION 1 : INTRODUCTION
HazardDescription .....................................................................................................................11
Scope..........................................................................................................................................12
Purpose.......................................................................................................................................12
Authority......................................................................................................................................12
Summaryof Sections..................................................................................................................13
HAZARD DESCRIPTION
The City of Round Rock is located in the Central Texas Hill Country, 15 miles north of Austin.
Located within both Travis and Williamson County, the city is a part of the Greater Austin
metropolitan area. Cedar Park is adjacent to the west, Wells Branch borders the southern portion
of the city, Hutto to the east, and Georgetown is to the north.
Texas is prone to extremely heavy rains and flooding with half of the world record rainfall rates
(48 hours or less).' While flooding is a well-known risk, the City of Round Rock is susceptible to
a wide range of natural hazards, including but not limited to tornadoes, extreme heat, wildfire, and
drought. These life-threatening hazards can destroy property, disrupt the economy, and lower the
overall quality of life for individuals.
While it is impossible to prevent an event from occurring, the impacts from many hazards on
people and property can be lessened through mitigation. T he Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) defines mitigation as sustained actions taken to reduce or eliminate long-teen risk
to people and property from hazards and their effects.2 Communities participate in hazard
mitigation by developing hazard mitigation plans. The Texas Division of Emergency
Management (IDEM) is required to review the plan and FEMA has the authority to review and
approve hazard mitigation plans through the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000.
In 2018, the City of Round Rock's previous Hazard Mitigation Action Plan (HMAP) was adopted.
The participants of the 2018 plan were the City of Round Rock and Round Rock Independent
School District(ISD.) Round Rock Independent School District(ISD)is not participating in the 2025
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update.
The Disaster Mitigation Act requires that hazard mitigation plans be reviewed and revised every
five years to maintain eligibility for Hazard Mitigation Assistance (HMA) grant funding. FEMA
approved the City of Round Rock HMAP in 2019, which then expired in 2024. Therefore, the City
began the process of developing a Hazard Mitigation Plan Update in order to regain eligibility for
grant funding. The HMAP Update planning process provided an opportunity for the City of Round
Rock to evaluate successful mitigation actions and explore opportunities to avoid future disaster
loss. The City of Round Rock selected H2O Partners, Inc. to write and develop the 2025 HMAP
Update, hereinafter titled: "City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 2025: Maintaining
a Safe, Secure, and Sustainable Community" (Plan or Plan Update). This is a single-jurisdictional
plan; the City of Round Rock is the only participant in the Plan Update.
Hazard mitigation activities are an investment in a community's safety and sustainability. It is
widely accepted that the most effective hazard mitigation measures are implemented at the
' http://www.floodsafety.com/texas/regional-info/san-antonio-flooding/
2 http://www.fema.gov/hazard-mitigation-planning-resources
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 11
SECTION 1 : INTRODUCTION
local government level, where decisions on the regulation and control of development are
ultimately made. A comprehensive review of a hazard mitigation plan addresses vulnerabilities
to hazards that exist today and in the foreseeable future. Therefore, it is essential that a plan
identify projected patterns of how future development will increase or decrease a community's
overall hazard vulnerability.
SCOPE
The focus of the Plan Update is to identify activities to mitigate hazards classified as "high" or
,'moderate" risk, as determined through a detailed hazard risk assessment conducted for the City
of Round Rock. The hazard classification enables the City to prioritize mitigation actions based
on hazards which can present the greatest risk to lives and property in the geographic scope.
PURPOSE
The Plan Update was prepared by the City of Round Rock and H2O Partners, Inc. The purpose
of the Plan Update is to protect people and structures and to minimize the costs of disaster
response and recovery. The goal of the Plan Update is to minimize or eliminate long-term risks to
human life, property, operations, and the environment from known hazards by identifying risks
and implementing cost-effective hazard mitigation actions. The planning process is an opportunity
for the City of Round Rock, stakeholders, and the general public to evaluate and develop
successful hazard mitigation actions to reduce future risk of loss of life and damage to property
resulting from a disaster in City of Round Rock.
The Mission Statement of the Plan Update is, "Maintaining a secure and sustainable future
through the revision and development of targeted hazard mitigation actions to protect life and
property."
The City of Round Rock Planning Team identified 12 natural hazards and 5 human-caused
hazards to be addressed by the Plan Update. The specific goals of the Plan Update are to:
• Provide a comprehensive update to the 2018 HMAP;
• Minimize disruption to the City of Round Rock following a disaster;
• Streamline disaster recovery by articulating actions to be taken before a disaster
strikes to reduce or eliminate future damage;
• Demonstrate a firm local commitment to hazard mitigation principles;
• Serve as a basis for future funding that may become available through grants and
technical assistance programs offered by the State or Federal government. The Plan
will enable the City of Round Rock to take advantage of rapidly developing mitigation
grant opportunities as they arise; and
• Ensure that the City of Round Rock maintains eligibility for the full range of future
Federal disaster relief.
AUTHORITY
The Plan is tailored specifically for the City of Round Rock and plan
,U FEMA participants including Planning Team members, stakeholders, and
the general public who participated in the Plan Update development
process. The Plan complies with all requirements promulgated by
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 12
SECTION 1 : INTRODUCTION
the Texas Division of Emergency Management(IDEM) and all applicable provisions of the Robert
T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, Section 104 of the Disaster Mitigation
Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) (P.L. 106-390), and the Bunning-Bereuter-Blumenauer Flood Insurance
Reform Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-264), which amended the National Flood Insurance Act (NFIA) of
1968 (42 U.S.C. 4001, et al). Additionally, the Plan complies with the Interim Final Rules for the
Hazard Mitigation Planning and Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (44 CFR, Part 201), which
specify the criteria for approval of mitigation plans required in Section 322 of the DMA 2000 and
standards found in FEMA's "Local Mitigation Planning Policy Guide" (April 2023), and the "Local
Mitigation Planning Handbook" (May 2023).
SUMMARY OF SECTIONS
Sections 1 and 2 of the Plan Update outline the Plan's purpose and development, including how
Planning Team members, stakeholders, and members of the general public were involved in the
planning process. Section 3 profiles the City of Round Rock's population and economy.
Sections 4 through 21 present a hazard overview and information on individual natural and
human-caused hazards in the planning area. For each hazard, the Plan Update presents a
description of the hazard, a list of historical hazard events, and the results of the vulnerability and
risk assessment process.
Section 22 presents hazard mitigation goals and objectives. Section 23 gives an analysis for the
previous actions and Section 24 presents hazard mitigation actions for the City of Round Rock.
Section 25 identifies Plan maintenance mechanisms.
The list of planning team members and stakeholders is located in Appendix A. Public survey
results are analyzed and presented in Appendix B. Appendix C contains a detailed list of critical
facilities for the area. Appendix D contains information regarding Dam locations within the City of
Round Rock. Appendix E contains information regarding workshops and meeting documentation.
Capability Assessment results for the City of Round Rock are in Appendix F. Appendix G includes
State and Federal Funding Opportunities.3
3 Information contained in some of these appendices are exempt from public release under the Freedom of
Information Act(FOIA).
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 13
SECTION 2
PLANNING PROCESS
SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS
Plan Preparation and Development............................................................................................15
Overviewof the Plan ...............................................................................................................15
PlanningTeam ........................................................................................................................16
PlanningProcess ....................................................................................................................19
KickoffWorkshop ....................................................................................................................19
HazardIdentification................................................................................................................19
RiskAssessment.................................................................................................................20
Mitigation Review and Development ...................................................................................20
Review and Incorporation of Existing Plans................................................................................21
Review.....................................................................................................................................21
Incorporation of Existing Plans into the HMAP Process..........................................................21
Incorporation of the HMAP into Other Planning Mechanisms .................................................22
PlanReview and Plan Update.................................................................................................24
Timeline for Implementing Mitigation Actions .............................................................................24
Public and Stakeholder Involvement...........................................................................................25
Underserved Communities / Vulnerable Populations..............................................................25
StakeholderInvolvement.........................................................................................................26
PublicMeetings.......................................................................................................................31
Public Participation Survey..................................................................................................31
PLAN PREPARATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Hazard mitigation planning involves coordination with various constituents and stakeholders to
develop a more disaster-resistant community. Section 2 provides an overview of the planning
process including the identification of key steps and a detailed description of how stakeholders
and the public were involved.
OVERVIEW OF THE PLAN
The City of Round Rock hired H2O Partners, Inc. (Consultant Team), to provide technical support
and oversee the development of the City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update
2025. The Consultant Team used the FEMA"Local Mitigation Planning Policy Guide" (April 2023),
and the"Local Mitigation Planning Handbook" (May 2023)to develop the Plan Update. The overall
planning process is shown in Figure 2-1 below.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 15
SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS
Figure 2-1. Mitigation Planning Process
PHASE ONE PHASETWO PHASETHREE PHASE FOUR
ail
organize
",F identify&Access Resources&Access i;y
•• Mitigation
Capabilities ••
The City of Round Rock and the Consultant Team met in March 2024, to begin organizing
resources, identify Planning Team members, and conduct a Capability Assessment.
PLANNING TEAM
Key members of H2O Partners, Inc. developed the Plan Update in conjunction with the Planning
Team. The Planning Team was established using a direct representation model. Some of the
responsibilities of the Planning Team included: completing Capability Assessment surveys,
providing input regarding the identification of hazards, identifying mitigation goals, and developing
mitigation strategies. An Executive Planning Team consisting of key personnel from the Office of
Emergency Management involved in hazard mitigation activities, shown in Table 2-1, was formed
to coordinate planning efforts and request input and participation in the planning process.
Participation in this planning process is defined as being engaged in the process through
attending meetings, providing data and related information, providing updates on previous
actions, and reviewing and commenting on draft versions of the plan.
Table 2-2 reflects the Advisory Planning Team, consisting of additional representatives from City
departments that participated throughout the planning process. All Executive and Advisory
Planning Team members are involved in hazard mitigation activities; those with the authority to
regulate development are identified with an asterisk next to their title.
Table 2-1. Executive Planning Team
O- DEPARTMENT
City of Round Rock- Fire Assistant Fire Chief- Fire
City of Round Rock- Fire Assistant Fire Chief- Fire'
City of Round Rock- Fire Fire Chief
City of Round Rock— Homeland Security and Emergency Management Coordinator
Emergency Management
' Please note these city representatives have the same title and are not duplicated entries.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 16
SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS
Table 2-2. Advisory Planning Team2
• - • DEPARTMENT TITLE
City of Round Rock-Administration Assistant City Manager
City of Round Rock-Administration Assistant City Manager3
City of Round Rock-Administration City Manager*
City of Round Rock-Administration Deputy City Clerk
City of Round Rock—City Council Mayor*
City of Round Rock—Communications and Director- Communications
Marketing
City of Round Rock- Community and Director*
Neighborhood Services
City of Round Rock- Finance Deputy Chief Financial Officer
City of Round Rock— Fire Captain - Community Risk Reduction
City of Round Rock— Fire Program Manager—Crisis Response
City of Round Rock- General Services Assistant Director
City of Round Rock- General Services Director*
City of Round Rock- Information Technology
GIS Technician
Department
City of Round Rock- Information Technology
Systems Analyst
Department
City of Round Rock- Parks and Recreation Assistant Director
City of Round Rock- Parks and Recreation Director
City of Round Rock- Parks and Recreation Manager- Forestry
City of Round Rock- Parks and Recreation Manager— Parks and Recreation
Development
City of Round Rock- Parks and Recreation Manager— Parks Development
City of Round Rock- Planning and Director*
Development Services
City of Round Rock- Police Assistant Chief
City of Round Rock- Police Police Chief
City of Round Rock-Transportation Assistant Director
2 'Authority to regulate development
3 Please note these city representatives have the same title and are not duplicated entries
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 I Page 17
SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS
O- DEPARTMENT
City of Round Rock- Transportation Director
City of Round Rock-Transportation Superintendent
City of Round Rock- Utilities and Assistant Director- Utilities
Environmental Services
City of Round Rock- Utilities and
Environmental Services Executive Director— Public Works
City of Round Rock- Utilities and Supervisor- Utilities GIS
Environmental Services
Additionally, a Stakeholder Group was invited via email to participate in the planning process by
attending meetings, commenting on draft versions of the plan, and/or by providing data to inform
the planning process. The Consultant Team, Planning Teams, and Stakeholder Group
coordinated to identify mitigation goals, and develop mitigation strategies and actions for the Plan
Update. Appendix A provides a complete listing of all participating Planning Team members and
stakeholders by organization and title. Stakeholder involvement is discussed further below.
Based on results of the completed Capability Assessment survey, the City of Round Rock
described methods for achieving future hazard mitigation measures by expanding existing
capabilities. For example, the City of Round Rock has the opportunity to identify opportunities for
cross-training or increasing the technical expertise of staff by attending free training available
through FEMA and the Texas Division of Emergency Management (IDEM). In addition, the City
of Round Rock has an opportunity to establish Planning Team members with the authority to
monitor the Plan and identify grant funding opportunities for expanding staff. Other options for
improving capabilities include the following:
• Integrate risk information into future updates of the City of Round Rock Comprehensive
Plan.
• Integrate risk information into future updates of the City of Round Rock Capital
Improvement Plan.
• Review current floodplain ordinances for opportunities to increase resiliency, (above
current standards) such as modifying permitting or building codes.
• Review current land use and building ordinances that will require all new developments to
conform to the higher mitigation standards, exceeding current requirements.
Sample hazard mitigation actions developed with similar hazard risk were shared at the meetings.
These important discussions resulted in the development of multiple mitigation actions that are
included in the Plan Update to further mitigate risk from natural hazards in the future.
The Planning Team developed hazard mitigation actions for mitigating risk from all the identified
hazards within this Plan Update; these actions include implementing education and awareness
programs on hazards, identifying low-lying areas that are at high risk for flooding, and adopting
regulations that all new construction will be built with lifelong foundations to mitigate future land
subsidence risk.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 18
SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS
PLANNING PROCESS
The process used to prepare the Plan Update followed the four major steps included at Figure 2-
1. After the Planning Team was organized, a capability assessment was developed and
distributed at the Kick-Off Workshop. Hazards were identified and assessed, and results
associated with each of the hazards were provided at the Risk Assessment Workshop. Based on
the City of Round Rock's identified vulnerabilities, specific mitigation strategies were discussed
and developed at the Mitigation Strategy Workshop. Finally, Plan maintenance and
implementation procedures were developed and are included in Section 25. Participation of
Planning Team members, stakeholders, and the public at each of the workshops is documented
in Appendix E.
At the Plan development workshops held throughout the planning process described herein, the
following factors were taken into consideration:
• The nature and magnitude of risks currently affecting the city;
• Hazard mitigation goals to address current and expected conditions;
• Whether current resources will be sufficient for implementing the Plan Update;
• Implementation problems, such as technical, political, legal, and coordination issues that
may hinder development;
• Anticipated outcomes; and
• How the City of Round Rock, agencies, and partners will participate in implementing the
Plan Update.
KICKOFF WORKSHOP
The Kickoff Workshop was held virtually, via Microsoft Teams, on April 15, 2024. The initial
workshop informed participating officials and key department personnel about how the planning
process pertained to their distinct roles and responsibilities and engaged stakeholder groups that
focus on vulnerable populations and underserved communities including, but not limited to the
utility providers, local medical partners, local ISDs, and surrounding counties. In addition to the
kickoff presentation, participants received the following information:
• Project overview regarding the planning process;
• Public survey access information;
• Hazard Ranking form; and
• Capability Assessment survey for completion.
A risk ranking exercise was conducted at the Kickoff Workshop to get input from the Planning
Team and stakeholders pertaining to various risks from a list of natural hazards affecting the
planning area. Participants ranked hazards high to low in terms of perceived level of risk,
frequency of occurrence, and potential impact.
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
At the Kickoff Workshop, and through email and phone correspondence, the Planning Team
conducted preliminary hazard identification. The Planning Team in coordination with the
Consultant Team reviewed and considered a full range of natural hazards. Once identified, the
teams narrowed the list to significant hazards by reviewing hazards affecting the area, the 2023
State of Texas Hazard Mitigation Plan, and initial study results from reputable sources such as
federal and state agencies. Based on this initial analysis, the teams identified a total of 12 natural
hazards and 5 human-caused hazards which pose a significant threat to the planning area.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 19
SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS
RISK ASSESSMENT
An initial risk assessment for the City of Round Rock was completed in May 2024 and results
were presented to Planning Team members at the Risk Assessment Workshop held on May 22,
2024, virtually through Microsoft Teams. At the workshop, the characteristics and consequences
of each hazard were evaluated to determine the extent to which the planning area would be
affected in terms of potential danger to property and residents.
Property and crop damages were estimated by gathering data from the National Centers for
Environmental Information (NCEI) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA). The assessment also examined the impact of various hazards on the built environment,
including general building stock, critical facilities, lifelines, and infrastructure. The resulting risk
assessment profiled hazard events provided information on previous occurrences, estimated
probability of future events, and detailed the spatial extent and magnitude of impact on people
and property. Following the risk assessment workshop, past event data from NCEI was provided
to the planning team for their review and assistance in identifying significant events.
The assessments were also used to set priorities for hazard mitigation actions based on potential
loss of lives and dollar losses. A hazard profile and vulnerability analysis for each of the hazards
can be found in Sections 4 through 21.
MITIGATION REVIEW AND DEVELOPMENT
Developing the Mitigation Strategy for the Plan involved identifying mitigation goals and new
mitigation actions. A Mitigation Workshop was held on June 18, 2024, virtually through Microsoft
Teams. In addition to the Planning Team, stakeholder groups were invited to attend the workshop.
The City was proactive in identifying mitigation actions to lessen the risk of all the identified
hazards included in the Plan Update.
An inclusive and structured process was used to develop and prioritize new hazard mitigation
actions for the Plan Update. The prioritization method was based on FEMA's STAPLE+E criteria
and included social, technical, administrative, political, legal, economic, and environmental
considerations. As a result, each Planning Team member assigned an overall priority to each
hazard mitigation action. The overall priority of each action is reflected in the hazard mitigation
actions found in Section 24.
Planning Team members then developed action plans identifying proposed actions, costs and
benefits, the responsible organization(s), effects on new and existing buildings, implementation
schedules, priorities, and potential funding sources.
Specifically, the process involved:
• Listing optional hazard mitigation actions based on information collected from previous
plan reviews, studies, and interviews with federal, state, and local officials. Workshop
participants reviewed the optional mitigation actions and selected actions that were most
applicable to their area of responsibility, cost-effective in reducing risk, easily
implemented, and likely to receive institutional and community support.
• Workshop participants inventoried federal and state funding sources that could assist in
implementing the proposed hazard mitigation actions. Information was collected, including
the program name, authority, purpose of the program, types of assistance and eligible
projects, conditions on funding, types of hazards covered, matching requirements,
application deadlines, and a point of contact.
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• Planning Team members considered the benefits that would result from implementing the
hazard mitigation actions compared to the cost of those projects. Although detailed cost-
benefit analyses were beyond the scope of the Plan Update, Planning Team members
utilized economic evaluation as a determining factor between hazard mitigation actions.
• Planning Team members then selected and prioritized mitigation actions.
Hazard mitigation actions identified in the process were made available to the Planning Team for
review. The draft Plan Update was maintained on file by the City of Round Rock Office of
Emergency Management and was made available to the general public for review.
REVIEW AND INCORPORATION OF EXISTING PLANS
REVIEW
Background information utilized during the planning process included various studies; plans,
reports, and technical information from sources such as FEMA, the United States Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE), the U.S. Fire Administration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), the Texas Water Development Board (TWDB), the Texas Commission
on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), the Texas State Data Center, Texas Forest Service, the Texas
Division of Emergency Management (IDEM), and local hazard assessments and plans. Section
4 and the hazard-specific sections of the Plan (Sections 5-21)summarize the relevant background
information.
Specific background documents, including those from FEMA, provided information on hazard risk,
hazard mitigation actions currently being implemented, and potential mitigation actions. Previous
hazard events, occurrences, and descriptions were identified through NOAA's National Centers
for Environmental Information (NCEI). Results of past hazard events were found through
searching the NCEI Storm Event Database. The USACE studies were reviewed for their
assessment of risk and potential projects in the region. Information from the State Demographer
was reviewed for population and other projections and included in Section 3 of the Plan. Data
from the Texas Forest Service was used to appropriately rank the wildfire hazard, and to help
identify potential grant opportunities. Materials from FEMA and TDEM were reviewed for guidance
on Plan Update development requirements.
INCORPORATION OF EXISTING PLANS INTO THE HMAP PROCESS
A Capability Assessment was completed by key departments from the City of Round Rock which
provided information pertaining to existing plans, policies, ordinances, and regulations to be
integrated into the goals and objectives of the Plan Update. The relevant information was included
in a master Capability Assessment, Appendix F.
Existing projects and studies were utilized as a starting point for discussing hazard mitigation
actions among Planning and Consultant Team members. For example, mitigation projects
completed by the City of Round Rock include:
• Implementing new or enlarging existing detention structures to reduce flooding
• Enlarging channels and/or culverts
• Armoring channel banks, flood-proofing structures and/or removing infrastructure or
structures to reduce flooding impacts
• Utilizing new/ updated models and a network of gauges and/or cameras for real-time and
predictive mappings
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Utilizing a variety of large equipment to help minimize flooding by keeping drainage ways
and culverts free of debris and limbs
Evaluating and implementing expansion of the City reuse water system and alternative
water sources to ease drought impacts
Adding hail guards to existing A/C to minimize damage and downtime due to storms
For a comprehensive list of actions from the previous 2018 HMAP, please refer to Section 23.
Additionally, policies and ordinances were reviewed by the City of Round Rock. Other plans were
reviewed, such as the Comprehensive Plan, Continuity of Operations Plan, and the Emergency
Management Action Plan, to identify any additional mitigation actions. Finally, the 2023 State of
Texas Hazard Mitigation Plan, developed by TDEM, was discussed in the initial planning meeting
in order to develop a specific group of hazards to address in the planning effort. The 2023 State
Plan was also used as a guidance document, along with FEMA materials, in the development of
the City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025.
INCORPORATION OF THE HMAP INTO OTHER PLANNING
MECHANISMS
Planning Team members will integrate implementation of the Plan Update with other planning
mechanisms for the City of Round Rock, such as the Emergency Management Action Plan and
the Comprehensive Plan. This section discusses how the Plan will be implemented by the City of
Round Rock. It also addresses how the Plan will be evaluated and improved over time, and how
the public will continue to be involved in the hazard mitigation planning process.
The City of Round Rock will be responsible for implementing hazard mitigation actions contained
in Section 24. Each hazard mitigation action has been assigned to a specific City department that
is responsible for tracking and implementing the action.
A funding source has been listed for each identified hazard mitigation action and may be utilized
to implement the action. An implementation time period has also been assigned to each hazard
mitigation action as an incentive and to determine whether actions are implemented on a timely
basis.
The City of Round Rock will integrate hazard mitigation actions contained in the Plan Update with
existing planning mechanisms such as floodplain ordinances, the Emergency Management
Action Plan, the Evacuation Plan, and other local and area planning efforts. The City of Round
Rock will work closely with area organizations to coordinate implementation of hazard mitigation
actions that benefit the planning area terms of financial and economic impact.
Upon formal adoption of the Plan Update, Planning Team members will review existing plans
along with building codes to guide development and ensure that hazard mitigation actions are
implemented. Each of the City departments will be responsible for coordinating periodic review of
the Plan Update with members of the Advisory Planning Team to ensure integration of hazard
mitigation strategies into these planning mechanisms and codes. The Planning Team will also
conduct periodic reviews of various existing planning mechanisms and analyze the need for any
revisions or updates in light of the approved Plan Update. The City of Round Rock will ensure
that future long-term planning objectives will contribute to the goals of the Plan to reduce the long-
term risk to life and property from moderate and high-risk hazards. Within one year of formal
adoption of the Plan, existing planning mechanisms will be reviewed and analyzed as they pertain
to the Plan Update.
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Planning Team members will review and revise, as necessary, the long-range goals and
objectives in its strategic plan and budgets to ensure that they are consistent with the Plan Update.
Furthermore, the City of Round Rock will work with neighboring jurisdictions to advance the goals
of the Plan Update as it applies to ongoing, long-range planning goals and actions for mitigating
risk to natural hazards throughout the planning area.
Table 2-3 identifies types of planning mechanisms and examples of methods for incorporating the
Plan into other planning efforts.
Table 2-3. Examples of Methods of Incorporation
PLANNING MECHANISM INCORPORATION OF PLAN
Various departments and key personnel that
participated in the planning process will review this
Plan Update and mitigation actions therein when
Annual Budget Review conducting their annual budget review. Allowances
will be made in accordance with grant applications
sought, and mitigation actions that will be
undertaken, according to the implementation
schedule of the specific action.
Prior to any revisions to the Capital Improvement
Plan (CIP), City departments will review the risk
Capital Improvement Plans assessment and mitigation strategy sections of this
HMAP, as limiting public spending in hazardous
zones is one of the most effective long-term
mitigation actions available to local governments.
The City of Round Rock has a Comprehensive Plan
in place. Since comprehensive plans involve
Comprehensive Plans developing a unified vision for a community, the
mitigation vision and goals of the HMAP will be
reviewed in the development or revision of a
Comprehensive Plan.
Floodplain management plans include preventative
and corrective actions to address the flood hazard.
Floodplain Management Therefore, the actions for flooding and information
Plans found in Section 9 of this Plan Update discussing the
people and property at risk to flood, will be reviewed
and revised when updating the flood management
plans_ or developing new plans.
This Plan Update will be evaluated when grant
Grant Applications funding is sought for mitigation projects. If a project
is not in the Plan Update, a Plan Revision may be
necessary to include the action in the Plan.
Currently, the City of Round Rock has regulatory
Regulatory Plans plans in place, such as an Emergency Management
Action Plan, Land Use Plan, and Evacuation Plan.
The HMAP will be consulted when departments
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PLANNING MECHANISM INCORPORATION OF PLAN
review or revise their current regulatory planning
mechanisms, or in the development of regulatory
plans that are not currently in place.
Appendix F Capability Assessment provides an overview of the City's existing planning and
regulatory capabilities. These existing capabilities provide the mechanisms to implement the
City's mitigation strategy. For example, the adoption of building codes and implementation of land
use regulations have been demonstrated to help communities avoid losses from natural hazard
events. Currently, the City of Round Rock has both building codes and land use regulations in
place.
It should be noted for the purposes of the Plan Update that the HMAP has been used as a
reference when reviewing and updating all plans and ordinances for the entire planning area. The
Emergency Management Plan developed for the City of Round Rock is updated every five years
and incorporates goals, objectives, and actions identified in the mitigation plan.
PLAN REVIEW AND PLAN UPDATE
As with the development of Plan Update, the City of Round Rock will oversee the review and
update process for relevance and if necessary, make adjustments. At the beginning of each fiscal
year, Planning Team Members will meet to evaluate the Plan and review other planning
mechanisms to ensure consistency with long-range planning efforts. In addition, planning
participants will also meet once a year, by conference call or presentation, to re-evaluate
prioritization of the hazard mitigation actions. The plan may be amended to include additional
hazard mitigation actions as they are developed.
TIMELINE FOR IMPLEMENTING MITIGATION ACTIONS
Both the Executive Planning Team (Table A-1, Appendix A) and the Advisory Planning Team
(Table A-2, Appendix A) will engage in discussions regarding a timeframe for how and when to
implement each hazard mitigation action. Considerations include when the action will be started,
how existing planning mechanisms' timelines affect implementation, and when the action should
be fully implemented. Timeframes may be general, and there will be short, medium, and long-
term goals for implementation based on prioritization of each action, as identified on individual
Hazard Mitigation Action worksheets included in the Plan Update for the City of Round Rock.
Both the Executive and Advisory Planning Team will evaluate and prioritize the most suitable
hazard mitigation actions for the community to implement. The timeline for implementation of
actions will partially be directed by the City's comprehensive planning process, budgetary
constraints, and community needs. The City of Round Rock is committed to addressing and
implementing hazard mitigation actions that may be aligned with and integrated into the Plan
Update.
Overall, the Planning Team is in agreement that goals and actions of the Plan Update shall be
aligned with the timeframe for implementation of hazard mitigation actions with respect to annual
review and updates of existing plans and policies.
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SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS
PUBLIC AND STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT
An important component of hazard mitigation planning is public participation and stakeholder
involvement. Input from individual citizens and the community as a whole provides the Planning
Team with a greater understanding of local concerns and increases the likelihood of successfully
implemented hazard mitigation actions. If citizens and stakeholders, such as local businesses,
non-profits, hospitals, and schools are involved, they are more likely to gain a greater appreciation
of the risks that hazards may present in their community and take steps to reduce or mitigate their
impact.
The public was involved in the development of the City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action
Plan Update 2024 at different stages prior to official Plan approval and adoption. Public input was
sought using three methods: (1) open public meetings; (2) survey instruments; and (3) making
the draft Plan Update available for public review on the City of Round Rock's website.
The draft Plan Update was made available to the general public for review and comment on the
City of Round Rock's website. The public was notified at the public meetings that the draft Plan
Update would be available for review. No feedback was received on the draft Plan Update,
although it was given on the public survey, and all relevant information was incorporated into the
Plan Update. Public input was utilized to assist in identifying hazards that were of most concern
to the citizens of the City and what actions they felt should be included and prioritized.
The Plan Update will be advertised and posted on the City of Round Rock's website upon approval
from FEMA and a copy will be kept in the Office of Emergency Management.
UNDERSERVED COMMUNITIES / VULNERABLE POPULATIONS
A goal of the Planning Team was building equity into the planning process. Including
organizations that aid underserved communities and socially vulnerable populations to participate
in the plan helps ensure equitable access to the planning process and the meaningful participation
of all residents. In addition, these groups can make sure that the interests of vulnerable
populations are accurately represented and act as a valuable resource to share information with
those vulnerable populations.
The Planning Team worked to identify local agencies, organizations and community leaders that
focus on reaching vulnerable populations and underserved communities. These organizations
were included in the planning process as stakeholders and were invited to participate in the
planning process via email. These agencies were encouraged to post public planning meetings
as well as solicit feedback via the public survey.
All stakeholders and planning team members were invited to participate in the development of
the Plan during this process, including all public meetings, and surveys. All stakeholders are listed
in Table 2-4 below. Some stakeholders have been detailed below along with the agency's
mission, including:
• Project Linus — Central Texas — All-volunteer, non-profit organization who creates and
donates new, handmade blankets to children in crisis situations. The Central Texas
chapter serves Williamson, Travis, Bastrop, and Hays counties and has donated over
34,000 blankets since 2005.
• Maximizing Hope — Charity organization that works to bridge the gap between people
experiencing homelessness and social services in Central Texas.
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• Round Rock Area Serving Center—Non-profit corporation which carries out a community-
wide mission of churches, other organizations, and individuals serving human needs in
the City of Round Rock and surrounding areas. Services include a food pantry, Amazon
home delivery program, clothing and furniture vouchers, Keep Round Rock Warm
program, community gardens, and a suite of several financial assistance services.
In addition, public notices were posted on public bulletin boards at Round Rock's City Hall, in a
KXAN news report, as well as posted on the City of Round Rock's website and social media
platforms. For a sample of these postings, please see Appendix E. In addition to public meetings,
the Planning and Consultant Teams developed a public survey designed to solicit public input
during the planning process from citizens and stakeholders and to obtain input and feedback on
the Plan Update. For each form of engagement, all efforts were made to reach the City of Round
Rock's underserved communities and vulnerable populations throughout the planning process.
Additional survey information is provided at the end of this section.
STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT
Stakeholder involvement is essential to hazard mitigation planning since a wide range of
stakeholders can provide input on specific topics and from various points of view. Throughout the
planning process, members of community groups, local businesses, neighboring jurisdictions,
schools, universities, and hospitals were invited to participate in development of the Plan Update.
The Stakeholder Group(Table 2-4) included a broad range of representatives from both the public
and private sector and served as a key component in the City's outreach efforts for development
of the Plan Update. Documentation of stakeholder meetings is found in Appendix E. A list of
organizations invited to attend via email is found in Table 2-4. Those that participated in the public
meetings are identified with a plus symbol (+) next to their stakeholder type.
Table 2-4. Stakeholders
AGENCY TITLE STAKEHOLDERTYPE
Agape Ministry General Representative Religious Organization
American Red Cross Chief Executive Officer Community Organization
American Red Cross Disaster Program Manager Community Organization
for Central Texas
Atmos General Representative Utility Provider+
Aventine at Rose Maintenance Director Residential Community-
Vulnerable Populations
Bastrop County Emergency Management Neighboring Community
Coordinator
Baylor Scott and White Head of Public Safety Healthcare Agency
Hospital - Round Rock
Bell County Emergency Management Neighboring Community
Coordinator
Brazos River Authority Emergency Management Community Organization /
Utility Provider
Brazos River Authority Service Manager Community Organization /
Utility Provider
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STAKEHOLDERAGENCY TITLE
Burnet County Emergency Management Neighboring Community
Coordinator
Capital Area Council of Executive Director Regional Agency
Governments
CapMetro Emergency Preparedness Utility Provider
Central Texas Together General Representative Community Organization
City of Cedar Park Emergency Management Neighboring Community
Coordinator
City of Georgetown Emergency Management Neighboring Community
Coordinator
City of Leander Emergency Management Neighboring Community
Coordinator
City of Round Rock- City Place 1 Local Government
Council
City of Round Rock- City Place 2 Local Government
Council
City of Round Rock- City Place 3 / Mayor Pro Tem Local Government
Council
City of Round Rock- City Place 4 Local Government
Council
City of Round Rock- City Place 5 Local Government
Council
City of Round Rock- City Place 6 Local Government
Council
Community Christian Church General Representative Religious Organization
Cornerstone Hospital - Austin
- Round Rock Chief Executive Officer Healthcare Agency
Cottages Chandler Creek Executive Director Residential Community -
Vulnerable Populations
Court at Round Rock Executive Director Residential Community-
Vulnerable Populations
Environmental Protection Deputy Regional
Agency (EPA) — Region 6 Administration Federal Agency
Environmental Protection Director of Superfund and
Agency (EPA)— Region 6 Emergency Management Federal Agency
Division
Environmental Protection Regional Administration Federal Agency
Agency (EPA)— Region 6
Fairway Vista General Representative Residential Community-
Vulnerable Populations
FBG Church General Representative Religious Organization
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 27
SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS
AGENCY TITLE STAKEHOLDER .
The Fellowship General Representative Religious Organization
The Greater Round Rock
Community Foundation General Representative Community Organization
Habitat for Humanity Media Coordinator Non-Profit Organization
Hearthstone Administrator Residential Community-
Vulnerable Populations
Hill Country Bible General Representative Religious Organization
ICNA Relief Austin Chapter Coordinator Community Organization
Lee County Emergency Management Neighboring Community
Coordinator/Grants Writer
Life Church General Representative Religious Organization
Maximizing Hope General Representative Community Organization
Meal on Wheels Director of Community Non-Profit Organization
Services
Milam County Emergency Management Neighboring Community
Coordinator
Mission Accomplished General Representative Community Organization
Missions Church General Representative Religious Organization
Mobile Auto Clinic General Representative Community Organization
National Weather Services Austin/San Antonio Regional Federal Agency
(NWS) Contact
NOAA Regional Representative Federal Agency
Park Valley Inn Administrator Residential Community-Vulnerable Populations
Pedernales Electric General Representative Utility Provider
Cooperative
Project Linus- Central Texas Chapter Coordinator Community Organization
Restoration Covenant Church Co-Pastor Religious Organization
Round Rock Area Serving
Center Executive Director Community Organization
Round Rock Assisted Living Administrator Residential Community -
Vulnerable Populations
Round Rock Church of Christ General Representative Religious Organization
Round Rock First Baptist General Representative Religious Organization
Round Rock KXAN News Representative Media
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 28
SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS
AGENCY TITLE STAKEHOLDER TYPE
Round Rock Library Director Community Organization
Round Rock ISD Director of Risk Management Academia
and Compliance
Sacred Heart Community
Representative Community Organization+
Center
San Gabriel Executive Director Residential Community -
Vulnerable Populations
Serene Setting General Representative Residential Community-
Vulnerable Populations
St. David's Medical Center Head of Security Healthcare Agency
and Hospital— Round Rock
State Legislature House District 20 State Legislature
State Legislature House District 52 State Legislature
State Legislature House District 136 State Legislature
State Senate Senate District 5 State Senate
State Senate Senate District 24 State Senate
Temple College - East
Williamson County Higher Chief of Operations Academia
Education Center
Texas A&M AgriLife Extension District 8 Representative State Agency
Mitigation and Prevention
Texas A&M Forest Service Program Coordinator for State Agency
Williamson County
Texas A&M Health Science Security Manager Academia
Center- Round Rock _
Texas Baptist Children's General Representative Community Organization
Home
Texas Commission on
Environmental Quality Executive Assistant State Agency
(TCEQ), Region 11
Texas Commission on
Environmental Quality Regional Director State Agency
(TCEQ), Region 11
Texas Department of Health
and Human Services, Deputy Regional Director State Agency
Region 7
Texas Department of Health
and Human Services, Program Manager State Agency
Region 7
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 29
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AGENCY TITLE STAKEHOLDERTYPE
Texas Department of Health
and Human Services, Regional Director State Agency
Region 7
Texas Department of Housing Director of Single-Family and State Agency
and Community Affair Homeless Program
Texas Department of Housing Manager of Single-Family State Agency
and Community Affair Program
Texas Department of District Engineer State Agency
Transportation (TXDOT)
Texas Division of Emergency County Liaison Officer State Agency
Management (TDEM)
Texas Floodplain
Management Association, Director State Agency
Region 5
Texas Parks and Wildlife District Leader State Agency
Texas State Technical
College (TSTC) Deputy Safety Officer Academia
Texas State University— Interim Vice President Academia
Round Rock Campus
Texas State University— University Police Sergeant Academia
Round Rock Campus
Texas Water Development Deputy Executive
Board (TWDB) Administrative of the State Agency
Planning Division
Texas Windstorm Insurance
Association Chief Deputy Commissioner State Agency
Touch of Home Administrator Residential Community -
Vulnerable Populations
Deputy Emergency
Travis County Management Coordinator Neighboring Community
Trinity Care Administrator Residential Community-
Vulnerable Populations
Union Pacific General Representative Utility Provider
United Way—Williamson Executive Director Community Organization
County
University Village General Representative Residential Community -
Vulnerable Populations
U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers/Texas Silver Regional Representative for Federal Agency
Jackets Fort Worth/Galveston Office
U.S. Fish &Wildlife Southwest Regional
Representative Federal Agency
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 30
SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS
STAKEHOLDERAGENCY TITLE
Williamson County Deputy Director of OEM Neighboring Community
Williamson County Cities Emergency Preparedness Community Organization
Health District _ Director
Williamson County Cities Executive Director Community Organization
Health District
Williamson County WCCF Board President Community Organization
Conservation Foundation
Williamson County Landfill General Representative Community Organization /
Utility Provider
Williamson County Regional Animal Services Director Community Organization
Animal Shelter
Williamson County Regional Community Programs
Animal Shelter Coordinator Community Organization
Williamson County Veterans County VSO Community Organization
Services
Stakeholders and participants from neighboring communities that attended the Planning Team
and public meetings played a key role in the planning process. For example, public meeting
attendees expressed concern about potential terrorism incidents, so the City included a mitigation
action to install surveillance cameras in high-risk areas and ensure they are monitored regularly,
as well as implementing access control measures at critical infrastructures sites.
PUBLIC MEETINGS
A series of public meetings were held throughout the planning area to collect public and
stakeholder input. Topics of discussion included the purpose of hazard mitigation, discussion of
the planning process, and types of natural hazards. The City of Round Rock released information
regarding the public meetings in their area to increase public participation in the Plan Update
development process, through posting on their website, on social media sources, through the
local media, and/or posting the information on bulletin boards in public facilities. A sampling of
these notices can be found in Appendix E, along with the documentation on the public meetings.
Representatives from area neighborhood associations and area residents were invited to
participate.
Public meetings were held on the following dates and locations:
• April 15, 2024, Public Safety Training Center
• May 22, 2024, Round Rock Public Library
• June 18, 2024, Public Safety Training Center
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION SURVEY
In addition to public meetings, the Planning and Consultant Teams developed a public survey
designed to solicit public input during the planning process from citizens and stakeholders to
obtain data regarding the identification of any potential hazard mitigation actions or problem
areas. The survey was promoted by local officials and a link to the survey was posted on the City
of Round Rock website. A total of 23 surveys were completed online. The survey results are
analyzed in Appendix B. The Planning Team reviewed the input from the surveys and decided
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which information to incorporate into the Plan as hazard mitigation actions. For example, many
residents were concerned with protecting and improving reliability of utilities, preventing or
restricting development in hazard-prone areas, protecting and strengthening critical facilities, and
constructing, maintaining, or protecting infrastructure. Survey responses also showed the public
has an interest in the City implementing mitigation projects related to improving emergency
preparedness and enhancing disaster response. As a result, the Planning Team has included
mitigation actions related to hardening / retrofitting critical facilities to hazard-resistant levels,
identifying low-lying areas that are at high risk for flooding to ensure culverts and drainage
systems are adequate for flood risk, and implementing procedures to assist the fire department
with wildfire events.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 32
ROUND ROCK
Ito cil
DOWNTOWN
SECTION 3
CITY PROFILE
SECTION 3: CITY PROFILE
Overview.....................................................................................................................................34
Populationand Demographics....................................................................................................36
PopulationGrowth ......................................................................................................................37
EconomicImpact ........................................................................................................................37
Natural, Cultural, and Historic Resources...................................................................................39
Existing Land Use and Development Trends..............................................................................41
Changesin Vulnerability.............................................................................................................41
Future Growth and Development................................................................................................42
OVERVIEW
The City of Round Rock is on Interstate Highway 35 in south central Williamson County, 15 miles
north of Austin. It lies on the Balcones Escarpment, a Faultline east of Interstate 35. It is located
17 miles north of downtown Austin at an elevation of 709 feet. The City of Round Rock territory
comprises roughly 38 square miles, with over 37 square miles being land and roughly 0.4 square
miles being water.
The City of Round Rock has been the site of human habitation since 9,200 BCE. Based on
evidence found at the Gault Site, the earliest inhabitants of Williamson County are linked to the
Clovis Culture. The "Leanderthal Lady" was found in Leander, four miles west of Round Rock,
dating back to the Pleistocene period around 10,500 years ago. Brushy Creek has signs of
prehistoric and archaic period campsites and relics. The Tonkawa, Kiowa, Yojuane, Tawakoni,
and Mayeye peoples were the first Native Americans to live in Williamson County.
Jacob Herrell. a former blacksmith in Austin, founded the city on the north bank of Brushy Creek
in 1848. Round Rock was initially called Brushy Creek until 1851, when postal officials asked the
postmaster, Thomas Oatts, to submit another name. Oatts and Herrell suggested the name
Round Rock on August 24, 1854, inspired by a large anvil-shaped limestone rock they fished from
in Brushy Creek.
During the Civil War, a wool carding factory was opened. and a gin factory followed in the 1870s.
In 1867 the Greenwood Masonic Institute was opened and in 1881 the name was changed to
Round Rock Institute when ownership changed hands. The International-Great Northern Railroad
came through Williamson County in 1876, laying the tracks south and east of Round Rock. This
caused the community to move more towards the railroad and the southern bank of Brushy Creek.
The original site of Round Rock was abandoned and is referred to as Old Round Rock in official
records. The town has developed in all directions since 1970, and the Old Town is now
surrounded by the rest of the city.
Cotton crops brought the community initial wealth. In addition to cotton, they grew row crops and
grapes with cattle, sheep. and goat ranching, rounding out their agricultural production. Cotton
crops and cattle ranches can be seen in eastern Round Rock today.
Within a year of the railroad's establishment, the city grew, with hotels, a broom factory, a lime
plant, and newspaper companies taking root in the community. In 1878, the outlaw Sam Bass
was drawn to the city and later died in a shootout. In 1879, the Round Rock Searchlight was
established as the leading newspaper. but it later changed its name to the Round Rock Leader.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 34
SECTION 3: CITY PROFILE
Educational institutes began to gain a foothold in the community by establishing Trinity Lutheran
College in 1906. It later merged with the Lutheran College of Seguin in 1929.
During the first six decades, Round Rock had a population of between 1,000 and 1,400. In the
1960s, it began to grow and saw restoration and preservation of the historic establishments. In
the 1970s, growth boomed as Austin expanded, and large-scale development was brought to
Round Rock. The town became a site for manufacturing and industry, causing the population to
grow from 2,400 to 11,812 between 1970 and 1980. Growth continued in the 1980s as the city
became the home to several technology-related sectors and over 300 retail businesses.
Round Rock transformed from a small settlement to a suburb with a bustling industry. The
forward-thinking economic development department leads the community to maintain its high
quality of life and major economic development center. The city also has a bustling sports
presence. At the last census, its population grew to over 119,000 residents.'
Figure 3-1 shows the general location of the City of Round Rock.
Figure 3-1. Location of the City of Round Rock
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Source: https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/round-rock-tx
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 I Page 35
SECTION 3: CITY PROFILE
Figure 3-2 shows the city limits of the City of Round Rock, which makes up the planning area. All
areas of the city's corporate limits are covered in the risk assessment analysis of the Plan.
Figure 3-2. City of Round Rock Planning Area
CITY OF ROUND ROCK ` Varticipatlng Jurisdiction
OVERVIEW p City of Round Rock
`. Critical Community Features
Transportation
` '
Geor get-, Interstate
29 n 'jO•••rM hry US Highway
' State Highway
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Gar% L Util ties
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POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS
According to the 2020 Census population count,the City of Round Rock has an official population
of 119,468 residents, a 20 percent increase since the 2010 census. Table 3-1 summarizes select
characteristics of vulnerable or sensitive populations in the City of Round Rock using data from
the U.S. Census Bureau 2022 American Community Survey (ACS) five-year estimates Note that
in some cases, the 2022 ACS estimates may differ from the 2020 census counts: the ACS
estimates are used throughout this section for consistency.2
Between official U.S. Census population counts, the estimate uses a formula based on new
residential building permits and household size. It is simply an estimate, and many variables are
involved in achieving an accurate estimation of the number of people living in a given area at a
given time.
2 Source: https://demographics.texas.gov/Data/Decennia1/2010/, https://www.census.gov/en.htmI and
https://www.census.gov/acs/www/data/data-tables-and-tools/data-profi les/2022/
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 36
SECTION 3: CITY PROFILE
Table 3-1. City of Round Rock Vulnerable and Sensitive Populations, 2022
TOTALESTIMATED VULNERABLE OR SENSITIVE POPULATIONS
1 BELOW
POPULATION ELDERLY YOUTH WITH A
• - • (under
LEVEL
120,465 12,356 7,219 12,927 9,276 30,183
POPULATION GROWTH
The official 2020 City of Round Rock population is 119,468. Overall, the city experienced a
population increase of 286 percent between 1990 and 2020, or 88,545 residents. Between 2010
and 2020, the city continued to experience population growth, seeing an increase of 20 percent
(19,581 residents). Table 3-2 provides historical growth rates for the City of Round Rock.
Table 3-2. Population Growth for City of Round Rock, 1990-20203
POP PERCENT POP PERCENT
CHANGE
"1 2000 2010 2020 �� 1 •- CHANGE 2010-
1 OF
2020 2020
30,923 61,136 1 99,887 119,468 88,545 286% _1 19,581 20%
ECONOMIC IMPACT
Building and maintaining infrastructure depends on the economy, and therefore, protecting
infrastructure from risk due to natural hazards in the planning area is important to the City of
Round Rock. Whether it's expanding culverts under a road that washes out during flash flooding,
shuttering a fire station, or flood-proofing a wastewater facility, infrastructure must be mitigated
from natural hazards in order to continue providing essential utility and emergency response
services in a fast-growing planning area.
Based on the American Community Survey 2022 estimates, 70 percent of the population 16 years
and over is employed in the labor force. The per capita income is $44,507, and the median
household income citywide is$91,888. It is estimated that 22 percent of households have incomes
below $50,000. Families with incomes below the poverty level in 2022 made up 5.1 percent of all
families. Of families that have children under 18 years old, 7.4 percent are below the poverty
level.4
Tables 3-3 and 3-4 show the various occupations and industries within the City of Round Rock,
according to the 2022 estimates by the American Community Survey.
3 U.S. Census Bureau
4 2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Economic Data Profile.
https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDP5Y2022.DP03?g=16OXX000S4863500_04OXX000S48&tid=ACSDP5Y2022.DP
03
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 37
SECTION 3: CITY PROFILE
Table 3-3. Occupations of Employed Population in the City of Round Rocks
OCCUPATION ESTIMATE PERCENT
Civilian employed population 16
years and over 66,377 -
Management, business, science, 30,395 45.8%
and arts occupations
Sales and office occupations 16,196 24.4%
Service occupations 9,554 14.4%
Production, transportation, and 6,439 9.7%
material moving occupations
Natural resources, construction, 3,793 5.7%
and maintenance occupations
Table 3-4. Industries of Employed Population in the City of Round Rocks
INDUSTRY ESTIMATE PERCENT
Civilian employed population 16 years and over 66,377 -
Educational services, and health care, and 12,885 19.4%
social assistance _
Professional, scientific, and management, and 11,428 17.2%
administrative and waste management services
Retail trade 7,874 11.9%
Manufacturing 6,630 10%
Arts, entertainment, and recreation, and 5,879 8.9%
accommodation and food services
Finance and insurance, and real estate and 4,908 7.4%
rental and leasing
Public administration 3,802 5.7%
Construction 3,592 5.4%
Other services, except public administration 3,160 4.8%
Transportation and warehousing, and utilities 3,143 4.7%
Information 1,763 2.7%
Wholesale trade 1,183 1.8%
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, and 130 0.20%
mining
52022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Data Profiles.
12022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Data Profiles.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 38
SECTION 3: CITY PROFILE
NATURAL, CULTURAL, AND HISTORIC RESOURCES
The City of Round Rock territory comprises roughly 38 square miles, with over 37 square miles
being land and roughly 0.4 square miles being water. The Balcones Escarpment, also known as
the Balcones Fault, runs under the city. The fault has been inactive for over 15 million years and
runs under Interstate 35. The Blackland Prairie runs through the area with its rich, fertile, clay-
containing soils. This soil was used for agriculture in the past and present.
Among the native animals in the area are eastern fox squirrels, white-tail deer, the American
beaver, and bobcats. The Texas Bluebonnet, cedar elm, and upright prairie coneflower are just a
few native plants and flowers throughout the community. The city has hot, humid summers and
mild, cool winters. Temperatures range from 41 OF in the winter to 95°F in the summer, making
the area ideal for farming. Rain falls throughout the year, with May being the rainiest month.
The natural environment in Round Rock has led to a diverse array of parks and other recreational
destinations. The city has 37 developed parks and numerous trails that span over 2,305 acres. In
addition to the parks, Old Settlers Park has 640 acres of countryside for local events and festivals.
There are also specialty parks for animals, skating, and a park where children of all abilities can
play together. The City of Round Rock has three outdoor municipal pools that are open
seasonally, one indoor pool that is open year-round, and a splash fountain.
To further understand natural resources that may be vulnerable to a hazard event and those that
need consideration when implementing mitigation activities, it is important to identify at-risk
species (i.e., endangered species) in the planning area. A federally endangered species is any
species of fish, plant life, or wildlife that is in danger of extinction throughout all or most of its
range. A threatened species is a species that is likely to become an endangered species within
the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Both endangered and
threatened species are protected by federal law, and any future hazard mitigation projects are
subject to these laws. Candidate species are plants and animals that have been proposed as
endangered or threatened but are not currently listed.
According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, as of July 2024, there are 18 federally
endangered, threatened, or candidate species in Williamson County, including the City of Round
Rock planning area, listed in Table 3-5.Additionally, one species is listed as being resolved(plains
spotted skunk), two species in recovery (bald eagle and black-capped vireo), and one is listed as
under review (western chicken turtle).
Table 3-5. Endangered Species in Williamson County'
TYPE of COMMONNAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ' STATUS
SPECIES
Arachnid Tooth Cave spider Tayshaneta myopica Endangered
Arachnid Bone Cave harvestman Texella reyesi Endangered
Birds Whooping crane Grus americana Endangered
Birds Golden-cheeked warbler Setophaga chrysoparia Endangered
'Source: https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/reporUspecies-listings-by-current-range-county?fips=48491
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 39
SECTION 3: CITY PROFILE
TYPE of COMMONNAME SCIENTIFIC NAMESTATUS
SPECIES
Clams Texas fatmucket Lampsilis bracteate Endangered
Clams Texas pimpleback Cyclonaias petrina Endangered
Clams False spike Fusconaia mitchelli Endangered
Insect Tooth Cave ground Rhadine persephone Endangered
beetle
Insects Coffin Cave mold beetle Batrisodes texanus Endangered
Mammals Tricolored bat Perimyotis subflavus Proposed Endangered
Amphibians Salado Salamander Eurycea chisholmensis Threatened
Amphibians Georgetown Salamander Eurycea naufragia Threatened
Amphibians Jollyville Plateau Eurycea tonkawar Threatened
Salamander
Clams Texas fawnsfoot Truncilla macrodon Threatened
Flowering Bracted twistflower Steptanthus bracreatus Threatened
Plants
Birds Rufa red knot Calidris canutus rufa Threatened
Birds Piping Plover Charadrius melodus Threatened
Insects Monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus Candidate
The City of Round Rock has designated historic buildings and sites to preserve its rich history.
The city has three buildings, one district, and one site on the National Register of Historic Places.
Historic buildings are vulnerable to natural hazards as their construction pre-dates modern
building codes. There are also historic preservation considerations and requirements for historic
structures when they are included in mitigation or recovery projects.
Table 3-6. Historic Properties on the National Register
PROPERTY NAME LOCATION ADDRESS
Inn at Bushy Creek Old Round Rock Taylor Exit off U.S. 79, off 1-35
Kenney's Fort Site Round Rock Address Restricted
Capt. Merrell Nelson House Round Rock NE of Round Rock on U.S. 79
Round Rock Commercial Round Rock 100 and 200 blocks E. Main St.
Historic District
Round Rock Post office and Round Rock Chisholm Trail and Emanuel St.
William M. Owen House
8 National Register of Historic Places
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 40
SECTION 3: CITY PROFILE
EXISTING LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
A zoning ordinance sets forth regulations and standards related to the extent of land and structure
uses that are allowed in certain areas. A zoning map shows the areas within a community where
the various zoning districts and standards are located and gives an overall picture of what types
of development are located in a community and how a community intends to continue to grow.
The City of Round Rock currently has zoning ordinances in place.
A review of building permits can also give a picture of the built environment and the number of
buildings being constructed in the City of Round Rock. Table 3-7 lists the number of residential
buildings and total units authorized through a permit from the City of Round Rock, between 2019
and 2023. The data includes total buildings and total units permitted. Permits are reported
annually in September, and the data includes that from 2019 through 2023 to demonstrate growth.
Of the residential building permits issued in this period, over 97 percent(3,799 buildings)were for
single-family buildings and 3 percent(107 buildings, containing 3,038 individual housing units)for
multi-family buildings. Housing type can also be an indication of an individual's ability to recover
from a disaster.
Table 3-7. Building Permits Issued in the City of Round Rock, 2019-20239
19 2020 2021 20221
Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total
Buildings Units Buildings Units Buildings Units Buildings Units Buildings Units
666 1,010 503 1 1,105 830 1 1,931 843 1,457 1,064 1,334
Certain housing types found in Round Rock's planning area are more vulnerable than typical site-
built, newly constructed residential structures. This includes mobile or manufactured homes, of
which 29 (0.06 percent of total housing stock) are in the planning area. Additionally, single-family
residences (SFR) built before 1980 are typically built to lower or less stringent construction
standards than newer construction, making these homes more susceptible to damage during
hazard events. These older homes comprise 12 percent (approximately 5,539 structures) of
housing stock in the planning area. Table 3-8 includes housing inventory data for the City of
Round Rock per the American Community Survey five-year estimates.
Table 3-8. Housing Inventory and Vulnerable Structures in the City of Round Rock10
TOTAL • •R TO MOBILE HOME
UNITS • :0
47,502 5,539 29
CHANGES IN VULNERABILITY
The City of Round Rock experienced an overall population increase of 20 percent between 2010
and 2020. The American Community Survey estimates the 2022 total housing units for the
planning area to be 47,502. The total building permits issued between 2019 and 2023 represent
s U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permit Survey, 1992-2023, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps/
10 The Housing Inventory and Vulnerable Structures are based off the 2022 American Community Survey 5-Year
Estimates Data Profiles.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 41
SECTION 3: CITY PROFILE
approximately 8 percent of the total housing units available in the planning area. The overall
population increase, combined with the increase in housing units, indicates an increase in
vulnerability to all hazards in terms of populations and the built environment.
Table 3-9. Changes in Vulnerability
POPULATION
JURISDICTIONTREND • VULNERABILITY
CHANGES
7 -7
City of Round Rock Increasing Increasing Increase
Changes in vulnerability are applicable to all natural hazards except when discussing dam failure
as vulnerability for this hazard is discussed in relation to changes in the estimated inundation
areas for profiled dams. For the seven dams profiled in Section 5, there are no known changes
in vulnerability in the estimated inundation areas. While flood and wildfire hazards feature
geographical boundaries, increases in population and building inventory can increase overall
vulnerability for these hazards even when the trends occur outside of the known hazard boundary.
Development decreases permeable surface areas and increases runoff, increasing flood risk. As
population density increases, the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI)typically increases. WUI growth
often results in more wildfire ignitions, which puts more houses and lives at risk.
The Community Risk Reduction program has identified a cluster of elderly residents in Round
Rock West. Round Rock West is also the location of homes built in the 1970s and 1980s. This
portion of the population is vulnerable to power outages that can have great impacts on those
who rely on medical devices. In addition, this population may not be as familiar with technology,
which increases their vulnerability during disasters. Some other vulnerable communities in the
City of Round Rock include those who speak native languages other than English and those in
the hearing-impaired community. The Community Risk Reduction program has noted that there
has been an increase in Spanish speakers as well as those who speak other languages, including
Chinese, Korean, and Languages of India.
FUTURE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
To better understand how future growth and development in the City of Round Rock might affect
hazard vulnerability, it is useful to consider population growth, occupied and vacant land, the
potential for future development in hazard areas, and current planning and growth management
efforts. This section includes an analysis of the projected population change and economic
impacts.
Population projections from 2010 to 2050 are listed in Table 3-10, provided by the Office of the
State Demographer, Texas State Data Center, and the Institute for Demographic and
Socioeconomic Research. Population projections are based on a 0.5 scenario growth rate, which
is 50 percent of the population growth rate from 2000-2010. This information is only available at
the county level; however, the City of Round Rock is a major driver of growth and the most
populous city in Williamson County. Therefore, it can be assumed that projected growth rates for
Williamson County would be mirrored, or even exceeded, within the City of Round Rock.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 42
SECTION 3: CITY PROFILE
Table 3-10. Williamson County Population Projections"
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
LAND Population
AREA Density Density Density Density Density
(SQ MI) Total (Land Total (Land Total (Land Total (Land Total (Land
Number Area, Number Area, Number Area, Number Area, Number Area,
• • • • •
1,116 422,679 1 378.8 7609,0177 545.8 715,401 1 641.1 823,219 1 737.7 929,938 833.4
Comprehensive Plans are guiding documents in a community that set forth a vision, goals,
policies, and guidelines to direct future physical, social, and economic development within a
jurisdiction. They are part of a continuous process to provide an environment for citizens and
consider the general desire of the community to conserve, preserve, and protect the natural
environment of their jurisdiction. These plans guide staff, decision-makers, and citizens in making
decisions that affect the community with an understanding of the long-term effects.
Round Rock 2030 serves as the Comprehensive Plan for the City of Round Rock. It was adopted
on June 25, 2020, and creates a vision for what the city will be like in the next ten years. The
plan's vision statement is "Round Rock is a safe, desirable, family-oriented community that
balances progress and prosperity with its history, by prioritizing quality of life, mobility, economic
development and thoughtful land use planning." The plan contains recommendations on growth
and community character, sustainability, updated infrastructure and critical services, land use and
development,economic development,zoning opportunities, mobility, and community facilities and
services. Refer to the Capability Assessment in Appendix F for a complete list of the plans,
ordinances, and other resources for City of Round Rock.
" Office of the State Demographer, Texas State Data Center, and the Institute for Demographic and Socioeconomic
Research
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 43
7 77
SECTION 4
RISK OVERVIEW
SECTION 4: RISK OVERVIEW
HazardDescription .....................................................................................................................45
DisasterDeclaration History .......................................................................................................49
Natural Hazards and Climate Change........................................................................................50
Overviewof Hazard Analysis......................................................................................................53
HazardRanking ..........................................................................................................................54
HAZARD DESCRIPTION
Section 4 is the first phase of the Risk Assessment, providing background information for the
hazard identification process and descriptions of the hazards identified. The Risk Assessment
continues with Sections 5 through 21, which include hazard descriptions and vulnerability
assessments.
Upon a review of the full range of natural hazards suggested under FEMA planning guidance, the
City of Round Rock identified 12 natural hazards and 5 human-caused hazard that are addressed
in the Hazard Mitigation Plan Update, and were identified as significant, as shown in Table 4-1.
The hazards were identified through input from Planning Team members and a review of the
current 2023 State of Texas Hazard Mitigation Plan (State Plan). Readily available online
information from reputable sources such as federal and state agencies was also evaluated and
utilized to supplement information as needed.
There are three main categories of natural hazards: atmospheric, hydrologic, and technological.
Atmospheric hazards are events or incidents associated with weather-generated phenomena.
The atmospheric hazards that have been identified as significant for the planning area include
extreme heat, hail, tornado, lightning, thunderstorm wind, and winter storm (Table 4-1).
Hydrologic hazards are events or incidents associated with water-related damage and account
for over 75 percent of federal disaster declarations in the United States. Hydrologic hazards
identified as significant for the planning area include flood and drought.
Technological hazards refer to the origins of incidents that can arise from human activities, such
as the construction and maintenance of dams. They are distinct from natural hazards primarily
because they originate from human activity. The risks presented by natural hazards may be
increased or decreased due to human activity. However, they are not inherently human-induced.
Therefore, dam failure is classified as a quasi-technological hazard and referred to as
"technological" in Table 4-1 for description purposes.
For the Risk Assessment, earthquake, wildfire, and land subsidence hazards are considered
"other" since they are not considered atmospheric, hydrologic, or technological.
Human-caused hazards are events or incidents caused by human intent, human error, or failed
systems. They can be caused or exacerbated by either accidental or intentional human actions
that result in the loss of life or property. The human-caused hazards identified as significant for
the city include pipeline failure, cyber-attacks, terrorism, hazardous materials, and infectious
diseases.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 45
SECTION 4- RISK OVERVIEW
Table 4-1. Hazard Descriptions
HAZARD DESCRIPTION
ATMOSPHERIC
Extreme heat is the condition whereby temperatures hover ten
Extreme Heat degrees or more above the average high temperature in a
region for an extended period of time.
Hailstorms are a potentially damaging outgrowth of severe
thunderstorms. Early in the developmental stages of a
Hail hailstorm, ice crystals form within a low-pressure front due to
the rapid rising of warm air into the upper atmosphere and
subsequent cooling of the air mass.
Lightning is a sudden electrostatic discharge that occurs during
Lightning an electrical storm. This discharge occurs between electrically
charged regions of a cloud, between two clouds, or between a
cloud and the ground.
A thunderstorm occurs when an observer hears thunder. Radar
observers use the intensity of the radar echo to distinguish
Thunderstorm Wind between rain showers and thunderstorms. Lightning detection
networks routinely track cloud-to-ground Flashes, and therefore
thunderstorms._
A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that has contact
with the ground and is often visible as a funnel cloud. Its vortex
Tornado rotates cyclonically with wind speeds ranging from as low as 40
mph to as high as 300 mph. The destruction caused by
tornadoes ranges from light to catastrophic, depending on the
location, intensity, size, and duration of the storm.
Severe winter storms may include snow, sleet, freezing rain, or
a mix of these wintry forms of precipitation. Blizzards, the most
dangerous of all winter storms, combine low temperatures,
heavy snowfall, and winds of at least 35 mph, reducing visibility
Winter Storm to only a few yards. Ice storms occur when moisture falls and
freezes immediately upon impact on trees, power lines,
communication towers, structures, roads, and other hard
surfaces. Winter storms and ice storms can down trees, cause
widespread power outages, damage property, and cause
fatalities and injuries to human life.
HYDROLOGIC
A prolonged period of less than normal precipitation such that
Drought the lack of water causes a serious hydrologic imbalance.
Common effects of drought include crop failure, water supply
shortages, and fish and wildlife mortality.
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SECTION 4: RISK OVERVIEW
HAZARD DESCRIPTION
The accumulation of water within a body of water, which results
in the overflow of excess water onto adjacent lands, usually
floodplains. The floodplain is the land adjoining the channel of
Flood a river, stream, ocean, lake, or other watercourse or water body
that is susceptible to flooding. Most floods fall into the following
three categories: riverine flooding, coastal flooding, and
shallow flooding.
An earthquake is the sudden, rapid, shaking of the earth,
caused by the breaking and shifting of subterranean rock as it
Earthquake releases strain that has accumulated over a long time. Initial
mild shaking may strengthen and become violent within
seconds.
Land subsidence occurs when land sinks into underground
voids. These voids may occur naturally or through human-
Land Subsidence driven or technologically exacerbated circumstances.When the
void can no longer support the weight of the earth above it, it
collapses, causing a sinkhole depression in the landscape.
A wildfire is an uncontrolled fire burning in an area of vegetative
fuels such as grasslands, brush, or woodlands. Heavier fuels
with high continuity, steep slopes, high temperatures, low
Wildfire humidity, low rainfall, and high winds all work to increase the
risk for people and property located within wildfire hazard areas
or along the urban/wildland interface. Wildfires are part of the
natural management of forest ecosystems, but most are
caused by human factors.
TECHNOLOGICAL
Dam failure is the collapse, breach, or other failure of a dam
structure resulting in downstream flooding. In the event of a
Dam Failure dam failure, the energy of the water stored behind even a small
dam is capable of causing loss of life and severe property
damage if development exists downstream of the dam.
A cyber-attack is any type of offensive maneuver employed by
individuals or whole organizations that targets computer
information systems, infrastructures, computer networks,
Cyberattack and/or personal computer devices by various means of
malicious acts usually originating from an anonymous source
that either steals, alters, or destroys a specified target by
hacking into a susceptible system.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 47
SECTION 4: RISK OVERVIEW
HAZARD DESCRIPTION
Hazardous materials come in the form of explosives, flammable
and combustible substances, poisons, and radioactive
Hazardous Materials materials. A hazardous material (HAZMAT) incident involves a
substance outside normal safe containment in sufficient
concentration to pose a threat to life, property, or the
environment.
A clinically evident disease resulting from the presence of
pathogenic microbial agents. These infecting agents may be
Infectious Disease transmitted through liquids, food, bodily fluids, contaminated
objects, airborne inhalation, or through vector-borne
dissemination.
Fuel pipeline breach or pipeline failure addresses the rare, but
serious hazard of an oil or natural gas pipeline. An estimated
2.2 million miles of pipelines in the United States carry
Pipeline Failure hazardous materials. Natural gas pipelines transport natural
gas. Oil or liquid petroleum pipelines transport crude oil and
refined products from crude oils, such as gasoline, home
heating oil, jet fuel and kerosene in addition to liquefied
propane, ethylene, butane and some petrochemical products.
Terrorism is the unlawful use of violence and intimidation,
especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims.
Terrorism can be classified as either domestic, which involves
groups or individuals without foreign direction, or international
Terrorism terrorism, those whose actions are foreign-based and/or
directed. Terrorist incidents can be of many types, including
biological or chemical weapons, the use of firearms or
explosives, cyber-attacks, or various other means that post a
threat to civilians, property, and the environment.
Hazards that were not considered significant and were not included in the Plan Update are located
in Table 4-2, along with the evaluation process used for determining the significance of each of
these hazards. Hazards not identified for inclusion at this time may be addressed during future
evaluations and updates.
Table 4-2. Other Hazards Deferred
HAZARD • • ' DETERMINATION
CONSIDERED
Coastal Erosion The planning area is not located on the coast. Therefore, coastal
erosion does not pose a risk.
The planning area is located over 150 miles from the Gulf Coast
and is not subject to direct hurricane wind impacts. The
Hurricane/Tropical remnants of tropical systems passing across the planning area
Storm may cause significant thunderstorm winds, lightning, and
excessive rainfall. Impacts associated with these historical
events are covered under thunderstorm wind, lightning or flood
hazard profiles.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 48
SECTION 4: RISK OVERVIEW
HAZARD ■
CONSIDERED
• • • •
There are no historical occurrences of expansive soils in the
planning area, and it is in an area where occurrences are
considered rare. There is no history of impact on critical
Expansive Soils structures, systems, populations, or other community assets or
vital services due to expansive soils, and none is expected in
the future.
DISASTER DECLARATION HISTORY
One method of understanding hazards that pose a risk to the City of Round Rock is to identify
past hazard events that triggered federal or state disaster declarations. Federal and state
declarations may be granted when the severity and magnitude of an event surpass the ability of
the local government to respond and recover. Disaster assistance is supplemental and sequential.
Table 4-3 list state and federal disaster declarations received by Williamson County. Many of the
disaster events were regional or statewide.
Between 1953 and 2023, Williamson County received 25 federal disaster declarations. The
largest share (8) was related to wildfire, followed by declarations for severe storm (4), hurricane'
(4), winter storm (3), biological (2), flood (2), drought(1), and one classified as"other"was related
to the loss of the Space Shuttle Columbia.
In addition to the 25 federally declared disaster there have been 33 U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA) Secretarial disaster designations between 2012 and 2023. The Secretary of Agriculture
is authorized to designate counties as disaster areas to make emergency loans available to
producers suffering losses in those counties and in counties that are contiguous to a designated
county.z Of the 33 USDA designations for Williamson County, many listed multiple factors as
having caused the disaster area designation. The leading cause was drought, which was included
in 30 designations. Other factors listed include excessive heat (13 designations), high wind (12),
fire/wildfire (11), insects (11), excessive rain (1), and winter storm (1).
Table 4-3. Disaster Declaration History of Williamson County, 1953-2023
YEAR DECLARATION -D DECLARATION DISASTER
TYPE' •
Severe Storms,
1974 Flooding Flood DR DR-454
1989 Severe Storms, Severe Storms DR DR-828
Tornadoes, Flooding
1991 Severe Storms, Flood DR DR-930
Thunderstorms
' The City of Round Rock/Williamson County does not experience direct impacts from hurricanes. Tropical storm and
hurricane disaster declarations typically include multiple inland counties due to the excessive precipitation,
thunderstorm wind, and lightning associated with the remnants of tropical systems as they track inland before
dissipating.
2 United States Department of Agriculture https://www.fsa.usda.gov/Assets/USDA-FSA-
Public/usdafiles/FactSheets/emergency_disaster_designation_declaration,process-factsheet.pdf
3 Major Disaster Declaration (DR), Emergency Declaration (EM), Fire Management Assistance Declaration (FM)
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 49
SECTION 4: RISK OVERVIEW
YEAR "DECLARATION TITLE HAZARD DECLARATION DISASTER
TYPE 3 No.
1993 Extreme Fire Hazard Drought EM EM-3113
1998 Tropical Storm Charley Severe Storms DR DR-1239
1999 Extreme Fire Hazards Wildfire EM EM-3142
2003 Loss of Space Shuttle Other EM EM-3171
Columbia
2005 Hurricane Katrina Hurricane EM EM-3216
2005 Hurricane Rita Hurricane EM EM-3261
2005 Hurricane Rita Hurricane DR DR-1606
2006 Extreme Wildfire Threat Wildfire DR DR-1624
2007 Severe Storms, Severe Storms DR DR-1709
Tornadoes, Flooding
2008 Wildfires in Texas Wildfire EM EM-3284
2008 Florence Fire Wildfire FM FM-2785
2008 Hurricane Ike Hurricane EM EM-3294
2011 Grand Mesa Fire Wildfire FM FM-2922
2011 Horseshoe Fire Wildfire FM FM-2949
2011 Moonglow Fire Wildfire FM FM-2963
2011 Wildfire in Texas Wildfire DR DR-4029
Severe Storms,
2015 Tornadoes, Straight- Severe Storms DR DR-4223
Line Winds, and
Flooding
2020 Texas Covid-19 Biological EM EM-3458
2020 Covid-19 Pandemic Biological DR DR-4485
2021 Severe Winter Storm Winter Storm EM EM-3554
2021 Severe Winter Storm Winter Storm DR DR-4586
2023 Severe Winter Storm Winter Storm DR DR-4705
NATURAL HAZARDS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change is defined as a long-term shift in temperature and weather patterns. These shifts
can increase or decrease the risk of natural hazards. Global climate change is expected to
exacerbate the risks of certain types of natural hazards impacted by rising sea levels, warmer
ocean temperatures, higher humidity, the possibility of stronger storms, and an increase in wind
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 50
SECTION 4: RISK OVERVIEW
and flood damage due to storm surges. Texas is considered one of the more vulnerable states in
the U.S. to both abrupt climate changes and the impact of gradual climate changes on the natural
and built environments.
Climate change is expected to lead to an increase in average temperatures as well as an increase
in the frequency, duration, and intensity of extreme heat events. With no reductions in emissions
worldwide, the state of Texas is projected to experience an additional 30 to 60 days per year
above 100°F than what is experienced now.4
The State Climatologist's Assessment of Historic and Future Trends of Extreme Weather in
Texas, 1900-2036 identifies ongoing and likely future trends through 2036 based on analysis of
historic observations of temperatures, precipitation, and extreme weather. Table 4-4 highlights
future trends in extreme weather from the report.
Table 4-4. Future Trends in Extreme Weather in Texas 56
HAZARDS EXPECTED
The average annual surface temperature in 2036 is expected
to be 3.0°F warmer than the 1950-1999 average and 1.8°F
warmer than the 1991-2020 average.
• Nearly double the number of 100°F days by 2036 compared to
2001-2020.
Higher frequency of 100°F days in urban areas.
Extreme Temperatures • The number of nighttime temperatures below 32°F are
expected to decrease.
• The number of frost days per year are expected to decrease.
• The coolest days of the summer are expected to continue
becoming warmer.
• The number of heatwaves per year and number of days per
year classified as heatwaves are expected to increase.
• Precipitation has increased by 10 percent or more in eastern
Texas, but little trend is present in western Texas.
• Precipitation trends to 2036 are likely to be dominated by
Precipitation natural variability.
• Extreme precipitation is expected to increase in intensity on
average statewide by 6-10 percent compared to the 1950-
1999 averages and 2-3 percent relative to the 2001-2020
averages.
4 Kloesel, K., B. Bartush, J. Banner, D. Brown, J. Lemery, X. Lin, C. Loeffler, G. McManus, E. Mullens, J. Nielsen-
Gammon, M. Shafer, C. Sorensen, S. Sperry, D.Wildcat, and J. Ziolkowska, 2018: Southern Great Plains. In Impacts,
Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II [Reidmiller, D.R., C.W.
Avery, D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, K.L.M. Lewis, T.K. Maycock, and B.C. Stewart (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change
Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 987-1035. doi: 10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH23.
hftps://nca20l8.globalchange.gov/chapter/23/
5 Nielsen-Gammon,John, Holman,Sara, Buley,Austin and Jorgensen, Savannah.Assessment of Historic and Future
Trends of Extreme Weather in Texas, 1900-2036, 2021 Update. Texas A&M University Office of the Texas State
Climatologist. October 7, 2021. https://climatexas.tamu,edu/files/ClimateReport-1900to2O36-2021 Update
6 University of Texas at Austin, February 2023,Austin Future Climate, Climate Change Predictions for the City of Austin
2022, Technical Report.
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SECTION 4: RISK OVERVIEW
HAZARDS EXPECTED TRENDS
• This translates to an increase in the frequency of extreme rain
of 30-50 percent relative to the climatological expected
frequency in 1950-1999 and 10-15 percent relative to 2001-
2020.
Annual precipitation is projected to increase while the number
of extreme precipitation >2" will remain relatively consistent.
Increasing temperatures, rainfall variability, and other factors
will decrease water availability, but impact changes will vary
Drought strongly across applications.
Impact trends to be highly sector-specific, with the impacts
possibly smaller for agriculture than for surface water supply.
No long-term river flooding trend has been identified in the
observations, nor is such a trend projected at this point,
except perhaps for the most extreme floods and areas with
normally high rainfall.
• Urban flooding is projected to increase, both as a simple
matter of urban population increase and because of the
projected increase of precipitation intensity, which drives
Flood flooding in fast-response drainages like those usually found in
urban areas.
• The climate-driven trend in urban flood frequency should be
similar to the climate-driven trend in extreme precipitation
frequency: 30-50 percent in 2036 relative to 1950-1999 and
10-15 percent relative to 2001-2020.
Areas already experiencing flooding are likely to see an
increase in the frequency and magnitude of events.
As the climate warms, the likelihood of winter weather
decreases.
• Both extreme cold and snowfall either become less frequent or
Winter Weather are expected to do so.
• Widespread snowfall events in Texas, such as the one that took
place in February 2021, are extremely rare.
Fewer cold spells are projected to occur per year, but the length
of colds ells will be longer when they do occur.
• Historical trend data is unreliable.
Thunderstorms (Wind, • Indirect evidence supports an increase in the number of days
Hail, Lightning) capable of producing severe thunderstorms and an increase in
the frequency of very large hail in early springtime. Still, these
possible trends are too uncertain to quantify.
• Weather and climate drivers of wildfire risk are projected to
Wildfire increase the risk of wildfires throughout the state, primarily
due to increased drying rates and fuel load.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 52
SECTION 4: RISK OVERVIEW
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD ANALYSIS
The methodologies utilized to develop the Risk Assessment are a historical analysis and a
statistical approach. Both methodologies provide an estimate of potential impact by using a
common, systematic framework for evaluation.
Records retrieved from the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) and the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) were reported for the City of Round
Rock. The remaining records identifying the occurrence of hazard events in the planning area and
the maximum recorded magnitude of each event were also evaluated.
Geographic information system (GIS) technology was used to identify and assess risks for the
City of Round Rock and evaluate community assets and their vulnerability to hazards.
The four general parameters that are described for each hazard in the Risk Assessment include
frequency of return, approximate annualized losses, a description of general vulnerability, and a
statement of the hazard's impact.
The frequency of return was calculated by dividing the number of events in the recorded time
period for each hazard by the overall time period that the resource database was recording
events. Frequency of return statements are defined in Table 4-5, and impact statements are
defined in Table 4-6 below.
Table 4-5. Frequency of Return Statements
PROBABILITY DESCRIPTION
Highly Likely Event is probable in the next year.
Likely Event is probable in the next three years.
Occasional Event is probable in the next five years.
Unlikely Event is probable in the next ten years.
Table 4-6. Impact Statements
DESCRIPTIONPOTENTIAL
SEVERITY
Multiple deaths. Complete shutdown of facilities for 30 days
Substantial or more. More than 50 percent of property destroyed or with
major damage.
Injuries and illnesses resulting in permanent disability.
Major Complete shutdown of critical facilities between one and
four weeks. More than 25 percent of property destroyed or
with major damage.
Injuries and illnesses do not result in permanent disability.
Minor Complete shutdown of critical facilities for up to one week.
More than 10 percent of property destroyed or with major
damage.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 53
SECTION 4- RISK OVERVIEW
POTENTIAL
DESCRIPTION
SEVERITY
Injuries and illnesses are treatable with first aid. Shutdown
Limited of critical facilities and services for 24 hours or less. Less
I than 10 percent of property destroyed or with major
I damage.
Each of the hazard profiles includes a description of a general Vulnerability Assessment.
Vulnerability is the total of assets that are subject to damage from a hazard based on historic
recorded damages. Assets in the region were inventoried and defined in hazard zones where
appropriate. The total amount of damage, including property and crop damages, for each hazard
is divided by the total number of assets (building value totals) in that community to determine the
percentage of damage that each hazard can cause to the community. Risk and consequences
will be addressed and covered within each hazard profile under the Vulnerability and Impact
section as well as under the Assessment of Impact sections, where applicable.
To better understand how future growth and development in the City of Round Rock might affect
hazard vulnerability, it is useful to consider population growth, occupied and vacant land, the
potential for future development in hazard areas, and current planning and growth management
efforts. Hazard vulnerability for the City of Round Rock was reviewed based on recent
development changes that occurred throughout the planning area. The population of the City of
Round Rock has grown by 20 percent between 2010 and 2020, according to the U.S. Census
Bureau. Therefore, the vulnerability to the population, infrastructure, and buildings has increased
for hazards that do not have a geographical boundary.
Once loss estimates and vulnerability were known, an impact statement was applied to relate the
potential impact of the hazard on the assets within the area of impact.
HAZARD RANKING
During the 2024 planning process, the Planning Team conducted a risk ranking exercise to get
input from the Planning Team and stakeholders. Table 4-7 portrays the results of the risk
assessment analysis, including the frequency of occurrence and potential severity and the
Planning Team's self-assessment for hazard ranking based on local knowledge of past hazard
events and impacts for each identified hazard. The definitions for frequency of occurrence and
potential severity can be found in Table 4-5 and Table 4-6.
Table 4-7. Hazard Risk Ranking
•
Extreme Heat Highly Likely Substantial
Flood Likely Limited
Drought Highly Likely Limited L Moderate
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 54
SECTION 4: RISK OVERVIEW
POTENTIALHAZARD FREQUENCY OF
OCCURRING
Hail Highly Likely Minor Moderate
Lightning Highly Likely Limited Moderate
Thunderstorm Wind Highly Likely Limited Moderate
Tornado Unlikely Substantial Moderate
Winter Storm Highly Likely Minor Moderate
Dam Failure Unlikely Limited Low
Earthquake Unlikely Limited Low
Land Subsidence Unlikely Limited Low
Wildfire Highly Likely Minor Low
Human-Caused Hazards
Cyber Attack Unlikely Major
Hazardous Materials Occasional Limited Low
Infectious Disease Unlikely Substantial Low
Pipeline Failure Unlikely Minor Low
Terrorism Unlikely Substantial Low
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 55
SECTION5
SECTION 5: DAM FAILURE
HazardDescription .....................................................................................................................57
Location ......................................................................................................................................59
Extent..........................................................................................................................................61
Historical Occurrences................................................................................................................69
Probability of Future Events........................................................................................................70
Vulnerabilityand Impact..............................................................................................................70
Assessment of Impacts ...........................................................................................................72
Climate Change Considerations .................................................................................................73
HAZARD DESCRIPTION
Dams are water storage, control, or diversion structures that impound water upstream in
reservoirs. Dam failure can take several forms, including a collapse of or breach in the structure.
While most dams have storage volumes small enough that failures have few or no repercussions,
dams storing large amounts can cause significant flooding downstream. Dam failures can result
from any one or a combination of the following causes:
• Prolonged periods of rainfall and flooding, which cause most failures;
• Inadequate spillway capacity, resulting in excess overtopping of the embankment;
• Internal erosion caused by embankment or foundation leakage or piping;
• Improper maintenance, including failure to remove trees, repair internal seepage
problems, or maintain gates, valves, and other operational components;
• Improper design or use of improper construction materials;
• Failure of upstream dams in the same drainage basin;
• High winds, which can cause significant wave action and result in substantial erosion;
• Destructive acts of terrorism; and,
• Earthquakes, which typically cause longitudinal cracks at the tops of the embankments,
leading to structural failure.
Benefits provided by dams include water supplies for drinking; irrigation and industrial uses; flood
control; hydroelectric power; recreation; and navigation. Dams in Texas serve many purposes,
some of which include recreation, flood mitigation, irrigation, water supply, and fire protection.
About 1 in 3 of the state's dams are for flood risk mitigation and 1 in 7 dams are for irrigation or
water supply.'
While dams serve a role in helping communities' function, dams also represent a risk to public
safety. Dams require ongoing maintenance, monitoring, safety inspections, and sometimes even
rehabilitation to continue safe service.
In the event of a dam failure, the energy of the water stored behind the dam is capable of causing
rapid and unexpected flooding downstream, resulting in loss of life and substantial property
damage. A devastating effect on water supply and power generation could be expected as well.
' American Society of Civil Engineers. "2021 Report Card for America's Infrastructure: Infrastructure Texas Report
Card."2021. hftps://infrastructurereportcard.org/state-item/texas/
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SECTION 5: DAM FAILURE
The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, generated increased focus on protecting the
country's infrastructure, including ensuring the safety of dams.
One major issue with the safety of dams is their age. The average age of the United States' more
than 90,000 dams is 57 years.2 According to estimates released in 2022 by the Association of
State Dam Safety Officials, the total cost of rehabilitating non-federal dams is $75.69 billion. Of
non-federal dams, the high-hazard potential dams are estimated at a total of $24.04 billion for
rehabilitation.3 In addition to the continual aging of dams, there have not been significant
increases in the number of safety inspectors resulting in haphazard maintenance and inspection.
Within Texas there are over 3,200 dams exempt from dam safety requirements by State
legislation.4 The current maintenance budget does not match the scale of the United States' long-
term modifications of its watersheds. People continue to move into these areas and as the
population grows, dams that once could have failed without major repercussions are now
upstream of cities and development.
2 American Society of Civil Engineers. "2021 Report Card for America's Infrastructure."2021.
https://infrastructurereportcard.org/
3 Association of State Dam Safety Officials, "The Cost of Rehabilitating Our Nation's Dams". March 2022.
https://damsafety-stag.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/files/Cost°/o20of%2ORehab%20Report-2022%20FI NAL_0.pdf
4 American Society of Civil Engineers. "2021 Report Card for America's Infrastructure: Infrastructure Texas Report
Card."2021. https://infrastructurereportcard.org/state-item/texas/
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SECTION 5: DAM FAILURE
LOCATION
The State of Texas has 7,413 dams, all regulated by the Texas Commission on Environmental
Quality (TCEQ). The National Dam Safety Review Board (in coordination with FEMA) and the
National Inventory of Dams (NID) list a total of 15 dams in and near the City of Round Rock. Each
of these dams were analyzed individually by location, volume, elevation, and condition (where
available) when determining the risk, if any, for each dam. Each dam site was further analyzed
for potential risks utilizing FEMA's National Flood Hazard Layer to map locations and fully
understand development near the dam and topographical variations that may increase risk.
Most of the dams listed were embankments for typically dry detention drainage areas or shored
up stream embankments. These types of structures are utilized for flood control and do not pose
a dam failure risk. Other dams in the planning area feature such limited storage capacity that they
pose no risk to structures, infrastructure, or citizens. Dams that were deemed to pose no past,
current, or future risk to the planning area are not profiled in the plan as no loss of life or impact
to critical facilities or infrastructure is expected in the event of a breach. Based on this detailed
analysis, the planning team was able to determine that only 7 of the 15 dams identified pose a
potential risk to the planning area. All 7 of these dams are listed in Table 5-1 with regulation
information.
Figure 5-1 illustrates the general location for the critical dams in the planning area, while Figures
5-2 through 5-8 give a closer look at each individual dam. While inundation maps are not available
for the profiled dams, an estimated inundation radius has been included on the individual maps
for each profiled dam (indicated by the red circle). For dams with a maximum storage capacity of
less than 10,000 acre-feet, all structures within one mile are considered to be at risk to potential
dam or levee failure hazards.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 59
SECTION 5: DAM FAILURE
Figure 5-1. Planning Area Dams with Potential Risk
CITY OF ROUND ROCK Participating Jurisdiction
DAM LOCATIONS — pay of Round Rock
Potential Dam Huard
Hazard Potental Clawfication
Hgh
Intermediate
Significant
O tow
Critical Community Features
TranSporGtion
Interstate
Q US Highway
• State Highway
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Table 5-1. City of Round Rock Dam Survey
STORAGEHEIGHT " A'D
DAM NAME • •
CLASSIFICATION(feet) (acre feet)
Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 4 Dam 56.5 3,226 High Satisfactory
Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 6 Dam 49 3,488 High Satisfactory
Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 7 Dam 54 5,587 High Satisfactory
Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 11 Dam 41 5,844 High Satisfactory
Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 14 Dam 24.8 2,549 High Satisfactory
Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 17 Dam 34 739 High Satisfactory
Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 19 Dam 41 970 High Satisfactory
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 60
SECTION 5: DAM FAILURE
EXTENT
The extent or magnitude of a dam failure event is described in terms of the classification of
damages that could result from a dam's failure, not the probability of failure. For dams with a
maximum storage capacity of 100,000 acre-feet or more, all census blocks within five miles are
considered to be at risk to potential dam failure hazards. For dams with a maximum storage
capacity between 10,000 and 100,000 acre-feet, all census blocks within three miles are
considered to be at risk to potential dam failure hazards. For dams with a maximum storage
capacity of less than 10,000 acre-feet, all census blocks within one mile are considered to be at
risk to potential dam or levee failure hazards. Each profiled dam describes the structures or
infrastructure considered to be at risk in the event of a breach based on each estimated inundation
zone. An estimated depth for dam breach is indicated for each profiled dam.5
5 Dam breach depth is an estimate based on best available data, not statistical data.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 61
SECTION 5- DAM FAILURE
Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 4 Dam
Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 4 Dam is located in the City of Round Rock on the Spanish
Oak Creek. The earthen dam is owned by the Taylor Soil and Water Conservation District and
the Upper Brushy Creek Control and Improvement District. The dam was constructed in 1960 for
the primary purpose of flood risk reduction. The area located near the dam is a densely populated
area with a mix of residential and commercial development. More than 400 residential and
commercial structures are within one mile of the dam but are not expected to be significantly
impacted in the event of a breach. Extensive damages are not anticipated in the event of a breach
due to the limited capacity of the dam. It is anticipated that the breach flow would primarily follow
the course of the creek, exceeding the banks of the creek and inundating areas along the path.
In the event of a breach, it is estimated that the average breach width would be 196 feet with a
maximum breach flow of 58,330 cubic feet per second according to the National Weather Service
(NWS) Dam Break Equation. A dam breach could result in an estimated depth of up to 15 feet,
with the highest depth in the immediate area of the dam.
Figure 5-2. Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 4 Dam
CITY OF ROUND ROCK Crit cal Fadlities
POTENTIAL DAM HAZARD • nutrsm Behavior Center
Participating Jurisdiction
Q Crty of Round Rock
O Potential Dam Hazard
i /A
y i,�`� High Hazard Dams
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Zone
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City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 62
SECTION 5: DAM FAILURE
Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 6 Dam
Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 6 Dam is located in the City of Round Rock on Buttercup
Creek. The earthen dam is owned by the Taylor Soil and Water Conservation District and the
Upper Brushy Creek Control and Improvement District. The dam was constructed in 1959 for the
primary purpose of flood risk reduction. The area located near the dam is a densely populated
area with mostly residential development. More than 600 residential and commercial structures
are within one mile of the dam and may be impacted in the event of a breach. Extensive damages
are not anticipated due to the limited capacity of the dam. It is anticipated that the breach flow
would primarily follow the course of the creek, exceeding the banks of the creek and inundating
areas along the path. In the event of a breach, it is estimated that the average breach width would
be 193 feet with a maximum breach flow of 53,404 cubic feet per second according to the National
Weather Service (NWS) Dam Break Equation. A dam breach could result in an estimated depth
of up to 15 feet, with the highest depth in the immediate (primarily undeveloped) area of the dam.
Water depths would drop dramatically as the flow travels away from the dam.
Figure 5-3. Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 6 Dam
CITY OF ROUND ROCK \ participating Jurisdiction
POTENTIAL DAM HAZARD O City of Rand Rock
BtU 511y'�IaYk
t�"� GreenMlt
Potential Dam Hazard
I==11 High Hazard Dams
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QEstimated Inundation
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City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 63
SECTION 5: DAM FAILURE
Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 7 Dam
Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 7 Dam is located in the City of Round Rock on the South
Brushy Creek. The earthen dam is owned by the Taylor Soil and Water Conservation District and
the Upper Brushy Creek Control and Improvement District. The dam was constructed in 1965 for
the primary purpose of flood risk reduction. The area located near the dam is a densely populated
area with mostly residential development. More than 600 residential structures are within one mile
of the dam and may be impacted in the event of a breach. Extensive damages are not anticipated
in the event of a breach due to the limited capacity of the dam. It is anticipated that the breach
flow would primarily follow the course of the creek, exceeding the banks of the creek and
inundating areas along the path. In the event of a breach, it is estimated that the average breach
width would be 222 feet, with a maximum breach flow of 74,889 cubic feet per second according
to the National Weather Service (NWS) Dam Break Equation. A dam breach could result in an
estimated depth of up to 15 feet, with the highest depth in the immediate area of the dam. Water
depths would drop dramatically as the flow travels away from the dam.
Figure 5-4. Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 7 Dam
CITY OF ROUND ROCK Participating)urisdidion
POTENTIAL DAM HAZARD _ p or, ,t Round Ru k
Potential Dam Hazard
` H.gh Harard Dams
Estimated Inundation
Zone
y Critical Community Features
b
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jr --.— US Hghway
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City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 64
SECTION 5: DAM FAILURE
Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 11 Dam
Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 11 Dam is located in the City of Round Rock on Chandler
Branch. The earthen dam is owned by the Taylor Soil and Water Conservation District and the
Upper Brushy Creek Control and Improvement District. The dam was constructed in 1967 for the
primary purpose of flood risk reduction. The area located near the dam is a densely populated
area with a mix of residential and commercial development. More than 400 residential and
commercial structures are within one mile of the dam and may be impacted in the event of a
breach. Extensive damages are not anticipated in the event of a breach due to the limited capacity
of the dam. It is anticipated that the breach flow would primarily follow the course of the branch,
exceeding the banks of the branch and inundating areas along the path. In the event of a breach,
it is estimated that the average breach width would be 210 feet, with a maximum breach flow of
59,693 cubic feet per second according to the National Weather Service (NWS) Dam Break
Equation. A dam breach could result in an estimated depth of up to 15 feet, with the immediate
area of the dam. Water depths would drop dramatically as the flow travels away from the dam.
Figure 5-5. Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 11 Dam
CITY OF ROUND ROCK Critical Facilities
POTENTIAL DAM HAZARD O Adult Day Care
• Autism Behavior Center
_ O Communications
• • Fire Station
• O Health Services
O Municipal
• Police
0 Residential:Vulnerable
Populations
0 • School
• 0 Tier II-HacMat
0 O Transportation
Participating Jurisdiction
Q City of Round Rock
Upper Brushy potential Dam Hazard
O Upper Brushy creek WS SCS �j
Creek WS SCS O Site 14 Dam
` High Hazard Dams
• 'Site 11 Dam O • �'�
0 Estimated Inundation
0 0 0 Zone
so Critical Community Features
0 0 Transportation
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•
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City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 I Page 65
SECTION 5- DAM FAILURE
Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 14 Dam
Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 14 Dam is located in the City of Round Rock on Chandler
Branch. The earthen dam is owned by the Taylor Soil and Water Conservation District and the
Upper Brushy Creek Control and Improvement District. The dam was constructed in 1966 for the
primary purpose of flood risk reduction. The area located near the dam is a densely populated
area with mostly residential development, including a nearby elementary and middle school. More
than 500 residential and commercial structures are within one mile of the dam and may be
impacted in the event of a breach. Extensive damages are not anticipated in the event of a breach
due to the limited capacity of the dam. It is anticipated that the breach flow would primarily follow
the course of the branch, exceeding the banks of the branch and inundating areas along the path.
In the event of a breach, it is estimated that the average breach width would be 150 feet, with a
maximum breach flow of 24,515 cubic feet per second according to the National Weather Service
(NWS) Dam Break Equation. A dam breach could result in an estimated depth of up to 15 feet
with the highest depth in the immediate area of the dam. Water depths would drop dramatically
as the flow travels away from the dam.
Figure 5-6. Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 14 Dam
CITY OF ROUND ROCK 0 Critical Facilities
POTENTIAL DAM HAZARD • Autism Behavior Center
V • • Fre Station
• 0 Health Services
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City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 66
SECTION 5: DAM FAILURE
Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 17 Dam
Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 17 Dam is located in the City of Round Rock on a tributary of
Chandler Branch. The earthen dam is owned by the Taylor Soil and Water Conservation District
and the Upper Brushy Creek Control and Improvement District. The dam was constructed in 1966
for the primary purpose of flood risk reduction. The area located near the dam is a densely
populated area with mostly residential development. More than 200 residential and commercial
structures are within one mile of the dam and may be impacted in the event of a breach. Extensive
damages are not anticipated in the event of a breach due to the limited capacity of the dam. In
the event of a breach, it is estimated that the average breach width would be 119 feet, with a
maximum breach flow of 16,825 cubic feet per second according to the National Weather Service
(NWS) Dam Break Equation. A dam breach could result in an estimated depth of up to 15 feet
with the highest depth in the immediate area of the dam. Water depths would drop dramatically
as the flow travels away from the dam.
Figure 5-7. Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 17 Dam
CITY OF ROUND ROCK CriticalFadllties
POTENTIAL DAM HAZARD 0 Fre Station
• School
O Sewage and Water
® Transportation
Participating Jurisdiction
Q City of Round Rock
Potential Dam Hazard
OHigh Hazard Dams
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City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 I Page 67
SECTION 5- DAM FAILURE
Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 19 Dam
Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 19 Dam is located in the City of Round Rock on a tributary of
Chandler Branch. The earthen dam is owned by the Taylor Soil and Water Conservation District
and the Upper Brushy Creek Control and Improvement District. The dam was constructed in 1960
for the primary purpose of flood risk reduction. The area located near the dam is a densely
populated area with mostly residential development. More than 300 residential structures are
within one mile of the dam and may be impacted in the event of a breach. Extensive damages
are not anticipated in the event of a breach due to the limited capacity of the dam. In the event of
a breach, it is estimated that the average breach width would be 134 feet, with a maximum breach
flow of 23,044 cubic feet per second according to the National Weather Service (NWS) Dam
Break Equation. A dam breach could result in an estimated depth of up to 15 feet with the highest
depth in the immediate area of the dam. Water depths would drop dramatically as the flow travels
away from the dam.
Figure 5-8. Upper Brushy Creek WS SCS Site 19 Dam
CITY OF ROUND ROCK _- ` Critical Facilities
POTENTIAL DAM HAZARD ,fl. - A • Fire Station
N
• SChooi
_ = 0 Sewage and Water
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— - Participating lurisdiction
Q City of Round Rock
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City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 68
SECTION 5: DAM FAILURE
Table 5-2 represents the extent or magnitude of a dam failure event that could be expected for
the City of Round Rock, per profiled dam.
Table 5-2. Extent for the City of Round Rock per Profiled Dam
PROFILED DAM EXTENT LEVEL OF • MITIGATE
(flowdepth)
Dam failure presents a low threat for the city. Loss
Upper Brushy Creek of life is not expected, no critical facilities or
WS SCS Site 4 Dam 0-15 Feet infrastructure would be impacted, and economic
loss would be minimal in the event of a dam failure.
Dam failure presents a low threat for the city. Loss
Upper Brushy Creek of life is not expected, no critical facilities or
WS SCS Site 6 Dam 0-15 Feet infrastructure would be impacted, and economic
loss would be minimal in the event of a dam failure.
Dam failure presents a low threat for the city. Loss
Upper Brushy Creek 0-15 Feet of life is not expected, no critical facilities or
WS SCS Site 7 Dam infrastructure would be impacted, and economic
loss would be minimal in the event of a dam failure.
Dam failure presents a low threat for the city. Loss
Upper Brushy Creek 0-15 Feet of life is not expected, no critical facilities or
WS SCS Site 11 Dam infrastructure would be impacted, and economic
loss would be minimal in the event of a dam failure.
Dam failure presents a low threat for the city. Loss
Upper Brushy Creek 0-15 Feet of life is not expected, no critical facilities or
WS SCS Site 14 Dam infrastructure would be impacted, and economic
loss would be minimal in the event of a dam failure.
Dam failure presents a low threat for the city. Loss
Upper Brushy Creek 0-15 Feet of life is not expected, no critical facilities or
WS SCS Site 17 Dam infrastructure would be impacted, and economic
loss would be minimal in the event of a dam failure.
Dam failure presents a low threat for the city. Loss
Upper Brushy Creek 0-15 Feet of life is not expected, no critical facilities or
WS SCS Site 19 Dam infrastructure would be impacted, and economic
loss would be minimal in the event of a dam failure.
HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES
While there have been no reported dam failures in City of Round Rock, in the State of Texas there
have been 171 dam failures since 1900, although the State has not experienced loss of life or
extensive economic damage due to a dam failure since the first half of the twentieth century.
However, there may be many incidents that are not reported and, therefore, the actual number of
incidents is likely to be greater.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 69
SECTION 5: DAM FAILURE
PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS
Based on historical occurrences of dam failures, the probability for future events is "Unlikely" for
the City of Round Rock, meaning an event is possible in the next ten years.
VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT
There are 15 dams in or near the City of Round Rock. All dams were evaluated in-depth to
determine the risk, if any, associated with each dam. This analysis indicated 7 dams that present
a risk to structures or infrastructure in the planning area.
Flooding is the most prominent effect of dam failure. If the dam failure is extensive, a large amount
of water would enter the downstream waterways, forcing them out of their banks. There may be
significant environmental effects, resulting in flooding that could disperse debris and hazardous
materials downstream that can damage local ecosystems. If the event is severe, debris carried
downstream can block traffic flow, cause power outages, and disrupt local utilities, such as water
and wastewater, which could result in school closures. For specific vulnerability, please refer to
the narrative for each dam under the Extent section of this profile.
The City of Round Rock identified the following critical facilities (Table 5-3) as assets that are
considered the most important to the planning area and are susceptible to a range of potential
impacts caused by dam failure events. All the identified critical facilities were located outside of
estimated dam inundation zones except as noted below. For a comprehensive list of identified
critical facilities, please see Appendix C.
Table 5-3. Critical Facilities Vulnerable to Dam Failure Events
CRITICAL CRITICAL FACILITIES POTENTIAL IMPACTS
FACILITIES AT RISK
• Emergency operations and services may be
significantly impacted due to damaged facilities
and/or loss of communications.
• Structures, and emergency vehicles, including
critical equipment, can be damaged by rising
flood waters and floating debris.
Power outages could disrupt communications,
delaying emergency response times. Power
outages could disrupt critical care.
Emergency . Critical staff may be injured or otherwise unable
Response Services 1 Health Services, 1 to report for duty, limiting response capabilities.
(EOC, Fire, Police, Police Station, 2 Fire • Debris can impede emergency response vehicle
EMS), Hospitals and Stations access to areas.
Medical Centers . Washed out roads and bridges can impede
emergency response vehicle access to areas.
Flood-related rescues may be necessary at swift
and low water crossing or in flooded
neighborhoods where roads have become
impassable, placing first responders in harm's
way.
Evacuations may be required for entire
neighborhoods because of rise of floodwaters, or
at hospitals due to extended power outages, gas
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 70
SECTION 5: DAM FAILURE
CRITICAL CRITICAL FACILITIES
FACILITIES AT RISK POTENTIAL IMPACTS
line ruptures, or structural damages to facilities,
further taxing limited response capabilities and
increasing sheltering needs for displaced
residents.
Increased number of structure fires due to gas
line ruptures and downed power lines, further
straining the capacity and resources of
emergency personnel.
First responders are exposed to downed power
lines, unstable and unusual debris, hazardous
materials, and generally unsafe conditions.
Extended power outages may lead to possible
looting, destruction of property, and theft, further
burdening law enforcement resources.
Structures can be damaged by rising flood
waters.
Power outages could disrupt critical care.
Backup power sources could be damaged,
inundated or otherwise inoperable.
Critical staff may be impacted and unable to
Airport, Academic report for duty, limiting response capabilities.
Institutions, Animal • Evacuations may be necessary due to extended
Shelter, Evacuation 2 Residential Vulnerable power outages, gas line ruptures, or inundation of
Centers & Shelters, Populations, 2 Community facilities.
Governmental Facilities for Vulnerable . Additional emergency responders and critical aid
Facilities, Populations, 7 workers may not be able to reach the area for
Residential/ Transportation, 3 days.
Assisted Living Municipal, 9 Schools . Power outages and infrastructure damage may
Facilities prevent larger airports from acting as temporary
command centers for logistics, communications,
and emergency operations.
Temporary break in operations may significantly
inhibit post event evacuations.
Damaged or destroyed highway infrastructure
may substantially increase the need for airport
operations.
Facilities, infrastructure, or critical equipment
including communications may be damaged,
Commercial destroyed or otherwise inoperable.
Supplier(food, fuel, N/A • Essential supplies like medicines, water, food,
etc.) and equipment deliveries may be delayed.
Economic disruption due to power outages and
fires negatively impact airport services as well as
area businesses reliant on airport operations.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 71
SECTION 5: DAM FAILURE
CRITICAL CRITICAL FACILITIES POTENTIAL
FACILITIES AT RISK
• Emergency operations and critical services may
be significantly impacted due to damaged
facilities and/or loss of communications.
• Emergency service vehicles can be damaged by
rising flood waters.
• Flood-related rescues may be necessary at swift
and low water crossings or in flooded
neighborhoods where roads have become
Utility Services and impassable, placing emergency service workers
Infrastructure in harm's way.
(electric, water, 11 Sewage and Water, 10 0 Increased number of structure fires due to gas
wastewater, Hazardous Materials, 1 line ruptures and downed power lines, further
communications) Communications straining the capacity and resources of
emergency personnel.
• Service responders are exposed to downed
power lines, contaminated and unusual debris,
hazardous materials, and generally unsafe
conditions.
• Extended power outages and evacuations may
lead to possible looting, destruction of property,
and theft, further burdening law enforcement
resources.
Annualized loss-estimates for dam failure are not available; neither is there a breakdown of
potential dollar losses for critical facilities, infrastructure and lifelines, or hazardous-materials
facilities. If a major dam should fail, the severity of impact could be substantial.
Historically, the overall severity of impact from a dam breach would be considered "Limited,"
meaning it could result in injuries that can be treated with first-aid, critical facilities being shut
down for 24-hours or less and less than 10 percent of the property in the estimated breach
inundation area destroyed or with major damage.
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
Any individual dam has a very specific area that will be impacted by a catastrophic failure. Dams
identified with potential risk can directly threaten the lives of individuals living or working in the
inundation zone below the dam. The impact from any catastrophic failure would be similar to that
of a flash flood. Potential impacts for the City of Round Rock include:
• Lives could be lost.
• There could be injuries from impacts with debris carried by the flood.
• Swift-water rescue of individuals trapped by the water puts the immediate responders at
risk for their own lives.
• Individuals involved in the cleanup may be at risk from the debris left behind.
• Continuity of operations for any jurisdiction outside the direct impact area could be very
limited.
• Roads and bridges could be destroyed.
• Homes and businesses could be damaged or destroyed.
• Emergency services may be temporarily unavailable.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 72
SECTION 5: DAM FAILURE
• Disruption of operations and the delivery of services in the impacted area.
• A large dam with a high head of water could effectively scour the terrain below it for miles,
taking out all buildings, and other infrastructure.
• Scouring force could erode soil and any buried pipelines.
• Scouring action of a large dam will destroy all vegetation in its path.
• Wildlife and wildlife habitat caught in the flow will likely be destroyed.
• Fish habitat will likely be destroyed.
• Topsoil will erode, slowing the return of natural vegetation.
• The destructive high velocity water flow may include substantial debris and hazardous
materials, significantly increasing the risks to life and property in its path.
• Debris and hazardous material deposited downstream may cause further pollution of
areas far greater than the inundation zone.
• Destroyed businesses and homes may not be rebuilt, reducing the tax base and impacting
long term economic recovery.
• Historical or cultural resources may be damaged or destroyed.
• Recreational activities and tourism may be temporarily unavailable or unappealing,
slowing economic recovery.
The economic and financial impacts of dam failure on the area will depend entirely on the location
of the dam, scale of the event, what is damaged, and how quickly repairs to critical components
of the economy can be implemented. The level of preparedness and pre-event planning done by
the community, local businesses, and citizens will also contribute to the overall economic and
financial conditions in the aftermath of any dam failure event.
CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
A direct connection between climate change and dam failure events is unclear. As air
temperatures increase, so does the amount of moisture the atmosphere can hold leading to more
frequent and intense rain and flooding. Additionally, the aging dams increase the possibility of
dam failure and the risk of catastrophic flooding inside estimated dam inundation zones. Safety
features, known as spillways, are put in place on dams as a safety measure in the event of the
reservoir filling too quickly. Spillway overflow events can result in increased discharges
downstream and increased flooding potential. Climate change is likely to increase the probability
of spillway overflows.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 73
• �JY a
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SECTION 6: DROUGHT
HazardDescription ...................................................................................................................75
Location....................................................................................................................................75
Extent .......................................................................................................................................78
Historical Occurrences..............................................................................................................80
SignificantEvents..................................................................................................................84
Probability of Future Events......................................................................................................84
Vulnerabilityand Impact............................................................................................................84
Assessmentof Impacts..........................................................................................................86
Climate Change Considerations................................................................................................88
HAZARD DESCRIPTION
Drought is a period of time without substantial rainfall that persists from one year to the next.
Drought is a normal part of virtually all climatic regions, including areas with high and low average
rainfall. Drought is the consequence of anticipated natural precipitation reduction over an
extended period of time, usually a season or more in length. Droughts can be classified as
meteorological, hydrologic, agricultural, and socioeconomic. Table 6-1 presents definitions for
these different types of droughts.
Droughts are one of the most complex of all natural hazards as it is difficult to determine their
precise beginning or end. In addition, droughts can lead to other hazards such as extreme heat
and wildfires. Their impact on wildlife and area farming is enormous, often killing crops, grazing
land, edible plants, and even in severe cases, trees. A secondary hazard to drought is wildfire
because dying vegetation serves as a prime ignition source. Therefore, a heat wave combined
with a drought is a very dangerous situation.
Table 6-1. Drought Classification Definitions'
• _ • • The degree of dryness or departure of actual precipitation from an
• expected average or normal amount based on monthly, seasonal, or
annual time scales.
e - • • The effects of precipitation shortfalls on stream flows and reservoir,
• lake, and groundwater levels.
Soil moisture deficiencies relative to water demands of plant life,
- • usually crops.
• • • • The effect of demands for water exceeding the supply as a result of
• a weather-related supply shortfall.
LOCATION
Droughts occur regularly throughout Texas and the City of Round Rock and are considered a
normal condition. However, they can vary greatly in their intensity and duration. The U.S. Drought
Monitor, produced through a partnership between the National Drought Mitigation Center at the
' Source: Multi-Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment: A Cornerstone of the National Mitigation Strategy, FEMA
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 75
SECTION 6: DROUGHT
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, shows that as of January 2024, the planning area is experiencing
severe to extreme drought conditions (Figure 6-1) but has experienced a range of conditions from
normal to exceptional drought conditions over the last decade (Figure 6-2). There is no distinct
geographic boundary to drought; therefore, it can occur anywhere throughout the City of Round
Rock planning area.
Figure 6-1. U.S. Drought Monitor, January 20242
U.S. Drought Monitor January 30, 2024
Texas (Released Thursday,Feb.1,2026)
Valid 7 a.m.EST
Drought Conditions(PercentArea)
None DO-D4 D1-D4 M-04
current 56.93 43.07 22.75 9.68 1.92 0.00
Last Week 48.36 51.64 26.66 11.82 3.25 0.00
01-23.2024
3 Month s Ago 13.61 86.39 65.37 38.54 10.94 1.78
10-31-2023
Start of
Calendar Year 39.60 60.40 39.47 17.78 5.68 0.68
0142-2024
Start of
Water Year 3.03 96.97 80.64 59.66 38.06 12.68
09.26-2023
One Year Ago19.54 80.46 53.35 28.62 7.89 1.80
01-31-2023
Intense
0 None D2 Severe Drought
0 DO Abnormally Dry -D3 Extreme Drought
D1 Moderate Drought -D4 Exceptional Drought
The Drought Monitor focuses on broad-scale conditions.
Local conditions may vary For more informationon the
Drought Monitor go to hros:11droughtmonitor unledu/About.aspx
Authy
Brian Fuchs
National Drought Mitigation Center
USDA ;., A+`
droughtmonitor.unl.edu
2 The City of Round Rock planning area falls within the black circle.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 76
SECTION 6: DROUGHT
Figure 6-2. U.S. Drought Monitor, August 2011, August 2019, August 2022, August 20233
August 2023 August 2020
_.
August 2019 August 2011
Intensity,
None D2 Severe Drought
0 DO Abnormally Dry _D3 Extreme Drought
0 D1 Moderate Drought _D4 Exceptional Drought
'The City of Round Rock planning area falls within the black circles.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 77
SECTION 6: DROUGHT
EXTENT
The Palmer Drought Index is used to measure the extent of drought by measuring the duration
and intensity of long-term drought-inducing circulation patterns. Long-term drought is cumulative,
with the intensity of drought during the current month dependent upon the current weather
patterns plus the cumulative patterns of previous months. The hydrological impacts of drought
(e.g., reservoir levels, groundwater levels, etc.) take longer to develop. Table 6-2 depicts
magnitude of drought, while Table 6-3 describes the classification descriptions.
Table 6-2. Palmer Drought Index
_ -2.75 and -2.00 to -1.25 to -1.24 to +1.00 to +2.50 to n/a
below -2.74 -1.99 +.99 +2.49 +3.49
-4.00 and -3.00 to -2.00 to -1.99 to +2.00 to +3.00 to +4.00 and
below -3.99 -2.99 +1.99 +2.99 +3.99 above
-4.00 and -3.00 to -2.00 to -1.99 to +2.00 to +3.00 to +4.00 and
below -3.99 -2.99 +1.99 +2.99 +3.99 above
Table 6-3. Palmer Drought Category Descriptions°
Going into drought: short-term dryness
slowing planting, growth of crops or pastures;
Abnormally Dry fire risk above average. Coming out of -1.0 to -1.9
drought: some lingering water deficits;
pastures or crops not fully recovered.
Some damage to crops, pastures; fire risk
high; streams, reservoirs, or wells low, some
Moderate Drought water shortages developing or imminent, -2.0 to -2.9
voluntary water use restrictions requested.
Crop or pasture losses likely; fire risk very
Severe Drought high; water shortages common; water -3.0 to -3.9
restrictions imposed.
Major crop/pasture losses; extreme fire
Extreme Drought danger; widespread water shortages or -4.0 to -4.9
restrictions.
Exceptional and widespread crop/pasture
Exceptional losses; exceptional fire risk; shortages of -5.0 or less
Drought water in reservoirs, streams, and wells,
creating water emergencies.
Source: National Drought Mitigation Center
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 78
SECTION 6: DROUGHT
Drought is monitored nationwide by the National Drought Mitigation Center (NDMC). Indicators
are used to describe broad scale drought conditions across the U.S. and correspond to the
intensity of drought.
Based on the historical occurrences for drought and the location of the City of Round Rock, the
area can anticipate the full range of drought from abnormally dry to exceptional drought, or DO to
D4, based on the Palmer Drought Category. The City of Round Rock has experienced exceptional
drought conditions. This is the highest level of drought severity and the most extreme drought
conditions the planning area can anticipate in the future.
The City of Round Rock has adopted specific regulations and restrictions on the delivery and
consumption of water during drought events. These regulations can be found in the City of Round
Rock's Code of Ordinances, Part Il, Chapter 44, Article VIII (Drought Contingency and Water Use
Management). There are three stages to the drought contingency regulations, which are briefly
outlined in Table 6-4.
Table 6-4. Stages of the Drought Contingency and Water Use Management Regulations
• Outdoor automatic irrigation systems prohibited
(does not apply to handheld bucket/hose)
• Lake Georgetown Reservoir • The washing of vehicles and mobile equipment is
is below 775 feet above prohibited (does not apply to handheld bucket/hose,
mean sea level for three on commercial service stations, or when protecting
consecutive days; or health, safety, and welfare)
• The combined storage of • Power washing is prohibited (day/time regulations do
Lake Georgetown, and Lake not apply to commercial companies)
_ Stillhouse Hollow is less • Foundation watering
than 162,752 acre feet of • Filling nongovernmental owned swimming pools is
prohibited
water; and • Operation of fountains is prohibited
• The combined storage of • Water irrigation for golf fairways is prohibited
Lake Buchanan and Lake • Use of water from fire hydrants is prohibited except
Travis is less than for firefighting-related activities or other activities
1,502,037 acre feet of necessary to maintain the health, safety and welfare
water. Street washing is prohibited
• Landowners are encouraged to postpone instillation
of new landscaping _
• Lake Georgetown Reservoir • Outdoor automatic irrigation systems prohibited
is below 775 feet above (does not apply to handheld bucket/hose)
mean sea level for three • The washing of vehicles and mobile equipment is
• - prohibited (does not apply to handheld bucket/hose,
consecutive days; on commercial service stations, or when protecting
• The combined storage of health, safety, and welfare)
Lake Georgetown, and Lake • Power washing is prohibited (day/time regulations do
Stillhouse Hollow is less not apply to commercial companies)
s To view the full list of Drought Contingency and Water Use Management triggers, visit
httos://Iibrary.municode.com/tx/round rock/codes/code of ordinances?nodeld=PTIICOOR CH44UT ARTVIIIDRCO
WAUSMA.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 79
SECTION 6: DROUGHT
• I • •1010 aa-ell]W-111 I •
than 1005,001 acre feet of • Foundation watering
• - water; and • Filling nongovernmental owned swimming pools is
• The combined storage of prohibited
Lake Buchanan and Lake . Operation of fountains is prohibited
Travis is less than • Water irrigation for golf fairways is prohibited
1,302,179 acre feet of • Use of water from fire hydrants is prohibited except
water, for firefighting-related activities or other activities
necessary to maintain the health, safety and welfare
• Street washing is prohibited
• Landowners are encouraged to postpone instillation
of new landscaping
• All outdoor irrigation is prohibited (handheld
hoses/cans prohibited with watering schedule)
• The washing of vehicles and mobile equipment is
prohibited unless occurring on commercial
wash/service station between hours of 8:OOAM and
• The combined storage of 5:OOPM
Lake Georgetown, and Lake • Power washing is prohibited
Stillhouse Hollow is less • Foundation watering
than 52,501 acre feet of • Filling nongovernmental owned swimming pools is
• - water; and prohibited
• The combined storage of • Operation of fountains is prohibited
Lake Buchanan and Lake • Potable water irrigation for golf courses is prohibited
Travis is less than 60,000 • Use of water from fire hydrants is prohibited except
acre feet of water. for firefighting-related activities or other activities
necessary to maintain the health, safety and welfare
• Street washing is prohibited
• All new landscaping is prohibited
• Water may not be served in restaurants unless
requested by customer
HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES
The City of Round Rock may experience an extreme drought in any given year. According to the
U.S. Drought Monitor, between January 2000 and April 2024, Williamson County, which includes
the City of Round Rock, spent 817 total weeks (65%) in some level of drought as defined as
Abnormally Dry (DO) or worse conditions. The City of Round Rock was included in 30 USDA
disaster declarations made by the Secretary of Agriculture for drought from 2012 through 2023,
which are reported on a county-wide basis.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 80
SECTION 6: DROUGHT
Figure 6-3. City of Round Rock Drought Intensity, 2000-20246
100%
90%
80%
a
70%
C
J 60%
C
50%
v
a 40%
is
0
~ 30%
20%
10%
0%
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CCYY U.S.Drought Monitor
Williamson County,TX
MM=1___1F_]
D4 D3 D2 D1 DO
Table 6-5 lists historical events that have occurred in Williamson County as reported in the
National Centers for Environmental Information Storm Events Database (NCEI), A total of 53
drought impacts were reported in the NCEI over 22 unique drought periods impacting Williamson
County, including the City of Round Rock, from 2000 through 2023. Historical drought events
reported in the NCEI database for Williamson County and the City of Round Rock over the 24-
year reporting period has resulted in no reported injuries, fatalities, or damages.
Historical drought information shows drought activity across a multi-county forecast area for each
event and does not provide data for single jurisdictions since these events are widespread. The
appropriate percentage of the total property and crop damage reported for the entire forecast area
has been allocated to each county impacted by the event. Historical drought data is provided on
a county-wide basis per the NCEI Storm Events database.
Table 6-5. Historical Drought Events, 2000-2023
JURISDICTIONDATE INJURIES DEATHS PROPERTY CROP
DAMAGE DAMAGE
City of Round Rock 7/1/2000 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 8/1/2000 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 9/1/2000 0 0 $0 $0
6 U.S. Drought Monitor
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 81
SECTION 6: DROUGHT
JURISDICTION DATE INJURIES DEATHS PROPERTY CROP
DAMAGE DAMAGE
City of Round Rock 10/1/2000 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 5/1/2011 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 6/1/2011 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 7/1/2011 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 8/1/2011 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 9/1/2011 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 10/1/2011 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 11/1/2011 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 12/1/2011 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 1/1/2012 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 2/1/2012 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 3/1/2012 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 6/11/2012 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 111112012 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 12/1/2012 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 1/1/2013 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 2/1/2013 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 3/1/2013 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 4/1/2013 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 5/1/2013 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 6/1/2013 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 7/1/2013 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 8/1/2013 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 9/1/2015 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 10/1/2015 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 8/1/2018 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 82
SECTION 6: DROUGHT
JURISDICTIONDATE INJURIES DEATHS PROPERTY CROP
DAMAGE DAMAGE
City of Round Rock 9/1/2018 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 9/1/2019 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 10/1/2019 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 11/11/2019 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 1/1/2020 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 2/1/2020 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 11/11/2020 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 12/11/2020 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 1/1/2021 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 5/1/2022 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 6/1/2022 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 7/1/2022 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 8/1/2022 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 9/1/2022 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 101112022 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 111112022 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 3/1/2023 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 4/1/2023 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 7/11/2023 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 8/1/2023 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 9/1/2023 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 10/1/2023 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 11/1/2023 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 12/1/2023 0 0 $0 $0
TOTALS
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 83
SECTION 6: DROUGHT
Based on the historical drought events for the City of Round Rock, 23 drought impacts were
reported during 6 drought periods since the 2018 Plan.
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
May 2011 — March 2012
One of the most severe droughts on record impacted Williamson County and City of Round Rock
planning area. The dry, parched conditions caused billions of dollars in crop and livestock losses',
sparked wildfires, pushed power grids to the limit, and reduced reservoirs to dangerously low
levels. The City of Round Rock was not spared from these drought conditions and remained at
some level of drought (between D2 and D4) for an extended period of time,
The first report of dry conditions for the City of Round Rock was in May of 2011. Most of the
southern Texas area was in exceptional drought conditions (D4). The fire danger in South Central
Texas remained moderate to high and burn bans were in effect for Williamson County. The Texas
A&M agricultural program report indicated the agricultural situation was rapidly deteriorating.
Forage availability remained below average, many stock tanks remained extremely low, and some
were in danger of drying up. Area lakes and reservoirs remained below normal with Lake Travis
around 55 feet below normal by the month of September. These conditions remained over the
next few months, with high fire risk and water conservation efforts ongoing. By March of 2012, an
ongoing La Nina event brought above average rainfall to the area and helped bring drought
conditions down to state D2.
May 2022— November 2022
Exceptional (D4) to severe (D2) drought conditions affected the City of Round Rock from May to
November of 2022. Despite a few instances of soaking rains, drought continued to plague much
of the region as precipitation was low. All public water systems in the Central Texas region
encouraged voluntary water restrictions and many had mandatory restrictions in effect. Area
reservoirs continued to fall farther below normal conservation pool levels. Williamson County also
had a burn ban in place, which included the City of Round Rock. This is the second most severe
drought to impact the planning area, following the 2011 drought.
PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS
Based on available records of historic events, there have been 53 reported drought impacts
reported in the NCEI over 22 drought periods (ranging in length from approximately 1 month to
just over 2 years) within a 24-year reporting period, which provides a probability of approximately
one event every year. This frequency supports a "Highly Likely"probability of future events for the
City of Round Rock. The impact of climate change could produce longer, more severe droughts,
exacerbating the current drought impacts.
VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT
Loss estimates were based on 24 years of statistical data from the NCEI and the U.S. Drought
Monitor. A drought event frequency-impact was then developed to determine an impact profile on
agriculture products and estimate potential losses due to drought in the area. All existing and
future buildings, facilities, and populations are exposed to this hazard and could potentially be
7 Detailed information on drought losses was unavailable.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 84
SECTION 6: DROUGHT
impacted. However, drought impacts are mostly experienced in water shortages or crop and
livestock losses on agricultural lands and typically have minimal impact on buildings.
The City of Round Rock Planning Team identified the following critical facilities as assets that are
considered the most important to the planning area and are susceptible to a range of impacts
caused by drought events. For a comprehensive list of critical facilities, please see Appendix C.
Table 6-6. Critical Facilities Vulnerable to Drought Events
CRITICAL POTENTIAL IMPACTS
FACILITIES
Increased law enforcement activities may be required to enforce
water restrictions.
Emergency . Firefighters may have limited water resources to aid in firefighting
Response Services and suppression activities, increasing risk to lives and property.
(EOC, Fire, Police, 0 potential for increased number of emergency calls as drought
EMS, Hospitals)
events can lead to cascading hazard events such as wildfires and
flash flooding.
Airport, Academic
Institutions,
Community . Strain on staff as drought may cause health problems related to
Residential Facilities, low water flows and poor water quality.
Day Care Facilities, * Operations dependent on water supply may be adversely
Evacuation Centers
& Shelters, impacted,
Governmental
Facilities
Commercial . Operations dependent on water supply may be adversely
Suppliers (food, gas,
impacted.
etc.)
Utility Services and • Potential for increased number of emergency calls as drought
Infrastructure events can lead to cascading hazard events such as wildfires and
(electric, water, flash flooding.
wastewater, • Operations dependent on water supply may be adversely
communications) impacted.
Even with the planning area relying on multiple water utility providers as well as local and private
service, high demand can still deplete these resources during extreme drought conditions. As
resources are depleted, potable water is in short supply and overall water quality can be impacted,
elevating health concerns for all residents but especially vulnerable populations.
Potable water is used for drinking, sanitation, patient care, sterilization, equipment, heating and
cooling systems, and many other essential functions. During summer drought, or hot and dry
conditions, elderly persons, small children, infants, those with disabilities or chronic medical
conditions and those who do not have adequate cooling units in their homes may become more
vulnerable to injury and/or death. In addition, people who speak a language other than English
may face increased vulnerability due to language barriers that limit their access to important
information such as weather-related warnings and instructions regarding safety measures. The
population over 65 in the City of Round Rock planning area is estimated at 10 percent of the total
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 85
SECTION 6: DROUGHT
population and children under the age of 5 are estimated at 6 percent. Individuals with a disability
are estimated at 11 percent of the total population. An estimated 8 percent of the planning area
population live below the poverty level and 25 percent of the populations speaks a language other
than English (Table 6-7).
Table 6-7. Populations at Greater Risk
YOUTHELDERLY BELOWNON-ENGLISH
(over 65) (under 5) DISABILITY POVERTY SPEAKING
LEVEL
12,356 7,219 12,927 9,276 30,183
The economic impact of droughts can be significant as they produce a complex web of impacts
that spans many sectors of the economy and reach well beyond the area experiencing physical
drought. This complexity exists because water is integral to our ability to produce goods and
provide services. If droughts extend over several years, the direct and indirect economic impact
can be significant.
Crop production can also suffer greatly during extreme drought conditions, limiting fresh local food
supplies, driving up costs, and negatively impacting the local economy. Drought conditions could
adversely affect the agricultural industry throughout the City of Round Rock planning area.
Impacts of past droughts experienced in the City of Round Rock have not resulted in injuries or
fatalities. This supports a "Limited" severity of impact meaning injuries and/or illnesses do not
result in permanent disability, shutdown of facilities and services for 24 hours of less, and more
than 10 percent of property is impacted. There is no reported crop or property damage due to
drought over the 24-year reporting period in the City of Round Rock.
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
The Drought Impact Reporter was developed in 2005 by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln to
provide a national database of drought impacts. Droughts can have an impact on agriculture,
business and industry; energy; fire; plants and wildlife; relief, response, and restrictions; society
and public health; tourism and recreation; and water supply and quality. The reports are submitted
from individuals to Federal, State, and local agencies, as well as the general public. Table 6-8
lists the drought impacts to the City of Round Rock from 2005 to 2023 based on reports received
by the Drought Impact Reporter.
Table 6-8. Drought Impacts, 2005-2023
DROUGHT IMPACTS 2005-2023
Agriculture 111
Business & Industry 3
Energy 0
Fire 33
Plants & Wildlife 72
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 86
SECTION 6: DROUGHT
DROUGHT IMPACTS 2005-2023
Relief, Response & Restrictions 63
Society & Public Health 9
Tourism & Recreation 2
Water Supply & Quality 68
Drought has the potential to impact people in the City of Round Rock. While it is rare that drought,
in and of itself, leads to a direct risk to the health and safety of people in the U.S., severe water
shortages could result in inadequate supply for human needs. According to the City of Round
Rock Population Projections Report, the population will grow by almost 75,000 people over
the next 20 years.8 This level of future growth can cause concern for the current water
infrastructure and demand for the planning area. Severe drought conditions can be frequently
associated with a variety of impacts, including:
• The number of health-related low-flow issues (e.g., diminished sewage flows, increased
pollution concentrations, reduced firefighting capacity, and cross-connection
contamination) will increase as the drought intensifies,
• Public safety from forest / range / wildfires will increase as water availability and/or
pressure decreases.
• Respiratory ailments may increase as the air quality decreases.
• There may be an increase in disease due to wildlife concentrations (e.g., rabies, Rocky
Mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease).
• Residents may disagree with the City over water use /water rights, creating conflict.
• Political conflicts may increase between municipalities, counties, states, and regions.
• Water management conflicts may arise between competing interests.
• Increased law enforcement activities may be required to enforce water restrictions.
• Severe water shortages could result in inadequate supply for human needs as well as
lower quality of water for consumption.
• Firefighters may have limited water resources to aid in firefighting and suppression
activities, increasing risk to lives and property.
• During drought there is an increased risk for wildfires and dust storms.
• The community may need increased operational costs to enforce water restriction or
rationing.
• Prolonged drought can lead to increases in illness and disease related to drought,
• Utility providers can see decreases in revenue as water supplies diminish.
• Utilities providers may cut back energy generation and service to their customers to
prioritize critical service needs.
• Hydroelectric power generation facilities and infrastructure would have significantly
diminished generation capability. Dams simply cannot produce as much electricity from
low water levels as they can from high water levels.
e Round Rock 2030: 2020-2040 Population Projections Report. https://www.roundrocktexas.gov/wp-
content/uploads/2022/08/2020-2040-Population-Projections-Report.pdf
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 87
SECTION 6: DROUGHT
• Fish and wildlife food and habitat will be reduced or degraded over time during a drought
and disease will increase, especially for aquatic life.
• Wildlife will move to more sustainable locations creating higher concentrations of wildlife
in smaller areas, increasing vulnerability, and further depleting limited natural resources.
• There are 18 federally endangered, threatened or candidate species in the City of Round
Rock. Severe and prolonged drought can result in the reduction of a species or cause the
extinction of a species altogether.
• Plant life will suffer from long-term drought. Wind and erosion will also pose a threat to
plant life as soil quality will decline. The urban tree canopy, including city parks, are
vulnerable to the impacts of prolonged drought.
• Dry and dead vegetation will increase the risk of wildfire.
• Drought poses a significant risk to annual and perennial crop production and overall crop
quality leading to higher food costs.
• Drought-related declines in production may lead to an increase in unemployment.
• Drought may limit livestock grazing resulting in decreased livestock weight, potential
increased livestock mortality, and increased cost for feed.
• Negatively impacted water suppliers may face increased costs resulting from the transport
water or develop supplemental water resources.
• Long term drought may negatively impact future economic development,
The overall extent of damage caused by periods of drought is dependent on its extent and
duration. The level of preparedness and pre-event planning done by the community, local
businesses, and citizens will contribute to the overall economic and financial conditions in the
aftermath of a drought event.
CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
With the range of factors influencing drought conditions, it is impossible to make quantitative
statewide projections of drought trends; however, many factors point toward increased drought
severity. Drought will continue to be driven largely by precipitation variability over multiple
decades, with long-term precipitation trends expected to be relatively small. Other factors
affecting drought impacts, such as increased temperatures and improved plant water use
efficiency, decrease water availability but will cause drought impact trends to be highly sector-
specific, with the impacts possibly smaller for agriculture than for surface water supply.9
It is projected that future changes to the City of Round Rock will include increased temperatures,
which according to the U.S. Climate Explorer, the planning area may experience a 6°F increase
in the average extreme heat temperatures. Historically, extreme temperatures averaged 100°F in
the City of Round Rock, but between 2035 and 2064 the average will be 106°F, increasing the
severity and frequency of drought events. The increase in temperature could be higher but will
depend on overall future emissions.
9 Cleaveland,M. K.,T. H.Votteler, D. K.Stahle, R. C.Casteel,and J.L. Banner,2011: Extended Chronology of Drought
in South Central, Southeastern and West Texas. Texas Water Journal, 2, 54-96, as cited in as cited in Assessment of
Historic and Future Trends of Extreme Weather in Texas, 1900-2036, Texas A&M University Office of the Texas State
Climatologist, 2021 update.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 88
1
i
SECTION 7
EARTHQUAKE
SECTION 7: EARTHQUAKE
HazardDescription .....................................................................................................................91
Location ......................................................................................................................................92
Extent..........................................................................................................................................94
HistoricalOccurrences................................................................................................................97
Probability of Future Events........................................................................................................97
Vulnerabilityand Impact..............................................................................................................97
Climate Change Considerations .................................................................................................98
HAZARD DESCRIPTION
An earthquake is the sudden movement of the Earth's surface caused by the release of stress
accumulated within or along the edge of the Earth's tectonic plates, volcanic eruption, or by a
manmade explosion. The majority of earthquakes occur along faults; however, earthquakes can
occur within plate interiors. Over geologic time, plates move and plate boundaries change,
pushing weakened boundary regions to the interior part of the plates. These areas of weakness
within the continents can cause earthquakes in response to stresses that originate at the edges
of the plate or in the deeper crust.
Earthquake locations are described by the focal depth and geographic position of the epicenter.
The focal depth of an earthquake is the depth from the Earth's surface to the region where an
earthquake's energy originates (the focus or hypocenter). The epicenter is the point on the Earth's
surface directly above the hypocenter. Earthquakes usually occur without warning, with their
effects impacting great distances away from the epicenter.
According to the U.S. Geological Society (USGS) Earthquake Hazards Program, an earthquake
hazard is anything associated with an earthquake that may influence an individual's normal
activities. Table 7-1 describes definition of examples.
Table 7-1. Definitions of Earthquake Hazards'
Displacement that reaches the earth's surface during slip along
• a fault. Commonly occurs with shallow earthquakes, those with
anepicenter less than 20 kilometers.
The movement of the earth's surface from earthquakes or
explosions.
• • • • Ground motion or shaking is produced by waves that are
• generated by sudden slip on a fault or sudden pressure at the
explosive source and travel through the earth and along its
surface.
• • - A movement of surface material down a slope.
A process by which water-saturated sediment temporarily
loses strength and acts as a fluid, like when you wiggle your
toes in the wet sand near the water at the beach. This effect
can be caused by earthquake shaking.
Source: USGS, 2012
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SECTION 7: EARTHQUAKE
• • A change in the original shape of a material due to stress and
• strain.
A sea wave of local or distant origin that results from large-
scale seafloor displacements associated with large
earthquakes, major submarine slides, or exploding volcanic
islands.
The sloshing of a closed body of water from earthquake
shaking.
LOCATION
Earthquake hazard areas are mapped by the USGS's National Seismic Hazard Model (NSHM).
Figure 7-1 shows the most recent 2023 iteration of this USGS model. The NSHM defines the
potential for earthquake ground shaking for various probability levels across the United States.
The 2023 NSHM is an update to the previous 2018 version, and compiles data and findings from
a number of sources including earthquake catalogs, geodetic- and geologic-based fault and
deformation models, and ground motion models (GMMs), among others.z The map shows the
percent chance that a given area will experience a category VI (or stronger) earthquake in 100
years, as defined by the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale (Table 7-3). The likelihood of a
significant earthquake event is signified by the color-coding on the map. Densely populated areas
are also highlighted on the map (purple and black dotting) to indicate areas of elevated
vulnerability in relation to higher seismic risk. The City of Round Rock planning area, as identified
in Figure 7-1, is located in a low hazard area, with less than five percent chance of experiencing
a strong earthquake every 100 years.
2 A comprehensive overview of the modelling process can be found at the USGS website,
https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards/science/2023-50-state-long-term-national-seism ic-hazard-
model-0#overview
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SECTION 7- EARTHQUAKE
Figure 7-1. U.S. Map of Peak Ground Acceleration'
Chance of slight(or greater)
damaging earthquake shaking
Alaska \1 in 100 years
t '
95
•Hawaii � � ' � i� ►r� � 75-95
50-75
l
t
25-50
5-25
<5
•equisaWnt to Modified%lercalli
�- Intensity VI,which is defineel as:
Alaska "Felt by all,many frightened.
= Some heavy fumiture mored:a
'y tew instances of fallen plaster.
•���
IS 0 500 Miles— Damage slight."
i t t t f
0 500 Kilometers— "Alaska.Hauaiiand the
contermin.ms United
ed Stales
/ r all shown at the sanw scale
tT
Population densih
(per kml)
25-250
Hawaii
��'^`' y+T' �`_ �''3+r�� •,'� ` V >250
w ��
Ilk
Figure 7-2 maps historic earthquake epicenters across Texas between 1973 and 2012.
3 City of Round Rock is indicated by the black circle
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SECTION 7: EARTHQUAKE
Figure 7-2. Historic Earthquake Epicenters in Texas, 1996-20�2t4
STATE OF TEXAS • C 7 City of Round Rock
USGS EARTHQ AUi KES, 1996 - 2024 W
11 A Q State of Texas
• . Earthquake Epicenters
• 10 Magnitude
••0 �• t ® 2.5-3.4
ue G� •II6 ( • 3.5-4.4
e ;S ® •� •
e • 4.5-SA
f' . • •• f� � � 5.5 Tom,I-ACHI lie +
• -- Quarternary Fauldines
Fates« all as
•
•
nt 40 �
® •�:
• • • Houston
• • :an Antom
Chthuahu3 • 0 06
•
• �� N •
f! •
rr,
v
• rtTorreon 91d1•':*Q ao�y • Tx R mf �r n�l a ntrA o
0 150 300 eart'•...ik•s re re
Mlles • � Vni+l,,..,...
EXTENT
Earthquakes are measured in terms of magnitude and intensity. The prevalent magnitude
measurement in use today is based on the Moment Magnitude Scale (MMS). MMS measures the
movement of rock along the fault. It accurately measures larger earthquakes, which can last for
minutes, affect a much larger area, and cause more damage. Magnitudes are based on a
logarithmic scale (base 10), meaning that for each whole number you go up on the magnitude
scale, the amplitude of the ground motion recorded by a seismograph goes up ten times. Using
this scale, a magnitude 5 earthquake would result in ten times the level of ground shaking as a
magnitude 4 earthquake (and about 32 times as much energy would be released).4 The USGS
reports earthquake magnitudes above 4.0 as "moment magnitude," often described in the press
as "Richter" magnitude. Table 7-2 shows the magnitude levels for the current Richter/Moment
Magnitude scale.
4(n.d.). How Do We Measure Earthquake Magnitude? Michigan Tech.
https://www.mtu.edu/geo/community/seismology/learn/earthquake-
measure/#:—:text=The%20moment%20magn itude%20scale%20is,the%20earthquake%20at%20multiple%20stations.
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SECTION 7: EARTHQUAKE
Table 7-2. Richter/ Moment Magnitude Scales
MAGNITUDE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION
A.
< 3.0 Micro Usually not felt, but can be recorded +100,000
by seismograph
3.0 - 3.9 Minor Often felt, but causes no damage 12,000 - 100,000
4.0 - 4.9 Light Felt by all, minor breakage of objects 2,000 - 12,000
5.0 - 5.9 Moderate Some damage to weak structures 200 -2,000
6.0 - 6.9 Strong Moderate damage in populated 20-200
areas
Serious damage over large areas
Major with loss of life expected 3-20
Great Severe destruction and loss of life Less than 3
over large areas
Earthquake Intensity measurement is an on-the-ground description. The measurement
qualitatively explains the severity of earthquake shaking and its effects on people and their
environment. Intensity measurements will differ depending on each location's proximity to the
epicenter or point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus where the earthquake
started. The intensity scale consists of a series of certain key responses such as people
awakening, movement of furniture, damage to chimneys, and total destruction. There can be
multiple intensity measurements associated with an earthquake as opposed to one magnitude
measurement. 6 The Modified Mercalli Intensity value assigned to a specific site after an
earthquake has a more meaningful measure of severity to the nonscientist than the magnitude
because intensity refers to the effects actually experienced at a specific location. The scale
provides the intensity of the earthquake in values ranging from I to X. Table 7-3 describes the
typical effects and intensities associated with earthquakes of various magnitudes. The intensity
and effects depend on multiple factors (earthquake depth, epicenter location, site geology,
population density, to name a few) and can vary widely.
5 (n.d.). Earthquakes. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/earthquake-geology
B Wood,H.O.,and Neumann,Frank(1931).Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931:Seismological Society of America
Bulletin, v.21, no. 4, p. 277-283.
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SECTION 7: EARTHQUAKE
Table 7-3. Magnitude and Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale?
• • • • • 1
• • • • •
W
Not Felt Not felt except by a very few under < 2.0
especially favorable conditions
Felt only by a few persons at rest,
Not Felt especially on upper floors of 2.0-2.9
buildings.
Felt quite noticeably by persons
II - III Weak indoors, with shaking of indoor 3.0-3.9
objects. Rarely causes damages.
Noticeable shaking of indoor objects
and rattling noises. Felt by most
IV -V Light to Moderate people in the affected area. 4.0-4.9
Generally, no to minimal damage
Significant damages to poorly
Strong to Very constructed buildings. Limited to
VI - VII Strong moderate damages to well-built 5.0-5.9
structures.
Damage slight in specially designed
structures; considerable damage in
VIII - IX Severe to Violent ordinary buildings with partial 6.0 -6.9
collapse. Damage great in poorly
_ built structures.
Damage considerable in specially
designed structures. Damage
substantial to most buildings, with
VIII + Severe partial or complete collapse. Felt 7.0 -7.9
Extremea across great distances with major
damage mostly limited to 250 km
from Epicenter.
Major damage to buildings,
structures likely to be destroyed; will
VIII _ 'X
Severe to Violent
cause moderate to heavy damage to
sturdy or earthquake-resistant 8.0 -8.9
buildings; damaging in large areas;
felt in extremely large regions.
At or near total destruction. Severe
damage or collapse to all buildings;
Extreme
VIII + Severe a heavy damage and shaking extends 9.0+
to distant locations and permanent
changes in ground topography.
Source: USGS
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SECTION 7: EARTHQUAKE
Taking into consideration the possible extent of an earthquake for the area, by reviewing Tables
7-2 and 7-3 in conjunction with no significant previous occurrences, as depicted in Figure 7-2, the
City of Round Rock planning area experiences on average less than 3.0 magnitude or Levels II-
III (weak impact) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale. This is the greatest extent the entire
planning area can anticipate in the future, based on historic records.
HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES
According to USGS, and the National Geophysical Data Center(NGDC), there are no "significant'
earthquakes on record for the State of Texas and the entire City of Round Rock planning area
from 2150 B.C. to present. A significant earthquake, as defined by NGDC, is one that has caused
at least moderate damage (approximately $1 million or more), has resulted in 10 or more deaths,
has registered as a magnitude 7.5 or greater, has registered as Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI)
Scale X or greater, or generated a tsunami. None of these criteria have been met by any seismic
activity known to have impacted the planning area.
PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS
Earthquake Hazard Maps show the distribution of earthquake shaking levels that have a certain
probability of occurring over a given period. According to the USGS, the entire City of Round Rock
planning area has a less than five percent chance of a slightly damaging (or greater) earthquake
within 100 years. Based on historical records, the probability of an earthquake affecting the
planning area is "Unlikely", meaning that an event is probable in the next 10 years.
VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT
Little warning is usually associated with earthquakes and can impact areas a great distance away
from the epicenter. The amount of damage depends on the density of population and buildings,
and infrastructure construction in the affected area. Some places may be more vulnerable than
others based on soil type, building age, and building codes in the City of Round Rock planning
area.
The City of Round Rock Planning Team identified the following critical facilities as assets that are
considered the most important to the planning area and are susceptible to a range of impacts
caused by earthquake events. For a comprehensive list, please see Appendix C.
Table 7-4. Critical Facilities Vulnerable to an Earthquake
CRITICALPOTENTIAL IMPACTS
• Emergency operations and services may be significantly impacted
due to power outages, damaged facilities, fires and/or loss of
Emergency Response communications. Impact can impede emergency response vehicle
Services (EOC, Fire, access to areas.
Police, EMS), Hospitals . Power outages could disrupt communications, delaying emergency
and Medical Centers response times.
• Extended power outages may lead to possible looting. destruction of
property, and theft, further burdening law enforcement resources.
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SECTION 7: EARTHQUAKE
CRITICAL FACILITIES POTENTIAL IMPACTS
Airport, Academic
Institutions, Animal . Power outages could disrupt critical care.
Shelter, Evacuation . Backup power sources could be damaged.
Centers & Shelters, • Evacuations may be necessary due to extended power outages or
Governmental other associated damages to facilities.
Facilities, Residential/ . Economic disruption due to power outages negatively impact airport
Assisted Living services as well as area businesses reliant on airport operations.
Facilities
Facilities, infrastructure, or critical equipment including
Commercial Supplier communications may be damaged, destroyed or otherwise
(food, fuel, etc.) inoperable.
Essential supplies like medicines, water, food, and equipment
deliveries may be delayed.
Emergency operations and critical services may be significantly
Utility Services and impacted due to power outages, damaged facilities, and/or loss of
Infrastructure (electric, communications. Impact can impede emergency service vehicle
water, wastewater, access to areas.
Power outages could disrupt communications, delaying emergency
communications) response times further straining the capacity and resources of
emergency service personnel.
With no historical events recorded, neither annualized loss-estimates or a breakdown of potential
dollar losses of critical facilities and infrastructure from earthquakes are available. The potential
severity of impact from an earthquake for the entire City of Round Rock planning area is classified
as "Limited", meaning injuries and illnesses are treatable with first aid, less than 10 percent of
property destroyed or with major damage, and critical facilities being shut down for 24 hours or
less.
CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
Damaging earthquakes are rare within the State of Texas, including the City of Round Rock
planning area. Changing conditions of weather patterns and climate change has not been
established as having a direct impact on earthquake intensity or frequency.
According to the USGS, statistically there is an approximately equal distribution of earthquakes
in all cold weather, hot weather, rainy weather, etc. Very large low-pressure changes associated
with major storm systems, like typhoons and hurricanes, are known to trigger episodes of fault
slip or slow earthquakes in the Earth's crust and may also play a role in triggering some damaging
earthquakes. However, the numbers are small and are not statistically significant.,,
The City of Round Rock planning area is located outside of any known earthquake hazard areas
and is not located on or near any fault lines. Climate change is assumed to have no impact on
the probability or intensity of potential earthquakes in the planning area.
e(n.d.). Natural Hazards. United Stated Geological Survey. https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/there-earthquake-weather
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 98
� F
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SECTION
8
SECTION 8: EXTREME HEAT
HazardDescription ...................................................................................................................100
Location ....................................................................................................................................100
Extent........................................................................................................................................100
HistoricalOccurrences..............................................................................................................103
SignificantEvents..................................................................................................................104
Probability of Future Events......................................................................................................104
Vulnerabilityand Impact............................................................................................................105
Assessmentof Impacts .........................................................................................................108
Climate Change Considerations...............................................................................................109
HAZARD DESCRIPTION
Extreme heat is a prolonged period of excessively high
temperatures and exceptionally humid conditions.
Extreme heat during the summer months is a common
occurrence throughout the State of Texas, and the City
of Round Rock is no exception. The City typically
experiences extended heat waves or an extended
period of extreme heat and is often accompanied by
high humidity.
Although heat can damage buildings and facilities, it presents a more significant threat to the
safety and welfare of citizens. The major human risks associated with extreme heat include heat
cramps, sunburn: dehydration, fatigue; heat exhaustion; and even heat stroke. The most
vulnerable population to heat casualties are children and the elderly or infirmed who frequently
live on low fixed incomes and cannot afford to run air-conditioning on a regular basis. This
population is sometimes isolated, with no immediate family or friends to look out for their well-
being.
Critical infrastructure can also be damaged or impacted by extreme heat. High temperatures may
cause a rise in electricity consumption as homes, schools, and businesses try to regulate the
temperature. This may lead to energy shortages and possible blackouts.
LOCATION
Extreme heat events can occur throughout the entire City of Round Rock planning area as there
is no specific geographic boundary to the extreme heat hazard.
EXTENT
The magnitude or intensity of an extreme heat event is measured according to temperature in
relation to the percentage of humidity. According to the National Oceanic Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), this relationship is referred to as the "Heat Index"and is depicted in Figure
8-1. This index measures how hot it feels outside when humidity is combined with high
temperatures.
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SECTION 8: EXTREME HEAT
Figure 8-1. Extent Scale for Extreme Heat'
NWS Heat Index Temperature (F)
80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110
40 80 81 83 85 88 91 94 97 101
45 80 82 84 87 89 93 96 1009 114 119 7;L4
50 81 83 85 88 91 95 99 103 1108 113 118 124
a 55 81 84 86 89 93 97 101 108 112 117
t� 60 82 84 88 91 95 100 105 110 116 12
E 65 82 85 89 93 98 103 108 1t4 ,
= 70 83 86 90 95 100 105 112 11
> 75 84 88 92 97 103 109 116 1424
0 80 84 89 94 100 -106 113 121.,
CU
85 85 90 96 102 110 117
90 86 91 98 105 113 122
95 86 93 100 108 117 `
1100187 95 103 112 121
Likelihood of Heat Disorders with Prolonged Exposure or Strenuous Activity
❑ Caution Q Extreme Caution 0 Ganger E Extreme Danger
The index in Figure 8-1 displays varying categories of caution depending on the relative humidity
combined with the temperature. For example, when the temperature is at 90 degrees Fahrenheit
(°F) or lower, caution should be exercised if the humidity level is at or above 40 percent. The
shaded zones on the chart indicate varying symptoms or disorders that could occur depending
on the magnitude or intensity of the event. Table 8-1 correlates to the above figure, outlining the
category type and possible impacts related to extreme heat exposure. The National Weather
Service (NWS) initiates alerts based on the Heat Index as shown in Table 8-1,
Table 8-1. Heat Index and Warnings
CATEGORYPOSSIBLE HEAT A.
DISORDERS
Extreme 125°F and Heat stroke or sun stroke An Excessive Heat Warning is issued if the
Danger higher likely. Heat Index rises above 105°F at least 3
hours during the day or above 80°F at night.
Sunstroke, muscle
cramps, and/or heat An Excessive Heat Warning is issued if the
Danger 103 — 124°F exhaustion are likely. Heat Index rises above 105°F at least 3
Heatstroke possible with hours during the day or above 80°F at night.
prolonged exposure
and/or physical activity.
Source NOAA
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SECTION 8: EXTREME HEAT
CATEGORY
DISORDERS
Sunstroke, muscle
Extreme
cramps, and/or heat A Heat Advisory will be issued to warn that
90— 103°F exhaustion possible with
[Caution the Heat Index may exceed 105°F.
prolonged exposure
and/or physical activity.
Fatigue is possible with A Heat Advisory will be issued to warn that
Caution 80— 90°F prolonged exposure the Heat Index may exceed 105°F.
and/or physical activity.
Due to its geography and its warm, sunny, and humid subtropical climate, the City of Round Rock
planning area can expect an extreme heat event each summer. Citizens, especially children and
the elderly, should exercise caution by staying out of the heat for prolonged periods when a heat
advisory or excessive heat warning is issued. In addition, those working or remaining outdoors
for extended periods of time are at greater risk.
Figure 8-2 displays the daily maximum heat index as derived from NOAA based on data compiled
from 1838 to 2015. The white circle shows the City of Round Rock planning area. The planning
area is represented in dark red across the City. The dark red color indicates an average daily heat
index of 95°F to 100°F. Therefore, City of Round Rock could experience dangerous heat from
95°F to 100°F and should mitigate to the extent of "Extreme Caution," which can include
sunstroke, muscle cramps, and possible heat exhaustion. This is the average maximum
temperature the planning area can anticipate based on historical events.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 102
SECTION 8- EXTREME HEAT
Figure 8-2. Average Daily Maximum Heat Index Days' f
L
ti
of_
ODM
BF
M
GL
' SBR
5
7D 75 BG 85 90 75 100 105 1'•0 115
HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES
The National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) Storm Events database is a national
data source organized under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The
NCEI is the largest archive available for historic storm events data. Previous occurrences for
extreme heat are derived from the NCEI database, which identifies extreme heat events at the
county level for each event. According to heat-related incidents located solely within Williamson
County, which includes the City of Round Rock, there have been 5 reported extreme heat events
(Table 8-2). Historical extreme heat information, as provided by the NCEI, shows extreme heat
activity across a multi-county forecast area for each event, the appropriate percentage of the total
property and crop damage reported for the entire forecast area has been allocated to each county
impacted by the event.
2 NRDC: the white circle indicates the City of Round Rock planning area
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SECTION 8: EXTREME HEAT
Historical extreme heat data for the City of Round Rock is provided on a County-wide basis per
the NCEI database from 1996 through 2023. There has been one reported death due to an
extreme heat event, but no additional injuries or damages. Only extreme heat events that have
been reported have been factored into this Risk Assessment. It is highly likely additional extreme
heat occurrences have gone unreported before and during the recording period. Due to the limited
number of reported events, average high temperatures have been analyzed in order to determine
the probability of future events.
Table 8-2. Historical Extreme Heat Events, 1996-20233
JURISDICTIONDATE DEATHS INJURIES PROPERTY CROP
DAMAGE DAMAGE
City of Round Rock 7/25/2000 1 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 7/19/2018 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 6/15/2023 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 7/12/2023 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 8/7/2023 0 0 $0 $0
TOTALS1 1 so
Based on the list of historical extreme heat events for the City of Round Rock, 3 events were
reported to the NCEI since the 2018 Plan.
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
July 25, 2000
The City of Round rock experienced extreme heat temperatures, which lead to one fatality during
this reported event. The victim was found in their home in front of an open refrigerator. The home
had no central air conditioning, only a window fan.
August 7, 2023
Excessive heat was observed nearly every day of August across parts of South Central Texas.
Temperatures for the area reached a high of 112°F. All the National Weather Service climate sites
set or tied numerous daily record high temperatures and record high low temperatures during this
heat wave event.
PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS
According to historical records, the City of Round Rock has experienced 5 reported events in a
28-year reporting period. Although there are no records of events between the year 2000 and
2018 for the planning area, it can be assumed that events have gone unreported due to the
average daily temperatures throughout the summer. Historical records in combination with an
analysis of maximum average temperatures provides a probability of at least one event every
year. This frequency supports a "Highly Likely" probability of future events.
3 NOAH, NCEI Storm Events Database
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SECTION 8: EXTREME HEAT
VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT
While the entirety of the City of Round Rock is exposed to extreme temperatures, existing
buildings, infrastructure, and critical facilities are not likely to sustain significant damage from
extreme heat events. Therefore, any estimated property losses associated with the extreme heat
hazard are anticipated to be minimal across the area.
Every summer, the hazard of heat-related illness becomes a significant public health issue
throughout much of the United States. Mortality rates increase during heat waves. and excessive
heat is an important contributing factor to deaths from other causes, particularly among the
elderly. Extreme temperatures present a significant threat to life and safety for the population of
the city as a whole. Heat casualties, for example, are typically caused by a lack of adequate air-
conditioning or heat exhaustion. The most vulnerable population to heat casualties are the elderly
or infirmed who frequently live on fixed incomes and cannot afford to run air-conditioning on a
regular basis. This population is sometimes isolated, with no immediate family or friends to look
out for their well-being. Children may also be more vulnerable if left unattended in vehicles.
Populations living below the poverty level are often unable to run air-conditioning on a regular
basis and are limited in their ability to seek medical treatment. Figure 8-3 below provides the
number of reported heat-related illnesses in the City of Round Rock by zip code between 2019
and 2023.
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SECTION 8: EXTREME HEAT
Figure 8-3. Reported Heat Illnesses 2019-20231
HRI ED Visits for Round Rock Zip codes by Year
?0
60
50
43
40
?C)
2C 16 i
13 12
b
10 8 9 7
r
207LI12
■78654 ■78655
The population over 65 in the City of Round Rock planning area is estimated at 10 percent of the
total population and children under the age of 5 are estimated at 6 percent. Individuals with a
disability are estimated at 11 percent of the total population. An estimated 8 percent of the
planning area population live below the poverty level and 25 percent of the populations speaks a
language other than English (Table 8-3). Vulnerable and underserved populations are
disproportionately impacted by extreme heat events as they may be more susceptible to health
risks. The population below the poverty level are less likely to be able to afford air conditioning
during the hot summer months as well as less likely to have access to medical care. In addition.
people who speak a language other than English may face increased vulnerability due to
language barriers that limit their access to important information such as weather-related
warnings and instructions regarding safety measures.
Table 8-3. Populations at Greater Risk
YOUTHELDERLY ` BELOW NON-ENGLISH
(over • •er5) DISABILITY POVERTY SPEAKING
LEVEL
12,356 _ 7,219_ _12,927 _J 9,276 30,183
Williamson County and Cities Health District. Emergency Preparedness and Response.
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SECTION 8: EXTREME HEAT
Extremely high temperatures can have significant secondary impacts, leading to droughts, water
shortages, increased fire danger, and prompt excessive demands for energy. The possibility of
rolling blackouts increases with unseasonably high temperatures in what is a normally mild month
with low power demands. Typically, more than 12 hours of warning time would be given before
the onset of an extreme heat event.
In terms of vulnerability to structures, the impact from extreme heat is considered negligible. It is
possible that critical facilities and infrastructure could be shut down for 24 hours if cooling units
are running constantly, leading to a temporary power outage (Table 8-4). Less than ten percent
of residential and commercial property could be damaged if extreme heat events lead to structure
fires. Based on historical records, annualized property and crop losses for the City of Round Rock
are negligible. However, due to one reported death, the impact of extreme heat is considered
"Substantial" with multiple deaths possible depending on the intensity and duration of the event.
The City of Round Rock Planning Team identified the following critical facilities as assets that are
considered the most important to the planning area and are susceptible to a range of impacts
caused by extreme heat events. The following critical facilities would be vulnerable to extreme
heat events in the City of Round Rock. For a comprehensive list of critical facilities, please see
Appendix C.
Table 8-4. Critical Facilities Vulnerable to Extreme Heat Events
CRITICAL
POTENTIAL IMPACTS
FACILITIES
Emergency operations, services and response times may be
significantly impacted due to power outages, and/or loss of
communications.
Emergency Response ' Exposure to heat can cause heat illnesses in first responders,
Services (EOC, Fire, especially for those in heavy equipment.
Police, EMS, Roads may become impassable due to excessive heat causing
Hospitals) asphalt roads to soften and concrete roads to shift or buckle
impacting response times by emergency services.
Extended power outages due to increased usage may lead to
possible looting, destruction of property, and theft, further
burdening law enforcement resources.
1 Facilities, infrastructure, or critical equipment including
communications may be damaged, destroyed or otherwise
Airport, Academic inoperable.
Institutions, Power outages due to increased usage could disrupt critical care.
Community d Backup power sources could be damaged
e Evacuations may be necessary due to extended power outages,
Residential Facilities,
Day Care Facilities, breaks in water main lines or other associated damage to
facilities.
Evacuation Centers & Facilities, infrastructure, or critical equipment including
Shelters, communications may be damaged, destroyed or otherwise
Governmental inoperable.
Facilities Economic disruption due to power outages negatively impact
airport services as well as area businesses reliant on airport
operations.
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SECTION 8: EXTREME HEAT
CRITICAL POTENTIAL IMPACTS
FACILITIES
Facilities, infrastructure, or critical equipment including
Commercial Suppliers communications may be damaged, destroyed or otherwise
(food, gas, etc.) inoperable.
Essential supplies like medicines, water, food, and equipment
deliveries may be delayed.
Emergency operations, services and response times may be
significantly impacted due to power outages, and/or loss of
Utility Services and communications.
Infrastructure (electric, • Roads may become impassable due to excessive heat causing
water, wastewater, asphalt roads to soften and concrete roads to shift or buckle
communications) impacting response times by emergency services.
Breaks in water main lines or other associated damage to
facilities.
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
The greatest risk from extreme heat is to public health and safety. Extreme heat conditions can
be frequently associated with a variety of impacts, including:
• Vulnerable populations, particularly the elderly (10 percent of total population), children
under 5 (6 percent of total population), and those with a disability (11 percent of total
population)can face serious or life-threatening health problems from exposure to extreme
heat including hyperthermia, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke (or
sunstroke).
• Response personnel, including utility workers, public works personnel, and any other
professions where individuals are required to work outside, are more subject to extreme
heat related illnesses since their exposure would typically be greater.
• High energy demand periods can outpace the supply of energy, potentially creating the
need for rolling brownouts which would elevate the risk of illness to vulnerable residents.
• Highways and roads may be damaged by excessive heat causing asphalt roads to soften
and concrete roads to shift or buckle.
• Vehicle engines and cooling systems typically run harder during extreme heat events
resulting in increases in mechanical failures.
• Extreme heat events during times of drought can exacerbate the environmental impacts
associated with drought, decreasing water and air quality and further degrading wildlife
habitat.
• Extreme heat increases ground-level ozone (smog), increasing the risk of respiratory
illnesses.
• Negatively impacted water suppliers may face increased costs resulting from the transport
of water resources or development of supplemental water resources.
• Tourism and recreational activities at places may be negatively impacted during extreme
heat events, reducing seasonal revenue.
• Outdoor activities may see an increase in school injury or illness during extreme heat
events.
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SECTION 8: EXTREME HEAT
The economic and financial impacts of extreme heat on the community will depend on the duration
of the event, demand for energy, drought associated with extreme heat, and many other factors.
The level of preparedness and the amount of planning done by the community, local businesses,
and citizens will impact the overall economic and financial conditions before, during, and after an
extreme heat event.
CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
Climate change is expected to lead to an increase in average temperatures as well as an increase
in frequency, duration, and intensity of extreme heat events. With no reductions in emissions
worldwide, the state of Texas is projected to experience an additional 30 to 60 days per year
above 100°F than what is experienced now.5 In addition, it is projected that future changes to the
City of Round Rock will include increased temperatures, which according to the U.S. Climate
Explorer, the planning area may experience a 6°F increase in the average extreme heat
temperatures. Historically, extreme temperatures averaged 100°F in the City of Round Rock, but
between 2035 and 2064 the average will be 106°F, increasing the severity and frequency of
extreme heat events. The increase in temperature could be higher but will depend on overall
future emissions.
5 Nielsen-Gammon, John, Holman, Sara, Buley,Austin and Jorgensen, Savannah. Assessment of Historic and Future
Trends of Extreme Weather in Texas, 1900-2036, 2021 Update. Texas A&M University Office of the Texas State
Climatologist. October 7,2021. https-.//climatexas.tamu.edu/files/ClimateReport-1900to2O36-2021 Update
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 109
a
1
ROUND) •
SECTION 9
SECTION 9: FLOOD
HazardDescription .................................................................................................................111
Location..................................................................................................................................111
Extent.....................................................................................................................................116
HistoricalOccurrences............................................................................................................118
SignificantEvents................................................................................................................119
Probability of Future Events....................................................................................................120
Vulnerabilityand Impact..........................................................................................................120
Assessment of Impacts........................................................................................................124
Climate Change Considerations................................... ............................126
National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Participation..........................................................126
NFIP Compliance and Maintenance........................................................................................127
RepetitiveLoss .......................................................................................................................128
HAZARD DESCRIPTION
Floods generally result from excessive precipitation and may be a long-term event lasting for
several days. The severity of a flood event is determined by a combination of several major
factors, including stream and river basin topography and physiography; precipitation and weather
patterns; recent soil moisture conditions; and the degree of vegetative clearing and impervious
surfaces.
The primary types of general flooding are inland and coastal flooding. Due to the City of Round
Rock's inland location, only inland flooding is profiled in this section, Inland or riverine flooding is
a result of excessive precipitation levels and water runoff volumes within the watershed of a
stream or river. Inland or riverine flooding is overbank flooding of rivers and streams, typically
resulting from large-scale weather systems that generate prolonged rainfall over a wide
geographic area. Therefore, it is a naturally occurring and inevitable event. Some river floods
occur seasonally when winter or spring rainfalls fill river basins with too much water, too quickly.
Torrential rains from decaying hurricanes or tropical systems can also produce river flooding.
The City of Round Rock is subject to extreme rainfall events, often in short durations, leading to
dangerous flash flooding events. Floods are a natural and recurrent event and take place every
year, in all seasons.
LOCATION
The Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) prepared by FEMA provide an overview of flood risk but
can also be used to identify the areas of the City that are vulnerable to flooding. FIRMs are used
to regulate new development and to control the substantial improvement and repair of
substantially damaged buildings. Flood Insurance Studies (FIS) are often developed in
conjunction with FIRMs. The FIS typically contains a narrative of the flood history of a community
and discusses the engineering methods used to develop the FIRMs. The FIS also contains flood
profiles for studying flooding sources and can be used to determine Base Flood Elevations (BFEs)
for some areas.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 111
SECTION 9: FLOOD
The FIS for Williamson County, which includes the City of Round Rock, is dated December 20,
2019. This FIS is composed of several volumes and compiles all previous flood information
including data collected on numerous waterways. Identified flooding sources for the City of Round
Rock include Brushy Creek, Chandler Branch, Dam 14 Tributary, Dry Branch, Dry Fork, Dyer
Branch, Honey Bear Creek, Lake Creek, McNutt Creek, McNutt Fork, Onion Branch, Rattan
Creek, and the Round Rock Reservoir. The study indicates that the principal flood problems for
the City of Round Rock relate mostly to Brushy Creek, which has closed roads on numerous
occasions, These streams with larger drainage areas and rolling topography can result in rapid
runoff, short duration, and high peak discharge flooding. Small culverts and bridges under the
roads and railroads aggravate the flooding issue. The City of Round Rock is also included in the
Travis County FIS, which is dated January 22, 2020. Flooding sources identified for the City of
Round Rock in this study include Gilleland Creek, Gilleland Creek Tributary 3, and the Lower
Colorado/ Cummins Rivers Watershed.
The Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) data provided by FEMA for City of Round Rock
shows the following flood hazard areas:
• Zone A: Areas subject to inundation by the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event generally
determined using approximate methodologies. Because detailed hydraulic analyses have
not been performed, no Base Flood Elevations (BFEs) or flood depths are shown.
Mandatory flood insurance requirements and floodplain management standards apply.
• Zone AE: Areas subject to inundation by 1-percent-annual-chance shallow flooding. It is
the base floodplain where BFEs are provided. AE zones are now used on new format
FIRMs instead of Al-30 zones.
• Zone X: Moderate risk areas within the 0.2-percent-annual-chance floodplain, areas of 1-
percent-annual-chance flooding where average depths are less than 1 foot, areas of 1-
percent-annual-chance flooding where the contributing drainage area is less than 1 square
mile, and areas protected from the 1-percent-annual-chance flood by a levee. No BFEs or
base flood depths are shown within these zones,
Locations of flood zones in the City of Round Rock based on the Digital Flood Insurance Rate
Map (DFIRM) from FEMA are illustrated in Figure 9-1. Figures 9-2 through 9-4 provide a closer
view of flood hazard areas throughout the planning area in relation to identified critical facilities.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 112
SECTION 9: FLOOD
Figure 9-1. Estimated Flood Zones in the City of Round Rock
CITY OF ROUND ROCK Participating Jurisdiction
SPECIAL FLOOD HAZARD AREAS O City of Round Rock
FEMA Flood
a Annual-Chance Flood
Hard Are (A,AE,AH,
AO)
1%Annual-Chance Flood
Hazard Area(VE)
0.2%Annual-Chance
Flood Hazard Area(X)
41F Regulatory Floodway(VE)
Regulatory noodway,(AE)
Area with Reduced Risk
4 Due to Levee(X)
_ Future Conditions 1°>�,
\\ Annual Chance Flood
Hazard(X)
i` \ ❑ Critical Community Features
Transportatwn
- O Interstate
-- US Highway
Bach, lam, " A State Highway
RT
-�, Railroad
1 _
t
r �
- .ti'ells rarrh
lugervl
..
sw :w.wrn ,caw, i
M
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 113
SECTION 9: FLOOD
Figure 9-2. Estimated Flood Zones in the City of Round Rock -West with Critical
Facilities
CITY OF ROUND ROCK - WEST U'"ca'F'""""
SPECIAL FLOOD HAZARD AREAS ° ° Adt,
•� �, • Autism Behavior Center
• p Cammamcaoons
- r p Cammumty FaciLry
ung; p O V • Fare Swuon
O p O O H—"ser•, '
F'm1 °�(O • p Mu.rcipa
° • Po<e
• p lE2vdNmal:VulneiaWe PoWLatans
• Sanitatwrywaste
co
• xnool
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r, O T_11-HazMel
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• • 0 O •0
06
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04. 0 Q Ctv of Round Rack
•
FEMA r' Flood:•.,, • • O • • .. 1%An".Kharce Flood Hazard
Ame(A,AE,AM,AO)
1%Mesal-Chance Rand Ha—d
• Area(VE)
° O.Z%Mmol-Chance Rood Marard
Ai I, (x)
• • O/'� ♦-`.: �Regulatory RoodwaY(VE)
• w p 1 Regubrory Hoodw y(AE)
llla
Bhy CFEEk• v i11i lQ.y k. `^ Acea weh Reduced Risk Ouero
® pop `Future Cordib-1%kr W
• Chyme Fkwd H.zard(x)
cx`.n Riad 1~ O ®. �1 � O •� "''°^'` '"�
• O
o
00 0 00 1 t.
• O O•
O 41 -
IL,
\
ih'Y'
Miles 0
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 114
SECTION 9: FLOOD
Figure 9-3. Estimated Flood Zones in the City of Round Rock - Northeast with Critical
Facilities
CITY OF ROUND ROCK - NORTHEAST "'"'�
Ce
SPECIAL FLOOD HAZARD AREAS A Q• ANism Aw DB,Ikh.vror center
Q C—u—uons
Q Cur —tv FacJiry
• Fre Station
Q.
Q health Scores
f
Q M—pal
• police
Q t ! Q Residential:Vuberahle populanons
• .u / • SanW )wa=re
• � e-int?. � Ahad
/ O ser,age and water
oQ8 o ,,atx,,,�
o O • ,n,n1Y R.,ad I P—Idpatinq)urbdkMoo
t o • • Q �.1 0 CM of Rau Rack
♦ • FEMA Flood
'� • 1%Annuat-Chame flood Mawd
�0 Atea(A,AE,AM,AO)
1%AnnualU,ance Flood Hamid
'[r] Area(VE)
r,
O v Area Annual Chan e F oad Hazy d
Area(x)
Regubtory RoodsvaY(VE)
o 00' , O •Q • r�Regubtory RaadwaY(AE)
(1 F e - Mee Alh Reduced Risk Due ro
�" ♦ - - Levee(%)
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• • • • _ _ �, Chance Flood Hazatd(X)
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City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 115
SECTION 9: FLOOD
Figure 9-4. Estimated Flood Zones in the City of Round Rock -Southeast with Critical
Facilities
CITY-OF ROUND ROCK - SOUTHEAST Critical Facilities
Q Adult Day Care
SPECIAL FLOOD HAZARD-AREAS 79 - F` • Aut„m B&,Gerr r
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EXTENT
The severity of a flood event is determined by a combination of several major factors, including
stream and river basin topography and physiography; precipitation and weather patterns; recent
soil moisture conditions; and the degree of vegetative clearing and impervious surfaces. Typically,
floods are long-term events that may last for several days.
Determining the intensity and magnitude of a flood event is dependent upon the flood zone and
location of the flood hazard area in addition to the depths of flood waters. The extent of flood
damages can be expected to be more damaging in the areas that will convey a base flood. FEMA
categorizes areas on the terrain according to how the area will convey flood water, Flood zones
are the categories that are mapped on FIRMs. Table 9-1 provides a description of FEMA flood
zones and the flood impact in terms of severity or potential harm. Flood Zones A, AE, and X are
the hazard areas mapped in the planning area. Figures 9-1 though 9-4 should be read in
conjunction with the extent for flooding in Tables 9-1, and 9-2 to determine the intensity of a
potential flood event.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 116
SECTION 9: FLOOD
Table 9-1. Flood Zones
• - - •
Areas with a 1-percent-annual-chance of flooding and a 26
• percent chance of flooding over the life of a 30-year mortgage.
Because detailed analyses are not performed for such areas, no
depths or base flood elevations are shown within these zones.
• These are known as numbered A Zones (e.g., A7 or Al 4). This is
the base floodplain where the FIRM shows a Base Flood
Elevation (BFE) (old format).
• The base floodplain where BFEs are provided. AE Zones are now
used on the new format FIRMs instead of Al-A30 Zones.
River or stream flood hazard areas and areas with a 1-percent-
annual-chance or greater of shallow flooding each year, usually
• . • in the form of sheet flow, with an average depth ranging from 1 to
3 feet. These areas have a 26 percent chance of flooding over
the life of a 30-year mortgage. Average flood depths derived from
detailed analyses are shown within these zones.
Areas with a 1-percent-annual-chance of shallow flooding,
usually in the form of a pond, with an average depth ranging from
• 1 to 3 feet. These areas have a 26 percent chance of flooding
over the life of a 30-year mortgage. BFEs derived from detailed
analyses are shown at selected intervals within these zones.
Areas with a 1-percent-annual-chance of flooding that will be
• protected by a federal flood control system where construction
has reached specified legal requirements. No depths or BFEs are
shown within these zones.
Areas with a temporarily increased flood risk due to the building
or restoration of a flood control system (such as a levee or a dam).
Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements will apply, but
rates will not exceed the rates for unnumbered A zones if the
structure is built or restored in compliance with Zone AR
floodplain management regulations.
An area inundated by 500-year flooding; an area inundated by
• • 100-year flooding with average depths of less than 1 foot or with
• • drainage areas less than 1 square mile; or an area protected by
levees from 100-year flooding.
Zone A is interchangeably referred to as the 100-year flood, the 1-percent-annual-chance flood,
the Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA), or more commonly, the base flood. This is the area that
will convey the base flood and constitutes a threat to the planning area. The impact from a flood
event can be more damaging in areas that will convey a base flood.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 117
SECTION 9: FLOOD
Structures built in the SFHA are subject to damage by rising waters and floating debris. Moving
flood water exerts pressure on everything in its path and causes erosion of soil and solid objects.
If not elevated above Base Flood Elevation, utility systems, such as heating, ventilation, air
conditioning, fuel, electrical systems, sewage maintenance systems and water systems, may also
be damaged,
The intensity and magnitude of a flood event is also determined by the depth of flood water. Table
9-2 describes the stream gauge data provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS).
Peak flood data at the locations available in the planning area indicate a peak flood depth range
of 2 to 11 feet above average peak flows.
Table 9-2. Extent for the City of Round Rock'
JURISDICTION ••D EVENT
Lake Creek at O'Connor Drive in Round Rock,
Texas reached an overflow elevation of 770 feet
City of Round Rock in 2015. The average peak for Lake Creek is
768 at this site. This indicates a maximum flood
depth of 2 feet above the average peak flow at
this site.
Brushy Creek at IH35 in Round Rock, Texas
reached an overflow elevation of 9 feet in 2016.
City of Round Rock The average peak for Brushy Creek is 7 feet at
this site. This indicates a maximum flood depth
of 2 feet above the average peak flow at this
site.
Brushy Creek at Kenney Fort Blvd. at Round
Rock, Texas reached an overflow elevation of
City of Round Rock 24 feet in 2015. The average peak for Bushy
Creek is 13 feet at this site. This indicates a
maximum flood depth of 11 feet above the
average peak flow at this site.
The range of flood intensity that the city can experience is high, or Zone A. Based on historical
occurrences, the planning area could expect to experience anywhere from 1 to 6 inches of rain
within a 1-hour period, resulting in flash flooding.
The data described in Tables 9-1 and 9-2, together with Figure 9-1, and historical occurrences for
the area, provides an estimated potential magnitude and severity for the City of Round Rock.
HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES
Historical evidence indicates that areas within the planning area are susceptible to flooding,
especially in the form of flash flooding. It is important to note that only flood events that have been
Severity estimated by averaging floods at certain stage level over the history of flood events.Severity and peak events
are based on USGS data.
z Severity is provided where peak data was provided throughout the city.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 118
SECTION 9: FLOOD
reported have been factored into this risk assessment, therefore it is likely that additional flood
occurrences have gone unreported before and during the recording period. Table 9-3 identifies
historical flood events as well as any associated damages, injuries, or fatalities within the City of
Round Rock. Historical Data is provided by the Storm Prediction Center(NOAA), National Centers
for Environmental Information (NCEI) database for the City of Round Rock. There have been 9
recorded flood events in the City of Round Rock.
Table 9-3. Historical Flood Events, 1996-20233
JURISDICTIONDATE DEATHS INJURIES PROPERTY CROP
DAMAGE DAMAGE
City of Round Rock 7/4/2006 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 6/3/2007 0 0 $14,900 $0
City of Round Rock 9/12/2009 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 9/8/2010 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 7/15/2012 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 7/15/2012 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 7/15/2012 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 10/30/2013 0 0 $1,461,700 $0
City of Round Rock 6/23/2020 0 0 $0 $0
TOTALS .00
Based on the list of historical flood events for the City of Round Rock, one event has occurred
since the 2018 Plan.
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
Flash Flood on June 3, 2007
Thunderstorms moved over South Central Texas and produced general accumulations of 2 to 3
inches of rain over southern Williamson County, with up to 5 inches of rain reported in the City of
Round Rock area. Water was reported to be over Parmer Road near Kings Village and FM620
was also closed due to high water in the City of Round Rock. An estimated $14,900 (2024 dollars)
in property damages were reported for this event.
Flash Flood on October 30, 2013
Across the City of Round Rock and the northern sections of Williamson County, heavy rainfall
resulted in 10 inches of rain in some areas. At the peak of this flood event, there were 23 areas
closed due to high water. Several homes along Brushy Creek were evacuated. Houses were
damaged over the eastern portions along the Highway 79 corridor including Forest Creek, Hutto,
and the County Road 123 area. Voluntary evacuations were called for in the eastern part of the
3 Values are in 2024 dollars.
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SECTION 9: FLOOD
City of Round Rock and 88 homes were evacuated. Several swift water rescues were performed,
including 8 vehicle rescues. Overall, 19 homes were affected by flooding in Williamson County
with overall reported damages of $1,461,700 (2024 dollars) in uninsured losses to public
infrastructure.
PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS
Based on 9 recorded historical occurrences over a 28-year reporting period in the City of Round
Rock, flooding is considered "Likely," meaning an event is probable within the next three years.
VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT
A property's vulnerability to a flood depends on its location and proximity to the floodplain.
Structures that lie along banks of a waterway are the most vulnerable and are often repetitive loss
structures. The City of Round Rock encourages development outside of the floodplain, and the
impact for flood for the entire planning area would be considered "Limited", with injuries and
illnesses treatable with first aid, critical facilities and services shutdown for 24-hours or less, and
less than 10 percent of properties destroyed or with major damage,
Table 9-4 includes the comprehensive critical facilities identified in Appendix C that were
considered the most important to the planning area and are susceptible to a range of impacts
from a variety of natural hazards, including those facilities located in the regulatory floodplain. For
a comprehensive list of identified critical facilities, please see Appendix C.
Table 9-4. Critical Facilities in the Floodplain
CRITICAL CRITICAL
FACILITY FACILITIES AT POTENTIAL IMPACTS
TYPES RISK
+ Emergency operations and services may be significantly
impacted due to damaged facilities and/or loss of
communications.
Emergency vehicles can be damaged by rising flood
waters.
Flood-related rescues may be necessary at swift and
low water crossings or in flooded neighborhoods where
roads have become impassable, placing first
Emergency responders in harm's way.
Response • Evacuations may be required for entire neighborhoods
Departments because of rising floodwaters, further taxing limited
(EOC, Fire, N/A response capabilities and increasing sheltering needs
Police, EMS), for displaced residents.
Hospitals • Power outages could disrupt communications, delaying
emergency response times.
Critical staff may be injured or otherwise unable to
report for duty, limiting response capabilities.
Washed out roads and bridges can impede emergency
response vehicle access to areas.
Increased number of structure fires due to gas line
ruptures and downed power lines, further straining the
capacity and resources of emergency ersonnel.
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SECTION 9: FLOOD
POTENTIALCRITICAL CRITICAL
FACILITY FACILITIES AT IMPACTS
TYPES RISK
First responders are exposed to downed power lines,
contaminated and unusual debris, hazardous materials,
and generally unsafe conditions.
• Extended power outages and evacuations may lead to
possible looting, destruction of property, and theft,
further burdening law enforcement resources.
• Structures can be damaged by rising flood waters.
Power outages could disrupt critical care.
Backup power sources could be damaged, inundated or
Airport, otherwise inoperable.
Academic . Critical staff may be impacted and unable to report for
Institutions, duty, limiting response capabilities.
Community . Evacuations may be necessary due to extended power
Residential 1 Residential for outages, gas line ruptures, or inundation of facilities.
Facilities, Day Vulnerable • Additional emergency responders and critical aid
Care Facilities, Populations, 2 workers may not be able to reach the area for days.
Evacuation Schools, 26 • Power outages and infrastructure damage may prevent
Centers & larger airports from acting as temporary command
Shelters, Transportation centers for logistics, communications, and emergency
Governmental operations.
Facilities . Temporary break in operations may significantly inhibit
post event evacuations.
Damaged or destroyed highway infrastructure may
substantially increase the need for airport operations.
Commercial • Facilities or infrastructure may be damaged, destroyed
Suppliers (food, N/A or otherwise inaccessible.
Essential supplies like medicines, water, food, and
gas, etc.) equipment deliveries may be significantly delayed.
• Emergency operations and services may be significantly
impacted due to damaged facilities and/or loss of
communications.
Emergency service vehicles can be damaged by rising
flood waters.
Flood-related rescues may be necessary at swift and
Utility Services low water crossings or in flooded neighborhoods where
and City of Round
Infrastructure Rock: 5 Sewage roads have become impassable, placing emergency
service workers in harm's way.
(electric, water, and Water, 2 , Increased number of structure fires due to gas line
wastewater, Hazardous ruptures and downed power lines, further straining the
communications) Materials capacity and resources of emergency personnel.
• Service responders are exposed to downed power lines,
contaminated and unusual debris, hazardous materials,
and generally unsafe conditions.
• Extended power outages and evacuations may lead to
possible looting, destruction of property, and theft,
further burdening law enforcement resources.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 121
SECTION 9: FLOOD
Historic loss estimates due to flood are presented in Table 9-5 below. Considering 9 flood events
over a 28-year period, frequency is approximately one event every three years.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 122
SECTION 9: FLOOD
Table 9-5. Average Annualized Losses, 1996-2023
NUMBER OF - • - - • - AVERAGE
EVENTS LOSS ANNUALLOSS
ESTIMATES
9 $1,476,600 $52,700
While all citizens are at risk of the impacts of a flood, forced relocation and disaster recovery
disproportionately impacts low-income residents who lack the financial means to travel, afford a
long-term stay away from home, and to rebuild or repair their homes. In addition, due to factors
like limited mobility, communication difficulties, medical needs, reliance on support services,
transportation challenges, housing accessibility issues, and possible shortages in emergency
shelter accommodations, the elderly, children, and people with disabilities are also
disproportionately affected by flooding events. People who speak a language other than English
may face increased vulnerability due to language barriers that limit their access to important
information such as weather-related warnings and instructions regarding safety measures,
The population over 65 in the City of Round Rock planning area is estimated at 10 percent of the
total population and children under the age of 5 are estimated at 6 percent. Individuals with a
disability are estimated at 11 percent of the total population. An estimated 8 percent of the
planning area population live below the poverty level and 25 percent of the populations speaks a
language other than English.
Table 9-6. Populations at Greater Risk'
ELDERLY • BELOWNON-ENGLISH
POVERTY
(over SPEAKING
LEVEL
12,356 7,219 12,927 9,276 30,183
i
The Center for Disease Control (CDC) created a Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) which includes
a database and mapping application that identifies and quantifies communities experiencing
social vulnerability. The current CDC SVI uses 16 U.S. census variables from the 5-year American
Community Survey (ACS) to identify communities that may need support before, during, or after
disasters. All 16 variables fall under four broad categories including socioeconomic status
(population in poverty, unemployment, etc.), household characteristics (age, disability status,
etc.), racial and ethnic minority status, and housing type and transportation (mobile homes, no
vehicles, etc.). Populations experiencing social vulnerability may be adversely impacted by
natural hazards, disasters, and other community-level stressors, Figure 9-5 identifies areas of
social vulnerability using the CDC's SVI and where these areas overlap the City of Round Rock's
flood hazard areas.
U.S. Census Bureau Five-Year estimates
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SECTION 9: FLOOD
Figure 9-5. The City of Round Rock's Social Vulnerability and Flood Hazard Areas
CITY OF ROUND ROCK k ` Participating)urkdictlon
SOCIAL VULNERABILITY&FLOOD pRISK A p Cay or Rou,id Rock
p FEMA Flood
My
1%Annual-Chance Flood
f ( Hazard Area(A,AE,AH,
AO)
130
1%Annual-Chance Flood
Hazard Area(VE)
7 0.2%Annual-Chance
nd .} Flood Hazard Area(%)
Regulatory Floodway(VE)
/ Regulatory Fkadway(AE)
Area with Reduced Risk
Due to levee 00
Future Corrditxo 1%
r Annul Chance Fkxd
Hazard(%)
Major Ruda
Interstate
US Highway
State Highway
Br t6 hY'-r - Social Vulnerability Index
J C lu
- Overall Percentile Ranking(per
Ra per)
0.00-0.59
0.60-0.79
-0.80-1.00
EtS �A a
/V
Y � � a. •�
I
0 2 4 wraoor.v. 1110. rr
Miles
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
Flooding is the deadliest natural disaster that occurs in the U.S. each year, and it poses a constant
and significant threat to the health and safety of the people in the City of Round Rock. Impacts to
the planning area can include:
• Flood-related rescues may be necessary at swift water and low water crossings or in
flooded neighborhoods where roads have become impassable, placing first responders in
harm's way,
• Evacuations may be required for entire neighborhoods because of rising floodwaters,
further taxing limited response capabilities and increasing sheltering needs for displaced
residents.
• Health risks and threats to residents are elevated after the flood waters have receded due
to contaminated flood waters (untreated sewage and hazardous chemicals) and mold
growth typical in flooded buildings and homes.
• Significant flood events often result in widespread power outages, increasing the risk to
more vulnerable portions of the population who rely on power for health and/or life safety.
• Extended power outages can result in an increase in structure fires and/or carbon
monoxide poisoning, as individuals attempt to cook or heat their home with alternate,
unsafe cooking or heating devices, such as grills.
• Floods can destroy or make residential structures uninhabitable, requiring shelter or
relocation of residents in the aftermath of the event.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 124
SECTION 9: FLOOD
• First responders are exposed to downed power lines, contaminated and potentially
unstable debris, hazardous materials, and generally unsafe conditions, elevating the risk
of injury to first responders and potentially diminishing emergency response capabilities.
• Emergency operations and services may be significantly impacted due to damaged
facilities.
• Significant flooding can result in the inability of emergency response vehicles to access
areas of the community.
• Critical staff may suffer personal losses or otherwise be impacted by a flood event and be
unable to report for duty, limiting response capabilities.
• City departments may be flooded, delaying response and recovery efforts for the entire
community.
• Private sector entities that the planning area and its residents rely on, such as utility
providers, financial institutions, and medical care providers, may not be fully operational
and may require assistance from neighboring communities until full services can be
restored.
• Damage to infrastructure may slow economic recovery since repairs may be extensive
and lengthy.
• Some businesses not directly damaged by the flood may be negatively impacted while
utilities are being restored or water recedes, further slowing economic recovery.
• When the community is affected by significant property damage it is anticipated that
funding would be required for infrastructure repair and restoration, temporary services and
facilities, overtime pay for responders, as well as normal day-to-day operating expenses.
• Displaced residents may not be able to immediately return to work, further slowing
economic recovery.
• Residential structures substantially damaged by a flood may not be rebuilt for years and
uninsured or underinsured residential structures may never be rebuilt, reducing the tax
base for the community.
• Large floods may result in a dramatic population fluctuation, as people are unable to return
to their homes or jobs and must seek shelter and/or work outside of the affected area.
• Businesses that are uninsured or underinsured may have difficulty reopening, which
results in a net loss of jobs for the community and a potential increase in the
unemployment rate.
• Recreation activities may be unavailable, and tourism can be unappealing for years
following a large flood event, devastating directly related local businesses and negatively
impacting economic recovery.
• Flooding may cause significant disruptions of clean water and sewer services, elevating
health risks and delaying recovery efforts.
• The psychosocial effects on flood victims and their families can traumatize them for long
periods of time, creating long term increases in medical treatment and services.
• Extensive or repetitive flooding can lead to decreases in property value for the affected
community.
• Flood poses a potential catastrophic risk to annual and perennial crop production and
overall crop quality, leading to higher food costs.
• Flood related declines in production may lead to an increase in unemployment.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 125
SECTION 9: FLOOD
Large floods may result in loss of livestock, potential increased livestock mortality due to
stress and water borne disease, and increased cost for feed.
The overall extent of damage caused by floods is dependent on the extent, depth, and duration
of flooding, in addition to the velocities of flows in the flooded areas. The level of preparedness
and pre-event planning done by the community, local businesses, and citizens will contribute to
the overall economic and financial conditions in the aftermath of a flood event.
CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
River flooding in Texas is projected to have no substantial change through 2036. This is in large
part due to the construction of dams and reservoirs for flood management in the 20th century.
There is a mixture of historical trends categorized by season, with no one clear trend to project.
In addition, meteorological drivers of river flooding (increased rainfall intensity, decreased soil
moisture) are projected to have competing influences. On balance, if an increasing trend is
present in river flooding, it will be at the most extreme flood events or in the wettest parts of the
state where there is so much rainfall that a decrease in soil moisture would have little mitigating
impact.'
According to the U.S. Climate Explorer, which analyzes the top regional hazards for the City of
Round Rock, according to the National Climate Assessment and compares projections for the
middle third of this century (2035-2064) with average conditions observed from 1961-1990, the
planning area may see a slight increase in precipitation events. Annual counts of intense
rainstorms, those that drop two or more inches in one day, are projected to increase up to 6%.
However, these changing conditions are dependent on overall future emissions.
NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM (NFIP)
PARTICIPATION
Flood insurance offered through the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is the best way for
home and business owners to protect themselves financially against the flood hazard. The City
of Round Rock is participating in the NFIP and is in good standing.
As an additional indicator of floodplain management responsibility, communities may choose to
participate in FEMA's Community Rating System (CRS). This is an incentive-based program that
allows communities to undertake flood mitigation activities that go beyond NFIP requirements.
Currently, the City of Round Rock does not participate in the CRS.
The City of Round Rock currently has in place a standard flood damage prevention ordinance
that includes minimum NFIP standards for new construction and substantial Improvements of
structures, The City of Round Rock is considering adopting higher regulatory NFIP standards to
limit or further regulate floodplain development.
The flood hazard areas throughout the City of Round Rock are subject to periodic inundation,
which may adversely affect public safety, resulting in loss of life and property, health and safety
hazards, disruption of commerce and governmental services, and extraordinary public
5 Assessment of Historic and Future Trends of Extreme Weather in Texas, 1900-2036, Texas A&M University Office of
the Texas State Climatologist, 2021 update.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 126
SECTION 9: FLOOD
expenditures for flood protection and relief. Flood losses are created by the cumulative effect of
obstructions in floodplains which cause an increase in flood heights and velocities, and by the
occupancy of flood hazard areas by uses vulnerable to floods and hazardous to other lands
because they are inadequately elevated, flood-proofed, or otherwise protected from flood
damage. Mitigation actions are included to address flood maintenance issues as well, including
routinely clearing debris from roadside ditches and bridges, and expanding drainage culverts and
storm water structures to convey flood water more adequately.
It is the purpose of the City of Round Rock to continue to promote public health, safety, and
general welfare by minimizing public and private losses due to flood conditions in specific areas.
The city is guided by their local Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance. The City of Round Rock
will continue to comply with NFIP requirements through their local permitting, inspection, and
record-keeping requirements for new and substantially developed construction, Further, the NFIP
program promotes sound development in floodplain areas and includes provisions designed to:
• Protect human life and health;
• Minimize expenditure of public money for costly flood control projects;
• Minimize the need for rescue and relief efforts associated with flooding and generally
undertaken at the expense of the general public;
• Minimize prolonged business interruptions;
• Minimize damage to public facilities and utilities such as water and gas mains, electric,
telephone and sewer lines, streets, and bridges located in floodplains;
• Help maintain a stable tax base by providing for the sound use and development of flood-
prone areas in such a manner as to minimize future flood blight areas; and
• Ensure that potential buyers are notified that property is in a flood area.
In order to accomplish these tasks, the City of Round Rock seeks to observe the following
guidelines to achieve flood mitigation:
• Restrict or prohibit uses that are dangerous to health, safety, or property in times of flood,
such as filling or dumping, that may cause excessive increases in flood heights or
velocities;
• Require that uses vulnerable to floods, including facilities, which serve such uses, be
protected against flood damage at the time of initial construction, as a method of reducing
flood losses;
• Control the alteration of natural floodplains, stream channels, and natural protective
barriers, which are involved in the accommodation of floodwaters;
• Control filling, grading, dredging, and other development, which may increase flood
damage; and
• Prevent or regulate the construction of flood barriers which will unnaturally divert
floodwaters or which may increase flood hazards to other lands.
NFIP COMPLIANCE AND MAINTENANCE
The City of Round Rock has developed mitigation actions that relate to either NFIP maintenance
or compliance. Compliance and maintenance actions can be found in Section 24.
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SECTION 9: FLOOD
Flooding was identified as a high-risk hazard during hazard ranking activities at the Risk
Assessment Workshop by the majority of the planning team. As such, many of the mitigation
actions were developed with flood mitigation in mind. A majority of these flood actions address
compliance with the NFIP and implementing flood awareness programs. The city recognizes the
need and is working towards adopting higher NFIP regulatory standards to further minimize flood
risk in their community. In addition, the city is focusing on public flood awareness activities.
The City of Round Rock has a designated floodplain administrator. The floodplain administrator
will continue to maintain compliance with the NFIP, including continued floodplain administration,
zoning ordinances, and development regulation. The flood damage prevention ordinance outlines
the minimum requirements for development in Special Flood Hazard Areas.
The city has a permitting process in place and the local floodplain administrator is responsible for
coordinating inspections of damaged homes located in the floodplain. Following a flood event,
local officials inspect damaged homes to make a substantial damage determination. Substantially
damaged homes must be brought into compliance. Similarly, proposed improvements to homes
located in the floodplain are reviewed by local building officials to determine if a substantial
improvement is proposed. Substantially improved properties must also be brought into
compliance per NFIP requirements, The floodplain administrator oversees permitted repairs and
improvements to ensure compliance during the rebuilding or improvement process.
REPETITIVE LOSS
The Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) Grant Program under FEMA provides federal funding to
assist states and communities in implementing mitigation measures to reduce or eliminate the
long-term risk of flood damage to buildings that are insured under the National Flood Insurance
Program. The Texas Water Development Board (TWDB) administers the FMA grant program for
the State of Texas. One of the goals of the FMA program is to reduce the burden of repetitive loss
and severe repetitive loss properties on the NFIP through mitigation activities that significantly
reduce or eliminate the threat of future flood damages.
Repetitive Loss (RL) properties are defined as structures that are:
• Any insurable building for which 2 or more claims of more than $1,000 each, paid by the
National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) within any 9-year period, since 1978;
• May or may not be currently insured under the NFIP.
Severe Repetitive Loss (SRL) properties are defined as structures that are:
• Covered under the NFIP and have at least 4 flood related damage claim payments
(building and contents) over $5,000.00 each, and the cumulative amount of such claims
payments exceed $20,000; or
• At least 2 separate claim payments (building payments only) have been made, with the
cumulative amount of the building portion of such claims exceeding the market value of
the building.
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SECTION 9: FLOOD
In either scenario, at least 2 of the referenced claims must have occurred within any 9-year period
and must be greater than 10 days apart.6 Table 9-7 shows repetitive loss and severe repetitive
loss properties for the City of Round Rock. According to the most current data from FEMA, the
City of Round Rock currently has 28 repetitive loss structures with a combined total of 92 flood
insurance claims. In addition, the city has 6 Severe Repetitive Loss structures with a combined
total of 28 flood insurance claims.
Table 9-7. Repetitive Loss and Severe Repetitive Loss Properties
Single Family 28 92 6 28
FEMA may provide grant funds to state and local governments to help NFIP-insured property
owners with mitigation projects. Property owners can contact their local floodplain manager or
state hazard mitigation officer for more information about the FMA Program and other mitigation
grant programs.
6 Source: Texas Water Development Board.
Some building types assumed to be single family residential.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 129
ROUND ROCK
SECTION 10
HAIL
SECTION 10: HAIL
HazardDescription ...................................................................................................................130
Location ....................................................................................................................................130
Extent........................................................................................................................................131
HistoricalOccurrences..............................................................................................................132
SignificantEvents..................................................................................................................133
Probability of Future Events......................................................................................................134
Vulnerabilityand Impact............................................................................................................134
Assessmentof Impacts .........................................................................................................136
Climate Change Considerations...............................................................................................137
HAZARD DESCRIPTION
Hailstorm events are a potentially damaging outgrowth of severe
thunderstorms. During the developmental stages of a hailstorm, ice
crystals form within a low-pressure front due to the rapid rising of warm
air into the upper atmosphere, and the subsequent cooling of the air
mass. Frozen droplets gradually accumulate into ice crystals until they
fall as precipitation that is round or irregularly shaped masses of ice
typically greater than 0.75 inches in diameter. The size of hailstones is
a direct result of the size and severity of the storm. High velocity updraft
winds are required to keep hail in suspension in thunderclouds. The
strength of the updraft is a by-product of heating on the Earth's surface.
Higher temperature gradients above Earth's surface result in increased
suspension time and hailstone size.
According to the National Insurance Crime Bureau (NICB), between 2018 and 2020 the State of
Texas had the greatest number of hail loss claims in the U.S. with 605,866 loss claims (23 percent
of total hail claims in the U.S.) due to hail events. In this two-year period Texas experienced a
total of 584 severe hail days. Five of the top ten cities for hail loss claims between 2017 and 2019
were in Texas, three of which were in the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area.'
In 2021, 6.8 million properties in the U.S. experienced one or more damaging hail events, resulting
in a total of $16.5 billion in insured losses. Texas had the highest number of properties affected
by hail with over 1.5 million properties or 17 percent of total properties in the state affected, an
increase of 80.000 properties affected between 2020 and 2021. Texas hailstorms accounted for
almost a quarter of total U.S. properties affected by hail in 2021.
LOCATION
Hailstorms are an extension of severe thunderstorms that could potentially cause severe damage.
Hailstorms are not confined to any specific geographic location and can vary greatly in size,
location, intensity, and duration. Therefore, the entire City of Round Rock planning area is equally
Manasek, Thomas. °2018-2020 United States Hail Loss Claims and Questionable Claims"(National Insurance Crime
Bureau.. March 15 2021). http://www.rmiia.org/downloads/PUBLIC%202018%20-%202020%2OHail%20foreCAST-
%20TJM pdf
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 130
SECTION 10: HAIL
at risk to the hazard of hail. Refer to Figure 10-1 for the location of past hail events in the planning
area.
EXTENT
The National Weather Service (NWS) classifies a storm as "severe" if there is hail three-quarters
of an inch in diameter (approximately the size of a penny) or greater, based on radar intensity or
as seen by observers. The intensity category of a hailstorm depends on hail size and the potential
damage it could cause, as depicted in the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
Intensity Scale in Table 10-1.
Table 10-1. Hail Intensity and Magnitude'
soII s • -�, , 111
Hard Hail Up to 0.33 Pea No damage
Potentially 0.33-0.60 Marble Slight damage to plants and
Damagingcrops
Potentially 0.60- 0.80 Dime Significant damage to plants
Damagingand crops
Severe 0.80- 1.20 Nickel Severe damage to plants
and crops
Severe 1.2- 1.6 Quarter Widespread glass and auto
damage
Widespread destruction of
Destructive 1.6 -2.0 Half Dollar glass, roofs, and risk of
injuries
Destructive 2.0 -2.4 Ping Pong Ball Aircraft bodywork dented
and brick walls pitted
Very Destructive 2.4 - 3.0 Golf Ball Severe roof damage and risk
of serious injuries
Very Destructive 3.0-3.5 Hen Egg Severe damage to all
structures
Super 3.5 -4.0 Tennis Ball Extensive structural damage,
Hailstormscould cause fatal injuries
Super 4.0 + Baseball Extensive structural damage,
�
Hailstorms could cause fatal injuries
The intensity scale in Table 10-1 ranges from HO to H10, with increments of intensity or damage
potential in relation to hail size (distribution and maximum), texture, fall speed, speed of storm
translation, and strength of the accompanying wind. Based on the best available data regarding
the previous occurrences for the area, the City of Round Rock planning area may experience
z NCEI Intensity Scale, based on the TORRO Hailstorm Intensity Scale.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 131
SECTION 10: HAIL
hailstorms ranging from an HO (pea size) to an H10 (baseball size). The largest size hail to be
reported was 4 inches in diameter, or a H10, which is considered a super hailstorm that can cause
extensive infrastructure damage and potentially fatal injuries. Events of this magnitude occurred
on May 14, 20083, and September 24. 2023. Refer to the Historical Occurrences section below
for more details on these events. This is likely the greatest extent the planning area can anticipate
in the future, based on historical events.
HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES
Historical evidence shown in Figure 10-1 demonstrates that the planning area is vulnerable to hail
events overall. Historical events with reported damages, injuries, or fatalities are shown in Table
10-2. A total of 65 reported historical hail events impacted the City of Round Rock planning area
between 1980 and 2023; these events were reported to NCEI and NOAA databases and may not
represent all hail events to have occurred during the past 44 years. Only those events for the City
of Round Rock planning area with latitude and longitude available were plotted (Figure 10-1).
Figure 10-1. Spatial Historical Hail Events, 1980-2023
CITY OF ROUND ROCK Participating Jurisdiction
HAIL EVENTS O city of Round Rock
Hail Events 1960-2023
�}7 0 0.75-0.88 inches
0.89.1.25 inches
O 1.26-2.00 inches
iro+•s�i • 2.01-3.00 inches
;ou c wr
. 3.01-4.50 inches
Critical Community Features
O P— Interstate a Interstate
a 79 US Highway
C' • _. – State Highway
• O .f7 0 — Railroad
rJ Q
D f� O
0 Q •
O
O •
o
.. C/,Ai "t•ay
:•,•elk a�.:n
Ptlugerville
5
hides
3 Reported damages, injuries and fatalities were not available within the NCEI and NOAA databases for
this event.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 132
SECTION 10: HAIL
Table 10-2. Damaging Historical Hail Events, 1980-2023"
JURISDICTIONDATE MAGNITUDE DEATHS INJURIES PROPERTY CROP
(inches) DAMAGE DAMAGE
City of Round Rock 10/17/1996 1.5 0 0 $29,500 $0
City of Round Rock 5/20/2001 3.5 0 0 $349,300 $0
City of Round Rock 9/24/2023 4 0 0 $302,472,800 $0
TOTALS .00
Based on the list of historical hail events for the City of Round Rock planning area, 28 of the
events have occurred since the 2018 Plan according to reports in the NCEI database. The most
recent event matched the historical extent (4 inches in diameter) on September 24, 2023. This
was also the most significant event in relation to damages, resulting in over $302 million in
damages (2024 dollars).
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
October 17, 1996
In the late afternoon, amateur radio spotters reported hail up to golf ball-size near 1-35. No injuries
were reported due to this hail event, but $29,500 (2024 dollars) worth of property damage was
reported. The specific nature of the property damages incurred were not reported.
May 20, 2001
A thunderstorm complex which began over Llano and Burnet counties, damaging trees and
homes in those areas, moved east over the City of Round Rock and surrounding communities.
Very large hail, reported at 3.5 inches in diameter, or tennis ball size, damaged the roofs of homes
and broke the windows of homes and vehicles. The storm, which also included strong
thunderstorm winds, left some 20,000 residents of the Austin metroplex without power for several
hours. In the City of Round Rock, property damage was estimated at $349,300 (2024 dollars).
May 14, 2008
A thunderstorm formed quickly across Val Verde County, after which the line of convection moved
to the northeast, bringing severe weather to much of the hill country, including the City of Round
Rock. Several long track supercelis moved across the area, and hail as big as 4 inches, or
baseball size, was reported. No injuries or damages were reported for the City of Round Rock
due to this event, but this occurrence created some of the largest hail the planning area has
experienced.
September 24, 2023
Thunderstorms developed along a cold front as a major storm system moved south through South
Central Texas. One supercell formed over the City of Georgetown, the City of Austin, and the City
of Round Rock. In the City of Round Rock, hail as big as four inches in diameter, or baseball size,
was reported. Damages to property in the planning area included an estimated $70 million in
damages to 62 facilities belonging to Round Rock ISD. In the NCEI database, 19 separate event
reports were made for hail during this storm system across the City of Round Rock planning area.
Only recorded events with damages are listed. No reports of injuries or fatalities were recorded in the NCEI database.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 133
SECTION 10: HAIL
No injuries were reported, but a total of$302,472,800 (2024 dollars) in hail damage was estimated
for the City of Round Rock. Damages in the cities of Georgetown. Round Rock, and Austin were
the most impactful from this storm system; estimates also indicate that $700 million in damages
occurred throughout the State of Texas during these storms.
PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS
Based on available records of historic events, 65 events in a 44-year reporting period for the City
of Round Rock provides an average annual occurrence of one to two events per year. This
frequency supports a "Highly Likely" probability of future events for the City of Round Rock
planning area.
VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT
Much of the damage inflicted by hail is to crops. Even relatively small hail can shred plants to
ribbons in a matter of minutes. Vehicles, roofs of buildings and homes, and landscaping are
typically where hail damages are most prevalent.
Utility systems on roofs of buildings and critical facilities would be vulnerable and could be
damaged. Hail could cause a significant threat to people, as they could be struck by hail and
falling trees and branches. Outdoor activities and events may elevate the risk to residents and
visitors when a hailstorm strikes with little warning. Portable buildings typically utilized by schools
and commercial sites such as construction areas would be more vulnerable to hail events than
the typical site-built structures.
The City of Round Rock planning area features mobile or manufactured home parks throughout
the planning area. These parks are often more vulnerable to hail events than typical site-built
structures. In addition, manufactured homes are located sporadically throughout the planning
area which would also be more vulnerable. The U.S. Census data indicates a total of 29 (less
than one percent of total housing stock) manufactured homes located in the City of Round Rock
planning area. In addition, 12 percent (approximately 5,539 structures) of the housing structures
in the City of Round Rock planning area were built before 1980. These structures would typically
be built to lower or less stringent construction standards than newer construction and may be
more susceptible to damage during significant wind events.
Table 10-3. Structures at Greater Risk
SFR STRUCTURES BUILT
MANUFACTURED •
BEFORE • : 1
5,539 29
While all citizens are at risk of the impacts of hail, forced relocation and disaster recovery
disproportionately impacts low-income residents who lack the financial means to travel, afford a
long-term stay away from home, and to rebuild or repair their homes. An estimated 8 percent of
the planning area population live below the poverty level (Table 10-4). While warning times for
this type of hazard event may provide time for individuals to seek shelter, the elderly, children,
and people with a disability may have trouble taking shelter due to mobility issues or a lack of
awareness, making them more susceptible to injury or harm. In addition, people who speak a
language other than English may face increased vulnerability due to language barriers that limit
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 134
SECTION 10: HAIL
their access to important information such as weather-related warnings and instructions regarding
safety measures.
Table 10-4. Populations at Greater Risks
YOUTHELDERLY ' BELOW NON-ENGLISH
(over • •er 5) DISABILITY POVERTY SPEAKING
LEVEL
12,356 7,219 12,927 9,276 30,183
The City of Round Rock Planning Team identified the following critical facilities (Table 10-5) as
assets that are considered the most important to the planning area and are susceptible to a range
of impacts caused by hail events. For a comprehensive list of critical facilities, please see
Appendix C.
Table 10-5. Critical Facilities Vulnerable to Hail
CRITICAL
FACILITY
E POTENTIAL IMPACTS
• • Emergency operations and services may be significantly impacted
due to damaged facilities and/or loss of communications.
Emergency • Emergency vehicles can be damaged by hailstones.
Response Services • Power outages could disrupt communications, delaying emergency
(EOC, Fire, Police, response times.
EMS), Hospitals . Accumulated hail on the streets may impede emergency response
and Medical vehicle access to areas.
Centers • Extended power outages and evacuations may lead to possible
looting, destruction of property, and theft, further burdening law
enforcement resources.
• Structures can be damaged by hailstones.
Airport, Academic ' Power outages could disrupt critical care.
Backup power sources could be damaged.
Institutions, Animal * Evacuations may be necessary due to extended power outages,
Shelter, Evacuation gas line ruptures, or structural damage to facilities.
Centers Shelters, 0 Power outages and infrastructure damage may prevent larger
Governmental
mental airports from acting as temporary command centers for logistics,
Facilities, communications, and emergency operations.
Residential/
Assisted Living • Temporary break in operations may significantly inhibit post event
Facilities evacuations.
• Damaged or destroyed highway infrastructure may substantially
increase the need for airport operations.
Commercial • Facilities or infrastructure may be damaged, destroyed or otherwise
Supplier (Food, inaccessible.
fuel, etc.) • Essential supplies like medicines, water, food, and equipment
deliveries may be significantly delayed.
Utility Services and 0 Emergency operations and services may be significantly impacted
Infrastructure due to damaged facilities and/or loss of communications.
electric, water,
5 US Census Bureau 2022 data for City of Round Rock
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SECTION 10: HAIL
CRITICAL POTENTIAL IMPACTS
FACILITY TYPE
wastewater, • Power outages could disrupt communications, delaying emergency
communications) response times.
• Accumulated hail on the streets may impede service response
vehicle access to areas.
• Extended power outages and evacuations may lead to possible
looting, destruction of property, and theft, further burdening law
enforcement resources.
Hail has been known to cause injury to humans and occasionally has been fatal. Overall, the total
loss estimate of property and crops in the planning area is $302,851,600 with an average
annualized loss of $6,883,000. Due to significant historic loss and darnages to property, the
impact of hail damages on the City of Round Rock planning area can be considered "Minor"
severity of impact, meaning injuries and illnesses do not result in permanent disability, critical
facilities and services shut down for up to one week, and more than 10 percent of property
destroyed or with major damage.
Table 10-6. Estimated Annualized Losses
TOTAL PROPERTY & CROP AVERAGE ANNUAL LOSS
LOSS ESTIMATES
$302,851,600 $6,883,000
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
Hail events have the potential to pose a significant risk to people and can create dangerous
situations Hail conditions can be frequently associated with a variety of impacts, including:
Hail may create hazardous road conditions during and immediately following an event,
potentially delaying critical staff from reporting for duty as well as delaying first responders
from providing for or preserving public health and safety and.
Individuals and first responders who are exposed to the storm may be struck by hail, falling
branches, or downed trees resulting in injuries or possible fatalities.
Large hail events will likely cause extensive roof damage to residential structures along
with siding damage and broken windows, creating a spike in insurance claims and a rise
in premiums, and potentially result in physical harm to occupants.
Automobile damage may be extensive depending on the size of the hail and length of the
storm.
Hail events can result in power outages over widespread areas increasing the risk to more
vulnerable portions of the population who rely on power for health and/or life safety.
Extended power outage can result in an increase in structure fires and/or carbon monoxide
poisoning, as individuals attempt to cook or heat their home with alternate, unsafe cooking
or heating devices, such as grills.
First responders are exposed to downed power lines, damaged structures, hazardous
spills, and debris that often accompany hail events, elevating the risk of injury to first
responders and potentially diminishing emergency response capabilities.
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SECTION 10: HAIL
Some businesses not directly damaged by the hail event may be negatively impacted
while roads are cleared and utilities are being restored, further slowing economic recovery.
Businesses that are more reliant on utility infrastructure than others may suffer greater
damage without a backup power source.
Depending on the severity and scale of damage caused by large hail events, damage to
power transmission and distribution infrastructure can require days or weeks to repair.
A significant hail event could significantly damage agricultural crops, resulting in extensive
economic losses for the community and surrounding area.
Hail events may injure or kill livestock and wildlife or destroy wildlife habitat.
A large hail event could impact the accessibility of recreational areas and parks due to
extended power outages or debris clogged access roads.
Historical sites and properties are placed at a higher risk of impact due to materials used
and the inability to change properties due to their historic status. There are five historical
site listed on the National Register of Historic Places for the City of Round Rock.
The economic and financial impacts of hail will depend entirely on the scale of the event, what is
damaged, and how quickly repairs to critical components of the economy can be implemented.
The level of preparedness and pre-event planning conducted by the community, local businesses,
and citizens will contribute to the overall economic and financial conditions in the aftermath of any
hail event.
CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
Although the impact of climate change on the frequency and severity of hail events is uncertain,
some climate studies attempt to give insight on the future conditions of hailstorms. As ocean
temperatures rise due to climate change, more moisture is evaporating into the atmosphere. The
warm and moist air masses that fuel severe weather may become more unstable on average,
which could favor the increased development of thunderstorms and hail. However, it is also
suggested that in a warming climate, the average melting level will rise in thunderstorms, meaning
small hailstones will have more of a chance to melt as they fall to the ground. Therefore, hail may
become less frequent, but large hail can be expected when it does occur, leading to the possibility
of increased damages.6
e Yale Climate Connections, Hailstorms and Climate Change. March 17, 2022.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 137
� ��� SET �y�/ � -i➢ 's+ L�,P
SECTION11
SECTION 11 : LAND SUBSIDENCE
HazardDescription ...................................................................................................................139
Location ....................................................................................................................................140
Extent.,......................................................................................................................................141
HistoricalOccurrences..............................................................................................................143
SignificantEvents..................................................................................................................143
Probability of Future Events......................................................................................................144
Vulnerabilityand Impact............................................................................................................144
Assessmentof Impacts .........................................................................................................146
Climate Change Considerations ...............................................................................................146
HAZARD DESCRIPTION
Land subsidence is often described as the gradual
or sudden sinking of the Earth's surface. Land
subsidence typically happens slowly and goes
unnoticed unless it reaches extreme levels, as seen
in rare catastrophic sinkhole events. According to
the United States Geological Survey (USGS),
subsidence is a global problem, and in the United
States more than 17,000 square miles in 45 States
have been directly affected by subsidence.
Most subsidence is caused by human behavior such as mining, oil and gas extraction, and
groundwater pumping from major and minor aquifer systems. The excessive removal of
groundwater from aquifers that possess soluble or compressible layers may undergo an increase
in erosion, compaction, and subsurface collapse. Even if the groundwater is returned to their
average levels. most of land subsidence consequences are irreversible.
Land surfaces above shallow aquifer systems or areas adjacent to particularly porous earth have
an increased risk of experiencing subsidence. Buildings and other infrastructure, such as roads,
building foundations, and highways, are extremely susceptible to damage in the event of a land
surface collapse.
More than 80 percent of land subsidence in the United States is a caused by groundwater use.
Subsidence is an often-overlooked environmental consequence of land and water-use practices.'
The City of Round Rock's water supply comes from both surface water and groundwater surfaces.
The Edwards Aquifer is the city's only groundwater source. Heavily populated cities in Texas can
drain aquifer systems in excess which greatly raises the likelihood of land subsidence events.
Increased development and population growth in the City of Round Rock increases the demand
for groundwater. and therefore, can increase land subsidence risk.
' United States Geological Survey(USGS). Land Subsidence. https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-
resources/science/land-subsidence
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 139
SECTION 11 : LAND SUBSIDENCE
LOCATION
Land subsidence can be widespread and impact entire states, or it can be small and localized.
The City of Round Rock is located on the Edwards Aquifer and is in a potential subsidence area,
meaning the entire planning area is at some level of risk (Figure 11-1). While land subsidence is
commonly caused by groundwater pumping, collapse features, like sinkholes, tend to be
associated with different rock types such as evaporites (salt, gypsum, and anhydrite) and
carbonates (limestone and dolomite). Evaporite rocks make up an estimated 40 percent of the
United States and are more susceptible to dissolution. The map below shows prominent areas of
the United States made up of these rock types. Land subsidence can occur anywhere, but these
areas, including the City of Round Rock, are at higher risk of larger underground cavities and
sinkholes (Figure 11-2).
Figure 11-1. Texas Aquifer Potential Subsidence Areas2
STATE OF TEXAS * City of Round Rock
AQUIFER POTENTIAL SUBSIDENCE AREAS Q Williamson County
Major Aquifers
O kl ihom a Ogallala
l(.� Seymour
(.) Pecos Valley
Edwards-Trinity
Hueco Belson
Edwards
Trinity
carr¢o
Gulf Coast
I
I
r:
•C.
Torreon
o
r.IUnl�ffz;
an r,
:Mr
0 250 No S..us:wn W Sy 9cd�Mw,
vleS I W(JIVJ),ItlKll MoslwMflo/tl,4...
2 The City of Round Rock planning area is marked by the red star.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 140
SECTION 11 : LAND SUBSIDENCE
Figure 11-2. Areas Prone to Collapse'
j
O
Evaporite rocks—salt and gypsum
Karst from evaporite rock
Karst from carbonate rock
(modified from Davies and Legrand, 1972
EXTENT
The extent of land subsidence in Texas varies by region and factors such as soil composition,
groundwater withdrawal, drought, erosion, oil or gas extraction, or mining can impact the extent
of subsidence. Areas may historically appear free of subsidence threats or occurrences but can
suddenly be vulnerable to dramatic events. In some rare cases, extreme land subsidence can
lead to sinkholes when the subsurface land cannot support the surface land any longer.A sinkhole
is described as a portion of the ground that possesses no natural external surface drainage,
typically draining water into the subsurface 4.The development of sinkholes can range from a slow
to dramatic collapse which may result in property damages or injury and loss of life. These events
can differ in size from a few feet to many acres with equal variety in depth.
Extent is typically measured by the number of feet of land loss or sunk, however detailed studies
specific to the City of Round Rock are limited at this time. The Texas Water Development Board
(TWDB)calculated subsidence risk at each of the wells evaluated within major and minor aquifers,
as shown in Figure 11-3, with risk levels ranging from low to high. According to this assessment,
the City of Round Rock is at a low to medium level of subsidence risk. This may indicate some
3 United States Geological Survey(USGS). Land Subsidence in the United States.
https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/pubs/fsOO165/
4 United States Geological Survey(USGS).Water Science School(2018). Sinkholes. https://www.usgs.gov/special-
topics/water-science-school/science/sinkholes
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 141
SECTION 11 : LAND SUBSIDENCE
level of concern for potential land sinking overtime. For context, high risk areas, like the Texas
coastal region, have experienced several feet of land sinking, causing infrastructure damage and
increased flood risks.
Figure 11-3. TWDB Major Aquifer Subsidence Risks
Major Aquifer
Subsidence Risk
High
Medium .,
Low t .
1
(
N
A
0 60 120
0
Miles
5 Texas Water Development Board(TWDB). Final Report: Identification of the Vulnerability of the Major and Minor
Aquifers of Texas to Subsidence with Regard to Groundwater Pumping. March 21, 2017.
https://www.twdb.texas.gov/groundwater/models/research/subsidence/Final_Subsidence_VulnerabiIity_Report_f inal.p
df.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 142
SECTION 11 : LAND SUBSIDENCE
HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES
Sinkholes are more likely to occur in areas with earth that can naturally dissolve with groundwater.
Incidents occurring in Central Texas are a result of the predominance of subsurface limestone.
Areas of karst (areas of land made up of limestone) are particularly sensitive to subsurface
cavities and sinkhole development (Figure 11-2).
There are instances of subsidence known to have occurred in the City of Round Rock, however,
data on these occurrences is limited. There is no comprehensive database available to provide
information on the extent and magnitude of specific land subsidence events. Information about
known subsidence events primarily depends on local knowledge and local news sources. The
following section provides a description of one known significant event,though it's likely that many
instances remain unreported.
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
February 8, 2018
A sinkhole opened on February 8, 2018, in the City of Round Rock and exposed a 22-foot-deep
cave. The sinkhole appeared in the Brushy Creek area of the city, in a residential neighborhood.
An estimated ten homes in the area had their water services disrupted due to this event and
several natural gas lines were exposed. There are numerous known caves in the Brushy Creek
area, but this one was not discovered until the sinkhole.
Figure 11-4. Sink Hole in Round Rock, Texas'
-
k�
9
6 Texas Hill Country News. Cave Opens Up and Swallows the Road in Round Rock Neighborhood. April 12, 2018.
https://texashillcountry.com/cave-opens-up-swallows-road-in-round-rock-neighborhood/
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 I Page 143
SECTION 11 : LAND SUBSIDENCE
PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS
With limited reporting of subsidence, it can be difficult to calculate the probability of future events.
However, land subsidence may continue to develop from below-ground withdrawals or from
natural or man-made forces. Additionally, increasing population trends in the planning area will
lead to increasing groundwater withdrawals from surface aquifers, and this can lead to more
incidences of land subsidence / sinkholes. Major occurrences of future land subsidence events
are considered "Unlikely" with an event probable in the next 10 years.
VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT
Vulnerability is difficult to evaluate since land subsidence events can occur at any time, in random
locations, and soil conditions can be very difficult and costly to monitor. Due to the randomness
of these events, all existing and future structures, and facilities within the City of Round Rock
planning area, could potentially be impacted and remain vulnerable to possible damage and
property loss. The amount of monetary damage associated with previous events is unknown, but
costs related to property damage can be expected in the future.
Damage is likely to occur to underground utility systems including water, sewage, and electrical
which can lead to water and power outages, disrupting critical services. Land subsidence can
also cause significant damage to roads, buildings, houses, and any other standing structure.
Historically in the City of Round Rock planning area, damage has occurred to water and gas lines,
as well as transportation infrastructure. While all structures in the planning may be susceptible,
those structures built above major aquifers or otherwise closest to groundwater removal sites may
be at highest risk.
Land subsidence typically poses limited risk to people. While all citizens are vulnerable to the
impacts of subsidence, forced relocation and disaster recovery drastically impacts low-income
residents who lack the financial means to travel, afford a long-term stay away from home, and to
rebuild or repair their homes. An estimated 8 percent of the planning area population live below
the poverty level (Table 11-2). The elderly. children, and people with a disability may have trouble
evacuating if needed, making them more susceptible to injury or harm. In addition, people who
speak a language other than English may face increased vulnerability due to language barriers
that limit their access to important information regarding safety measures.
Table 11-2. Populations at Greater Risk?
YOUTHELDERLY BELOW •
(over • •er5) DISABILITY POVERTY SPEAKING
LEVEL
12,356 7,219 12,927 L 9,276 30,183 J
The City of Round Rock Planning Team identified the following critical facilities (Table 11-3) as
assets that are considered the most important to the planning area and are potentially susceptible
to land subsidence. The critical infrastructure with the greatest vulnerability are utility services,
US Census Bureau 2022 data for City of Round Rock
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 144
SECTION 11 : LAND SUBSIDENCE
transportation structures, and municipal infrastructure. Failures of these facilities can result in loss
of service and cascading impacts. For a comprehensive list of critical facilities see Appendix C.
Table 11-3. Critical Facilities Vulnerable to Land Subsidence
POTENTIALCRITICAL
FACILITY • • Emergency operations and services may be significantly impacted
due to damaged facilities.
Emergency • Damaged roads or transportation structures can impede
Response Services emergency response vehicle access to areas.
(EOC, Fire, Police, • Fire stations, police stations, and hospitals may suffer structural
EMS), Hospitals damage, affecting their ability to function effectively during
and Medical emergencies.
Centers . Subsidence related emergencies may require the deployment of
additional resources and personnel to impacted areas, and
personnel may be exposed to unsafe conditions.
Structures can be damaged by the shifting of the Earth.
• Power outages could disrupt critical care.
Airport, Academic . Critical staff may be injured or otherwise unable to report for duty,
Institutions, Animal limiting response capabilities.
Shelter, Evacuation • Evacuations may be necessary due to structural damage to
Centers & Shelters, facilities.
Governmental • Infrastructure damage may prevent larger airports from acting as
Facilities, temporary command centers for logistics, communications, and
Residential/ emergency operations.
Assisted Living • Temporary break in operations may significantly inhibit post event
Facilities evacuations.
• Damaged or destroyed highway infrastructure may substantially
increase the need for airport operations.
• Facilities, infrastructure, or critical equipment including
communications may be damaged, destroyed or otherwise
Commercial inoperable.
Supplier (Food, • Essential supplies like medicines, water, food, and equipment
fuel, etc.) deliveries may be delayed.
• Economic disruption due to infrastructure damage negatively
impact commercial services and distribution.
• Damage to underground utility systems including water, sewage,
Utility Services and and electrical can lead to a disruption of essential services.
Infrastructure • Emergency operations and services may be significantly impacted
(electric, water. due to damaged facilities.
• Damaged roads or transportation structures can impede
wastewater, emergency response vehicle access to areas.
communications) • Subsidence related emergencies may require the deployment of
additional resources and personnel to impacted areas, and
personnel may be exposed to unsafe conditions.
There are no reported damage estimates, injuries, or fatalities from land subsidence events in the
City of Round Rock. The impact on the planning area is considered "Limited", meaning injuries or
illnesses are treatable with first aid, critical facilities and services shut down for 24 hours or less,
and less than 10 percent of property destroyed or with major damage.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 145
SECTION 11 : LAND SUBSIDENCE
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
Land subsidence has the potential to pose a significant risk to people and can create dangerous
and difficult situations for public health and safety officials. Land subsidence can be associated
with a variety of impacts, including:
Response personnel. including utility workers, public works personnel, debris removal
staff, tow truck operators, and other first responders, are subject to injury or illness.
Response personnel would be required to travel in potentially hazardous conditions,
elevating the life safety risk due to accidents and potential contact with downed power
lines.
Power and water outages are possible throughout the planning area due to damaged
power lines, underground water pipes, and other damaged utility infrastructure.
Emergency response and service operations may be impacted by limitations on access
and mobility if roadways are closed, or obstructed.
Depending on the severity and scale of damage caused by ground movement, damage to
critical infrastructure can require weeks to repair.
z Older structures built to less stringent building codes may suffer greater damage as they
are typically more vulnerable to impacts of subsidence. 12 percent (approximately 5,539
structures) of homes in the planning area were built before 1980.
Buildings, homes, and other structures can collapse or sink, potentially trapping residents.
Significant subsidence can result in emergency response vehicles being unable to access
areas of the community.
Emergency operations and services may be significantly impacted due to damaged
facilities, loss of communications, and damaged emergency vehicles and equipment.
Private sector entities such as utility providers. financial institutions, and medical care
providers may not be fully operational and may require assistance from neighboring
communities until full services can be restored.
Some businesses not directly damaged by subsidence may be negatively impacted while
roads are restored, further slowing economic recovery.
Historical sites and properties are placed at a higher risk of impact due to materials used
and the inability to change properties due to their historic status. There are five historical
sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places for the City of Round Rock.
The economic and financial impacts of land subsidence on the area will depend entirely on the
scale of the event, what is damaged, and how quickly repairs to critical components of the
economy can be implemented. The level of preparedness and pre-event planning done by the
community, local businesses, and citizens will also contribute to the overall economic and
financial conditions in the aftermath of any land subsidence event.
CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
While data regarding the direct impact of climate change on land subsidence in non-coastal areas
is limited, certain climate change conditions can increase land subsidence risk. As climate change
causes higher temperatures, more severe drought, and changes in overall precipitation, the
demand for water increases. In communities reliant on groundwater, the increase in groundwater
pumping directly increases the risk of land subsidence.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 146
ROUND ROCK
DU
ti
SECTION 12
LIGHTNING
SECTION 1Z LIGHTNING
HazardDescription ...................................................................................................................148
Location ....................................................................................................................................148
Extent........................................................................................................................................148
HistoricalOccurrences..............................................................................................................149
SignificantEvents..................................................................................................................150
Probability of Future Events......................................................................................................151
Vulnerabilityand Impact............................................................................................................151
Assessmentof Impacts .........................................................................................................153
ClimateChange Considerations ...............................................................................................154
HAZARD DESCRIPTION
Lightning is a discharge of electrical energy resulting from the buildup of positive and negative
charges within a thunderstorm, creating a "bolt" when the buildup of charges becomes strong
enough. This flash of light usually occurs within the clouds or between the clouds and the ground.
A bolt of lightning can reach temperatures approaching 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Lightning
rapidly heats the sky as it flashes but the surrounding air cools following the bolt. This rapid
heating and cooling of the surrounding air causes the thunder which often accompanies lightning
strikes. While most often affiliated with severe thunderstorms, lightning often strikes outside of
heavy rain and might occur as far as 10 miles away from any rainfall.
According to the National Weather Service (NWS), the 10-year (2012-2021) average for fatalities
is 23 people with an average of 300 injuries in the United States each year by lightning. Lightning
can occur as cloud to ground flashes or as intra-cloud lightning flashes. Direct lightning strikes
can cause significant damage to buildings, critical facilities, infrastructure, and communication
equipment affecting emergency response. Lightning is also responsible for igniting wildfires that
can result in widespread damages to property before firefighters have the ability to contain and
suppress the resultant fire.
LOCATION
Lightning can strike in any geographic location and is considered a common occurrence in Texas.
The City of Round Rock planning area is in a region of the country that is moderately susceptible
to lightning strikes. Therefore, lightning could occur at any location within the entire planning area.
It is assumed that the entire City of Round Rock planning area is uniformly exposed to the threat
of lightning.
EXTENT
According to the 2023 Annual Lightning Report by Vaisala, the State of Texas ranks tenth in the
U.S. for lightning strike density with an average of 157.7 flashes per square mile.' Vaisala's U.S.
National Lightning Detection Network lightning flash density map shows an average of 181.3
lightning events per square mile per year for Williamson County, which includes the City of Round
Source: https://www.xweather.com/annual-lightning-report
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 148
SECTION 12: LIGHTNING
Rock planning area. This rate equates to approximately 6,900 flashes per year for the entire City
of Round Rock planning area, or five to six flashes per 15-minute interval during storm events.
FEMA's National Risk Index includes an analysis of the planning area's expected annual loss and
the community's risk factor which incorporates social vulnerability as well as community resilience
to determine the lightning risk for the area, compared to the rest of the United States. The City of
Round Rock planning area, located within Williamson County, is located in an area where the
extent is classified as relatively high (Figure 12-1).
Figure 12-1. City of Round Rock Lightning Risk, National Risk Index, July 20242
Legend 1
[ISD
Lightning Risk
Very High `
Relatively High _
Relatively
Moderate
Relatively Low
■ Very Lova 77
Round Rock
f No Rating sn',
(� Not Applicable
Insufficient Data
L
Expected Annual Loss ti
x Social Vulnerability
=Community Resilience
:. ..
=Risk Index
Basemaps
HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES
Since January 1996, there has been one recorded lightning event for the City of Round Rock
planning area, based upon NCEI records. It is highly likely multiple lightning occurrences have
gone unreported before and during the recording period. The NCEI is a national data source
organized under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and considered a reliable
resource for hazards. However, the flash density for the planning area along with input from local
team members indicates regular lightning occurrences across the planning area that simply have
not been reported. Table 12-1 lists damages associated with the one historical lightning event
that has been reported for the City of Round Rock planning area.
2 Source: Map I National Risk Index, https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/map
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 149
SECTION 12: LIGHTNING
Table 12-1. Historical Lightning Events, 1996-20233
JURISDICTIONDATE DEATHS INJURIES PROPERTY CROP
DAMAGE DAMAGE
City of Round Rock 4/17/2008 0 0 $43,400 $0
TOTALS 1 1 $43,400
Based on the list of historical lightning events for the City of Round Rock planning area, there
have been no reported events since the 2018 Plan.
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
April 17, 2008
Several intense to severe thunderstorms formed along a cold-front moving south through Central
Texas. Along with hail being reported in the City of Round Rock and across the surrounding
region, lightning struck a house within the planning area causing considerable damage. Reports
estimate that this lightning event caused $43,400 (2024 dollars) in property damage.
April 28, 2023
Severe storms during the night led to lightning striking a home in the City of Round Rock. This
lightning strike caused a housefire, with fire department personnel stating that flames could be
seen through the roof when they arrived. The fire was put out quickly upon the arrival of
firefighters, and no injuries were reported. This event was not captured in the NCEI database and
property damage estimates are not available, however media coverage of the event stated the
house sustained minimal damage. Figure 12-2 shows the damaged roof of the home after the fire
was put out.
Figure 12-2. Damaged Home Resulting from Lightning Strike, April 28, 20234
r ,
,
s Values are in 2024 dollars. Database was searched for events between 1996 and 2023.
4 CBS AUSTIN. PHOTO: Round Rock house lightning strike. April 28, 2023. https:Hcbsaustin.com/news/local/round-
rock-house-fire-sparked-by-I ig htn ing-strike-d uring-severe-weather-hai I-storm-friday-night
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 150
SECTION 12: LIGHTNING
September 24, 2023
On the evening of September 24, the City of Round Rock experienced a hailstorm that impacted
the planning area. The City's vehicle fleet had significant damages, and several departments had
to utilize alternative means to ensure normal operations would not be interrupted and services
can be provided to the community. There is no reported damage loss value, injuries or fatalities
as a result of this events.
April 28, 2024
During a series of Sunday morning storms over the City of Round Rock planning area, lightning
struck the roof of a home shortly before 9:00 AM. The lightning strike sparked a house fire, which
firefighters were able to get under control within 20 minutes. At the time of the lightning strike and
resulting housefire, no one was inside the home and no injuries are reported for this event.6 This
event was not captured in the NCEI database and property damage estimates are not available.
PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS
Based on historical records and input from the planning team the probability of occurrence for
future lightning events in the City of Round Rock planning area is considered "Highly Likely", or
an event probable in the next year. The planning team stated that lightning occurs regularly in the
area. According to the 2023 Annual Lightning Report by Vaisala, the City of Round Rock planning
area is located in an area of the country that experiences approximately 181.3 lightning flashes
per square mile per year(approximately 6,900 flashes per year). Given this estimated probability
of events, it can be expected that future lightning events will continue to threaten life and cause
minor property damage throughout the planning area. Impacts of climate change are not expected
to increase the average frequency of lightning events but may lead to an increase in the intensity
of events when they do occur.
VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT
Vulnerability is difficult to evaluate since lightning events can occur at different strength levels, in
random locations, and can create a broad range of damage depending on the strike location. Due
to the randomness of these events, all existing and future structures and facilities in the City of
Round Rock planning area could potentially be impacted and remain vulnerable to possible injury
and property loss from lightning strikes.
The direct and indirect losses associated with these events include injury and loss of life, damage
to structures and infrastructure, agricultural losses, utility failure (power outages), and stress on
community resources. The entire population of the City of Round Rock planning area is
considered exposed to the lightning hazard. The peak lightning season in the State of Texas is
from June to August; however, the most fatalities occur in July. Fatalities occur most often when
people are outdoors and/or participating in some form of recreation. The population located
outdoors during a lightning event is considered at risk and more vulnerable to a lightning strike
5 City of Round Rock. "City of Round Rock assessing impact of storm to City fleet, facilities." September 25, 2024,
https://www.roundrocktexas.gov/news/city-of-round-rock-assessing-i m pact-of-storm-to-city-fleet-facilities/
6 Fox 7 Austin. "Lightning strike sets house on fire in Round Rock."April 28, 2024,
https://www.fox7austin.com/news/round-rock-house-fire-sunrise-road-lightning
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 151
SECTION 12: LIGHTNING
compared to those inside a structure. Moving to a lower risk location will decrease a person's
vulnerability.
The entire general building stock and all infrastructure of the City of Round Rock planning area,
are considered exposed to the lightning hazard. Lightning can be responsible for damages to
buildings, cause electrical, forest and/or wildfires, and damage infrastructure such as power
transmission lines and communication towers.
While all citizens are at risk to the impacts of lightning, forced relocation and disaster recovery
drastically impacts low-income residents who lack the financial means to travel, afford a long-term
stay away from home, and to rebuild or repair their homes. An estimated 8 percent of the planning
area population live below the poverty level. In addition, people who speak a language other than
English may face increased vulnerability due to language barriers that limit their access to
important information such as weather-related warnings and instructions regarding safety
measures. Table 12-2 lists these vulnerable populations and several others for the City of Round
Rock.
Table 12-2. Populations at Greater Risk?
BELOW
YOUTHELDERLY u
POVERTY
(over •-
LEVEL PEAKING
12,356 7,219 12,927 9,276 30,183
The City of Round Rock Planning Team identified the following critical facilities (Table 12-3) as
assets that are considered the most important to the planning area and are susceptible to a range
of impacts caused by lightning events. For a comprehensive list of critical facilities, please see
Appendix C.
Table 12-3. Critical Facilities Vulnerable to Lightning Events
CRITICAL POTENTIAL IMPACTS
FACILITIES
Emergency operations and services may be significantly
impacted due to power outages, damaged facilities, fires and/or
loss of communications as a result of lightning strikes.
• Emergency vehicles, including critical equipment, can be
Emergency Response damaged by lightning strikes or by falling trees damaged by
Services (EOC, Fire, lightning.
Police, EMS), . Power outages could disrupt communications, delaying
Hospitals and Medical emergency response times.
Centers • Downed trees due to lightning strikes can impede emergency
response vehicle access to areas.
• Lightning strikes can be associated with structure fires and
wildfires, further straining the capacity and resources of
emergency ersonnel.
US Census Bureau,American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, 2022
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 152
SECTION 12: LIGHTNING
POTENTIALCRITICAL
FACILITIES . Extended power outages may lead to possible looting,
destruction of property, and theft, further burdening law
enforcement resources.
Airport, Academic
Institutions, Animal . Structures can be damaged by falling trees damaged by
Shelter, Evacuation lightning.
Centers & Shelters, • Power outages could disrupt critical care.
Governmental . Backup power sources could be damaged.
Facilities, Residential/ . Evacuations may be necessary due to extended power outages,
Assisted Living fires, or other associated damages to facilities.
Facilities
Facilities, infrastructure, or critical equipment including
communications may be damaged, destroyed or otherwise
inoperable.
Commercial Supplier . Essential supplies like medicines, water, food, and equipment
(food, fuel, etc.) deliveries may be delayed.
Economic disruption due to power outages and fires negatively
impact airport services as well as area businesses reliant on
airport operations.
Emergency operations and critical services may be significantly
impacted due to power outages, damaged facilities, fires and/or
loss of communications as a result of lightning strikes.
Emergency vehicles, including critical equipment, can be
damaged by lightning strikes or by falling trees damaged by
Utility Services and lightning.
Power outages could disrupt communications, delaying
Infrastructure (electric, emergency response times.
water, wastewater, , Downed trees due to lightning strikes can impede emergency
communications) response vehicle access to areas.
Lightning strikes can be associated with structure fires and
wildfires, further straining the capacity and resources of
emergency personnel.
Extended power outages may lead to possible looting,
destruction of property, and theft, further burdening law
enforcement resources.
There are no recorded fatalities or injuries within the City of Round Rock planning area due to
lightning events. There is one recorded lightning event in the planning area historically, per NCEI
data, which resulted in a total of $43,400 (2024 dollars) in property damage. This yields an
average annualized loss of$1,600 over the past 28 years. The limited recorded impacts on the
City of Round Rock planning area indicate a "Limited"severity of impact, meaning minimal quality
of life lost, critical facilities and services shut down for 24 hours or less, and less than 10 percent
of property destroyed.
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
Lightning events have the potential to pose a significant risk to people and can create dangerous
and difficult situations for public health and safety officials. Additional impacts to the planning area
can include:
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 153
SECTION 12: LIGHTNING
• The City of Round Rock planning area features developed parks and green spaces.
Lightning events could impact recreational activities, placing residents and visitors in
imminent danger, potentially requiring emergency services or park evacuation.
• Older structures built to less stringent building codes may suffer greater damage from a
lightning strike as they are typically built with less fire-resistant materials and often lack
any fire mitigation measures such as sprinkler systems.An estimated 12 percent of homes
in the City of Round Rock were built before 1980. Similarly, historic buildings may lack fire
mitigation materials or measures due to their historic status. Five historic places in the
planning area are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
• Vegetation in urban parks may be destroyed by lightning caused brush fires and result in
poor air quality impacting public health.
• Individuals exposed to the storm can be directly struck, posing significant health risks and
potential death.
• Lightning strikes can result in widespread power outages increasing the risk to more
vulnerable portions of the population who rely on power for health and/or life safety.
• Extended power outage often results in an increase in structure fires and carbon monoxide
poisoning as individuals attempt to cook or heat their homes with alternate, unsafe cooking
or heating devices, such as grills.
• Lightning strikes can be associated with structure fires and wildfires, creating additional
risk to residents and first responders.
• Emergency operations and services may be significantly impacted due to power outages
and/or loss of communications.
• City departments may be damaged, delaying response and recovery efforts for the entire
community.
• Economic disruption due to power outages and fires negatively impacts the programs and
services provided by the community due to short- and long-term loss in revenue.
• Some businesses not directly damaged by lightning events may be negatively impacted
while utilities are being restored, further slowing economic recovery.
• Businesses that are more reliant on utility infrastructure than others may suffer greater
damage without a backup power source.
The economic and financial impacts of lightning on the area will depend entirely on the scale of
the event, what is damaged, and how quickly repairs to critical components of the economy can
be implemented. The level of preparedness and pre-event planning done by the community, local
businesses, and citizens will also contribute to the overall economic and financial conditions in
the aftermath of any significant lightning event.
CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
As CO2 increases and the land surface warms, stronger updrafts are more likely to produce
lightning. In a climate with double the amount of CO2, we may see fewer lightning storms overall,
but 25 percent stronger storms, with a 5 percent increase in lightning. Lightning damage is also
likely to increase because of its role in igniting forest fires, where dry vegetation, also caused by
rising temperatures, creates more 'fuel' for fires, so even a small climate change may have huge
consequences. While the impact climate change will have on our weather still remains uncertain,
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 154
SECTION 12: LIGHTNING
researchers agree that implementing simple measures like lightning detection systems and
installing grounding systems in buildings could go a long way in avoiding deaths and injuries.$
Lightning events have the potential to pose a significant risk to people and property throughout
the planning area. While no increase in the number of hazard events is anticipated, the impact of
the hazard may see an increase in losses.As populations grow and urban development continues
to rise, the overall vulnerability and impact are expected to increase in the next five years.
8 Environmental Journal, Nathan Neal, January 11, 2021.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 155
ROUND ROCK
TEXAS
SECTION 13
THUNDERSTORM
WIND
SECTION 13: THUNDERSTORM WIND
HazardDescription ...................................................................................................................157
Location ....................................................................................................................................157
Extent........................................................................................................................................158
Historical Occurrences..............................................................................................................159
SignificantEvents..................................................................................................................161
Probability of Future Events......................................................................................................162
Vulnerabilityand Impact............................................................................................................162
Assessmentof Impacts .........................................................................................................165
Climate Change Considerations ...............................................................................................166
HAZARD DESCRIPTION
Thunderstorms create extreme wind events which includes straight line winds. Wind is the
horizontal motion of the air past a given point, beginning with differences in air pressures.
Pressure that is higher at one place than another sets up a force pushing from high toward low
pressure-, the greater the difference in pressures, the stronger the force. The distance between
the area of high pressure and the area of low pressure also determines how fast the moving air
accelerates.
Thunderstorms are created when heat and moisture
near the Earth's surface are transported to the upper
levels of the atmosphere. By-products of this process
are the clouds, precipitation, and wind that become the
thunderstorm.
According to the National Weather Service (NWS), a
thunderstorm occurs when thunder accompanies
rainfall. Radar observers use the intensity of radar
echoes to distinguish between rain showers and
thunderstorms.
Straight line winds are responsible for most thunderstorm wind damages. One type of straight-
line wind, the downburst, is a small area of rapidly descending air beneath a thunderstorm. A
downburst can cause damage equivalent to a strong tornado and make air travel extremely
hazardous.
LOCATION
Thunderstorm wind events can develop in any geographic location and are considered a common
occurrence in Texas. Therefore, a thunderstorm wind event could occur at any location within the
City of Round Rock planning area. These storms develop randomly and are not confined to any
geographic area within the planning area. It is assumed that the entire City of Round Rock
planning area is uniformly exposed to the threat of thunderstorm winds.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 157
SECTION 13: THUNDERSTORM WIND
EXTENT
The extent or magnitude of a thunderstorm wind event is measured by the Beaufort Wind Scale.
Table 13-1 describes the different intensities of wind in terms of speed and effects, from calm to
violent and destructive.
Table 13-1. Beaufort Wind Scale'
• • •I I Lei
• Less than 1 Less than 1 Calm Calm, smoke rises vertically
1-3 1-3 Light Air Smoke drift indicates wind
direction, still wind vanes
4-7 4-6 Light Breeze Wind felt on face, leaves rustle,
vanes begin to move
Leaves and small twigs
8-12 7-10 Gentle Breeze constantly moving, light flags
extended
13-18 11-16 Moderate Breeze Dust, leaves and loose paper
lifted, small tree branches move
19-24 17-21 Fresh Breeze Small trees in leaf begin to sway
25-31 22-27 Strong Breeze Larger tree branches moving,
•
whistling in wires
32-38 28-33 Near Gale Whole trees moving, resistance
felt walking against wind
Whole trees in motion,
39-46 34-40 Gale resistance felt walking against
wind
47-54 41-47 Strong Gale Slight structural damage occurs,
slate blows off roofs
Seldom experienced on land,
55-63 48-55 Storm trees broken or uprooted,
"considerable structural damage"
64-72 56-63 Violent Storm If experienced on land,wides read damage
72-83 64-71 Hurricane Violence and destruction
Figure 13-1 displays the wind zones as derived from NOAH.
' Source:World Meteorological Organization
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 158
SECTION 13: THUNDERSTORM WIND
Figure 13-1. Wind Zones in the United States2
WIND ZONES IN THE UNITED STATES*
•<` ..., �`,`.. awl ( � z.
w.. •wr.rw l�r.
n wn r•+
r....� WIND ZONES
•
ALASKA ZONE 1
(130 mph)
71 .'"� "' __'' ZONE N
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS 160
+... J ZONE NI
Speoai Wmd Aepbn _. (200 RVN
Nwr4Anr•$usOaptble Region = ZONE IV
1250 mpni
.. _ • + HAWAII+ �,i Wmd Spood mcawr ng cracn a
•
77
` arc oonsWcgt,Mh ASCE 7,90rat
-3 stcond Brat-33 Sm abcw grade
-E kposwe C
On average, the planning area experiences a thunderstorm wind event every one to two years.
The City of Round Rock planning area is located within Wind Zone III. This means the planning
area can experience winds up to 200 mph. The City of Round Rock planning area has
experienced a significant wind event, or an event with winds in the range of "Force 12" on the
Beaufort Wind Scale with winds above 72 mph. This is the worst to be anticipated for the entire
planning area based on historic events.
Based on a search of past events between 1994 through 2023,the greatest magnitude wind event
that the City of Round Rock planning area experienced was 65 knots, or 75 mph, during an event
occurring on May 23, 2017.
HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES
The National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) Storm Events database is a national
data source organized under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The NCEI is
the largest archive available for historic storm events data; however, it is important to note that
only incidents recorded in the NCEI have been factored into this risk assessment unless otherwise
2 The City of Round Rock planning area is indicated by the black circle.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 159
SECTION 13: THUNDERSTORM WIND
noted. It is likely that a high number of occurrences have gone unreported over the past 30 years.
Tables 13-2 and 13-3 depict historical occurrences of thunderstorm wind events for the City of
Round Rock planning area according to the NCEI database.
Since 1994, 18 thunderstorm wind events are known to have occurred in the City of Round Rock
planning area. Table 13-3 presents information on known historical events impacting the City of
Round Rock planning area, as well as any reported damages. The strongest event reported
occurred on May 23, 2017, with reported wind speeds of 65 knots, or 75 mph.
It is important to note that high wind events associated with other hazards, such as tornadoes,
are not accounted for in this section. Property damage estimates are not always available. Where
an estimate has been provided in a table for losses, the dollar amounts have been modified for
inflation to indicate the damage in 2024 dollars.
Table 13-2. Historical Thunderstorm Wind Speeds, 1994-2023
MAXIMUM WIND SPEED NUMBER OF . • .
RECORDED •
0-30 0
31-40 1
41-50 0
51-60 11
61-70 4
71-80 0
81-90 0
91-100+ 0
Unknown 2
Table 13-3. Historical Thunderstorm Wind Events, 1994-20233
JURISDICTIONDATE MAGNITUDE DEATHS INJURIES PROPERTY CROP
(knots)
City of Round Rock 5/29/1994 52 0 0 $10,600 $10,600
City of Round Rock 5/27/1997 52 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 4/11/2000 - 0 0 $27,200 $0
City of Round Rock 9/2/2000 - 0 0 $35,800 $0
City of Round Rock 5/20/2001 53 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 10/12/2001 58 0 0 $174,700 $0
3 Magnitude is listed when available. Damage values are in 2024 dollars.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 160
SECTION 13: THUNDERSTORM WIND
JURISDICTIONDATE MAGNITUDE DEATHS INJURIES PROPERTY CROP
DAMAGE DAMAGE
City of Round Rock 5/22/2007 60 0 0 $74,700 $0
City of Round Rock 8/27/2009 52 0 0 $14,400 $0
City of Round Rock 7/9/2012 52 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 7/9/2012 39 0 0 $300 $0
City of Round Rock 5/29/2015 61 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 4/27/2016 52 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 4/2/2017 61 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 5/23/2017 65 0 0 $1,300 $0
City of Round Rock 5/8/2019 52 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 3/21/2022 56 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 5/24/2022 56 0 0 $2,200 $0
City of Round Rock 9/24/2023 61 0 0 $2,100 $0
TOTALS •00
Based on the list of historical thunderstorm wind events for the City of Round Rock planning area,
four events have occurred since the 2018 Plan.
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
October 12, 2001
Thunderstorms late in the night led to strong winds over Williamson County including the City of
Round Rock planning area. In the City of Round Rock, damage was reported to multiple roofs of
homes due to the severe winds. In total, this property damage was estimated at $174,700 (2024
dollars).
May 22, 2007
A severe thunderstorm formed over the City of Round Rock planning area, leading to severe
thunderstorm winds which were reported at close to 70 mph. These winds damaged the roofs of
five homes in a small division just east of the City of Round Rock. The monetary damages caused
by these winds were estimated at $74,700 (2024 dollars).
May 24, 2022
An upper-level trough moving across the southern plains pushed a cold front into South Central
Texas, including the City of Round Rock planning area. Thunderstorms with severe winds gusts,
as well as large hail, formed along this cold front. The thunderstorm winds, which were reported
at roughly 65 mph in the City of Round Rock, downed a tree approximately eight inches in
diameter near the intersection of Emerald Hill Drive and Curtis Drive. Property damages from this
event were estimated at $2,200 (2024 dollars).
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SECTION 13: THUNDERSTORM WIND
September 24, 2023
Thunderstorms developed along a south-moving cold front entering South Central Texas. These
storms produced large hail and damaging wind gusts, particularly severe in the region from the
City of Georgetown to the City of Austin, including the City of Round Rock. The City of Round
Rock experienced winds estimated at 70 mph, which knocked down a large tree off Chisholm
Valley Drive. Property damages from these thunderstorm winds were estimated at $2,100 (2024
dollars).
PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS
Most thunderstorm winds occur during the spring and fall seasons and during the months of
March,April, May, and September. Based on available records of historic events,there have been
a total of 18 events in a 30-year reporting period, which provides an estimated annual frequency
of an event every one to two years. Even though the intensity of thunderstorm wind events is not
always damaging for the City of Round Rock planning area, the frequency of occurrence for a
thunderstorm wind event is "Highly Likely". This means that an event is probable within the next
year for the City of Round Rock planning area.
VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT
Vulnerability is difficult to evaluate since thunderstorm wind events can occur at different strength
levels, in random locations, and can create relatively narrow paths of destruction. Due to the
randomness of these events, all existing and future structures, and facilities within the City of
Round Rock planning area, could potentially be impacted and remain vulnerable to possible injury
and property loss from strong winds.
Trees, power lines and poles, signage, manufactured housing, radio towers, concrete block walls,
storage barns, windows, garbage recepticles, brick facades, and vehicles, unless reinforced, are
vulnerable to thunderstorm wind events. More severe damage involves windborne debris; in some
instances, patio furniture and other lawn items may be blown around. Often debris from damaged
structures have caused damage to other buildings not directly impacted by the event. In more
severe instances roofs may be torn off of buildings. The portable buildings typically used at
schools and construction sites would be more vulnerable to thunderstorm wind events than typical
site-built structures and could potentially pose a greater risk for wind-blown debris.
According to the American Community Survey (ACS) five-year estimates for 2022, a total of 29
manufactured homes are located in the City of Round Rock planning area (less than one percent
of total housing stock). In addition, 12 percent (approximately 5,539 structures) of the housing
units were built before 1980. These structures would typically be built to lower or less stringent
construction standards than newer construction and may be more susceptible to damage during
significant wind events.
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SECTION 13: THUNDERSTORM WIND
Table 13-4. Structures at Greater Risk
HOMESSFR STRUCTURES BUILT MANUFACTURED
BEFORE • : 1
5,539 29
While all citizens are vulnerable to the impacts of thunderstorm wind, forced relocation and
disaster recovery disproportionately impacts low-income residents who lack the financial means
to travel, afford a long-term stay away from home, and to rebuild or repair their homes. An
estimated 8 percent of the planning area population live below the poverty level (Table 13-5).
While warning times for these types of hazard events is typically long enough for these individuals
to seek shelter, the elderly, children, and people with a disability may have trouble taking shelter
due to mobility issues or a lack of awareness, making them more susceptible to injury or harm. In
addition, people who speak a language other than English may face increased vulnerability due
to language barriers that limit their access to important information such as weather-related
warnings and instructions regarding safety measures.
Table 13-5. Populations at Greater Risk'
YOUTHi ELDERLY ' BELOW NON-ENGLISH
(over • •er5) DISABILITY POVERTY SPEAKING
LEVEL
12,356 7,219 12,927 9,276 30,183
The City of Round Rock Planning Team identified the following critical facilities (Table 13-6) as
assets that are considered the most important to the planning area and are susceptible to a range
of impacts caused by thunderstorm wind events. The critical infrastructure with the greatest
vulnerability to thunderstorms are power and communications facilities. Failures of these facilities
can result in a loss of service and cascading impacts such as posing enormous risk to individuals
dependent on electricity as a medical necessity. For a comprehensive list of critical facilities,
please see Appendix C.
a US Census Bureau 2022 data for the City of Round Rock.
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SECTION 13: THUNDERSTORM WIND
Table 13-6. Critical Facilities Vulnerable to Thunderstorm Wind Event
CRITICAL
POTENTIAL IMPACTS
FACILITY • . Emergency operations and services may be significantly impacted
due to damaged facilities and/or loss of communications.
Emergency vehicles can be damaged by falling trees or flying
debris.
Power outages could disrupt communications, delaying emergency
Emergency response times.
Response Services . Critical staff may be injured or otherwise unable to report for duty,
(EOC, Fire, Police, limiting response capabilities.
EMS), Hospitals . Debris/downed trees can impede emergency response vehicle
and Medical access to areas.
Centers • Increased number of structure fires due to gas line ruptures and
downed power lines, further straining the capacity and resources of
emergency personnel.
First responders are exposed to downed power lines, unstable and
unusual debris, hazardous materials, and generally unsafe
conditions.
• Structures can be damaged by falling trees or flying debris.
Power outages could disrupt critical care.
Airport, Academic ' Backup power sources could be damaged.
• Critical staff may be injured or otherwise unable to report for duty,
Institutions, Animal limiting response capabilities.
Shelter, Evacuation * Evacuations may be necessary due to extended power outages,
Centers Shelters, gas line ruptures, or structural damage to facilities.
Governmental
mental , Power outages and infrastructure damage may prevent larger
Facilities, airports from acting as temporary command centers for logistics,
Residential/ communications, and emergency operations.
Assisted Living 0 Temporary break in operations may significantly inhibit post event
Facilities evacuations.
• Damaged or destroyed highway infrastructure may substantially
increase the need for airport operations.
Facilities, infrastructure, or critical equipment including
communications may be damaged, destroyed or otherwise
Commercial inoperable.
Supplier(food, fuel, ' Essential supplies like medicines, water, food, and equipment
etc.) deliveries may be delayed.
Economic disruption due to power outages and fires negatively
impact airport services as well as area businesses reliant on airport
operations.
• Emergency operations and services may be significantly impacted
Utility Services and due to damaged facilities and/or loss of communications.
Infrastructure • Emergency vehicles can be damaged by falling trees or flying
(electric, water, debris.
wastewater, . Power outages could disrupt communications, delaying emergency
communications) response times.
• Critical staff may be injured or otherwise unable to report for duty,
limiting response capabilities.
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SECTION 13: THUNDERSTORM WIND
POTENTIALCRITICAL
FACILITY
• • Debris/downed trees can impede emergency response vehicle
access to areas.
a Increased number of structure fires due to gas line ruptures and
downed power lines, further straining the capacity and resources of
emergency ersonnel.
A thunderstorm wind event can also result in traffic disruptions, injuries and in rare cases,
fatalities. The impact of thunderstorm winds experienced in the City of Round Rock planning area
have resulted in no injuries or fatalities. The limited recorded impacts on the City of Round Rock
planning area indicate a "Limited" severity of impact, meaning minimal quality of life lost, critical
facilities and services shut down for 24 hours or less, and less than 10 percent of property
destroyed. Overall, in the past 30 years there has been an estimated total of$353,900 damages
(2024 dollars) in the City of Round Rock planning area due to thunderstorm wind events. The
estimated average annual loss from thunderstorm wind events is $11,800 (2024 dollars).
Table 13-7. Estimated Annualized Losses
TOTAL PROPERTY & CROP AVERAGE ANNUAL LOSS
LOSS ESTIMATES
$353,900 $11,800
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
Thunderstorm wind events have the potential to pose a significant risk to people and can create
dangerous and difficult situations for public health and safety officials. Thunderstorm wind
conditions can be frequently associated with a variety of impacts, including:
• Individuals exposed to the storm can be struck by flying debris, falling limbs, or downed
trees causing serious injury or death.
• Structures can be damaged or crushed by falling trees, which can result in physical harm
to the occupants.
• Significant debris and downed trees can result in emergency response vehicles being
unable to access areas of the community.
• Downed power lines may result in roadways being unsafe for use, which may prevent first
responders from answering calls for assistance or rescue.
• Thunderstorm wind events often result in widespread power outages increasing the risk
to more vulnerable portions of the population who rely on power for health and/or life
safety.
• Extended power outage often results in an increase in structure fires and carbon monoxide
poisoning, as individuals attempt to cook or heat their homes with alternate, unsafe
cooking or heating devices, such as grills.
• Critical staff may be unable to report for duty, limiting response capabilities.
• Private sector entities that residents rely on, such as utility providers, financial institutions,
and medical care providers may not be fully operational and may require assistance from
neighboring communities until full services can be restored.
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SECTION 13: THUNDERSTORM WIND
• Economic disruption negatively impacts the programs and services provided by the
community due to short- and long-term loss in revenue.
• Some businesses not directly damaged by thunderstorm wind events may be negatively
impacted while roads are cleared and utilities are being restored,further slowing economic
recovery.
• Older structures, specifically those built before 1980 (12 percent of the planning area),
were built to less stringent building codes and may suffer greater damage as they are
typically more vulnerable to thunderstorm winds.
• Recreational areas such as community parks and green spaces may be damaged or
inaccessible due to downed trees or debris, causing temporary impacts to associated
businesses in the area.
• Historical sites and properties are placed at a higher risk of impact due to materials used
and the inability to change properties due to their historic status. Five historical places are
listed on the National Register of Historic Places for the City of Round Rock.
The economic and financial impacts of thunderstorm winds on the area will depend entirely on
the scale of the event, what is damaged, and how quickly repairs to critical components of the
economy can be implemented. The level of preparedness and pre-event planning done by the
community, local businesses, and citizens will also contribute to the overall economic and
financial conditions in the aftermath of any thunderstorm wind event.
CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
The impacts on the frequency and severity of severe thunderstorm wind events due to climate
change are unclear.According to the Texas A&M 2021 Climate Report Update, changes in severe
thunderstorm reports over time have been more closely linked to changes in population than
changes in the hazard event. At this time there is low confidence of an ongoing trend in the overall
frequency and severity of thunderstorm events, due to the lack of climate data records for severe
thunderstorms. Based on climate models that are available, the environmental conditions needed
for severe thunderstorms are estimated to become more likely, resulting in an overall increase in
the number of days capable of producing a severe thunderstorm event.5
5 Assessment of Historic and Future Trends of Extreme Weather in Texas, 1900-2036,Texas A&M University Office of
the Texas State Climatologist, 2021 Update.
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SECTION 14
SECTION 14: TORNADO
HazardDescription ...................................................................................................................168
Location ....................................................................................................................................168
Extent........................................................................................................................................169
Historical Occurrences..............................................................................................................171
SignificantEvents..................................................................................................................173
Probability of Future Events......................................................................................................174
Vulnerability and Impact............................................................................................................174
Assessmentof Impacts .........................................................................................................177
Climate Change Considerations...............................................................................................179
HAZARD DESCRIPTION
Tornadoes are among the most violent storms on the planet. A
tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air extending between, and in
contact with, a cloud and the surface of the earth. The most violent
tornadoes are capable of tremendous destruction and have wind
F speeds of 250 miles per hour (mph) or more. In extreme cases,
winds may approach 300 mph. Damage paths can be in excess of
one mile wide and 50 miles long.
The most powerful tornadoes are produced by "Supercell
Thunderstorms." These thunderstorms are created when horizontal
wind shears (winds moving in different directions at different
altitudes) begin to rotate the storm. This horizontal rotation can be
tilted vertically by violent updrafts, and the rotation radius can shrink,
forming a vertical column of very quickly swirling air. This rotating air
can eventually reach the ground, forming a tornado.
Table 14-1. Variations among Tornadoes
WEAK TORNADOES STRONG TORNADOES VIOLENT TORNADOES
• 69% of all tornadoes 1 . 29% of all tornadoes . 2% of all tornadoes
Less than 5% of tornado . Nearly 30% of all tornado . 701/0 of all tornado deaths
deaths deaths . Lifetime can exceed one
Lifetime 1-10+ minutes . May last 20 minutes or hour
Winds less than 110 mph longer . Winds greater than 205
Winds 110 — 205 mph mph
LOCATION
Tornadoes do not have any specific geographic boundary and can occur throughout the city
uniformly. It is assumed that the entire City of Round Rock planning area is uniformly exposed to
tornado activity. The entire City of Round Rock planning area is in Wind Zone III (Figure 14-1),
where tornado winds can be as high as 200 mph.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 168
SECTION 14: TORNADO
Figure 14-1. FEMA Wind Zones in the United States'
WIND ZONES IN THE UNITED STATES*
W
rte•
6`: •vw
1
—•=� rtr
l
S� 0—A inw Nv � w.n
r•rr.i"3 r..lwi•.� w «
1 •'- M.
tiA i q+1W +.
.«...Sy WIND ZONES
ALASKA '1� o� ( ZONE
(130 nv^
ZONE 11
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ZONE lu
SPWQI wind Region (200 mph)
"HwriearWSu9eW"e Region ZONE IV
1250 rnphi
•®♦ 8 HAWAII+ DoW Wild Spoed measurny cntcna
aro pOnwom wan ASCE 7 99
-3-s6cond gist
-33 toes above grade
-E■poswe C
EXTENT
The destruction caused by tornadoes ranges from light to inconceivable, depending on the
intensity, size, and duration of the storm. Typically, tornadoes cause the greatest damage to
structures of light construction, such as residential homes (particularly mobile homes).
Tornado magnitudes prior to 2007 were determined using the traditional version of the Fujita
Scale, which estimated tornado wind speeds based on the damage caused by an event. Since
February 2007, the Enhanced Fujita Scale has been utilized to classify tornadoes, which included
improvements to the original scale. The original Fujita scale had limitations, such as a lack of
damage indicators, no account for construction quality and variability, and no definitive correlation
between damage and wind speed. These limitations led to some tornadoes being rated in an
inconsistent manner and, in some cases, an overestimate of tornado wind speeds. The Enhanced
Fujita scale retains the same basic design and six strength categories as the previous scale. The
newer scale reflects more refined assessments of tornado damage surveys, standardization, and
damage consideration to a wider range of structures. Table 14-2 includes both scales for
reference when analyzing historical tornados since tornado events prior to 2007 will follow the
original Fujita Scale.
City of Round Rock is indicated by the circle
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 169
SECTION 14: TORNADO
Table 14-2. The Fujita and Enhanced Fujita Tornado Scale2
The environment sustained Some damage to
minor damage: tree chimneys; branches broken
65-85 Gale branches are broken, some 45-78 Gale off trees; shallow-rooted
MPH shallow-rooted trees are MPH trees pushed over; sign
uprooted, and some boards damaged.
chimneys are damaged.
The environment sustained
moderate damage: mobile Peels surface off roofs;
79-117
86-110
homes are tipped over, mobile homes pushed off
MPH Weak windows are broken, roof MPH Moderate foundations or overturned;
tiles may be blown off, and moving autos blown off
some tree trunks have roads.
snapped.
The environment sustained Roofs torn off frame
considerable damage: houses; mobile homes
mobile homes are demolished; boxcars
MPH MPH
1 Strong destroyed, roofs are 118-H Significant overturned; large trees
MPH damaged,debris flies in the snapped or uprooted; light-
air, and large trees are object missiles generated;
snapped or uprooted. cars lifted off ground.
The environment sustained Roofs and some walls torn
severe damage: roofs and off well-constructed
136-165 walls are ripped off 162-209 houses;trains overturned;
MPH Severe buildings, small buildings MPH Severe most trees in forest
are destroyed, and most uprooted; heavy cars lifted
trees are uprooted. off the ground and thrown.
The environment sustained
Well-constructed houses
devastating damage:well- leveled; structures with
166-200 built homes are destroyed,
Devastating buildings are lifted off their 210-261 Devastating weak foundations blown
MPH foundations, cars are blown MPH away some distance; cars
away, and large debris flies thrown, and large missiles
in the air.
generated.
The environment sustained Strong frame houses
incredible damage:well- leveled off foundations and
built homes are lifted from
their foundations, swept away; automobile-
200+ Incredible reinforced concrete 262-317 Incredible sized missiles fly through
MPH buildings are damaged, the MPH the air in excess of 100
bark is stripped from trees, meters(109 yds);trees
debarked; incredible
and car-sized debris flies
through the air.
phenomena will occur.
z Source: http://www.tornadoproject.com/fscaIe/fscale.htm
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SECTION 14: TORNADO
Both the Fujita Scale and Enhanced Fujita Scale should be referenced in reviewing previous
occurrences since tornado events that occurred before 2007 will follow the original Fujita Scale.
The greatest magnitude reported within the planning area is an F3, a severe tornado. Based on
the planning area's location in Wind Zone III, the planning area has the potential to experience
anywhere from an EFO to an EF5 depending on the wind speed. Previous tornado events in the
City of Round Rock planning area have been between FO and F3 (Figure 15-2).
HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES
The National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) Storm Events database is a national
data source organized under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The
NCEI is the largest archive available for historic storm events data; however, it is important to
note that only incidents recorded in the NCEI have been factored into this risk assessment unless
otherwise noted. It is likely that a high number of occurrences have gone unreported over time.
Figure 14-2 identifies the locations of previous occurrences in the City of Round Rock planning
area from 1964 through 2023. A total of five events have been recorded by NOAA's Storm
Prediction Center and the NCEI Storm Events databases for the City of Round Rock planning
area. The strongest event reported in the planning area was an F3 tornado on April 7, 1980,which
is also the only historical tornado event in the planning area with a reported fatality. The most
significant event in terms of injuries and reported property damages occurred on March 21, 2022,
causing 16 injuries and an estimated $34,968,600 (2024 dollars) in property damage.3
3 Damage estimates are sourced from media reports and local officials immediately following the event. Source:
https://www.statesman.com/story/news/local/round-rock/2022/03/30/round-rock-officials-say-32-m ii I ion-damage-
caused-tornado/7192947001/
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 171
SECTION 14: TORNADO
Figure 14-2. Spatial Historical Tornado Events, 1964-20234
CITY OF ROUND ROCK \ Participating Jurisdiction
TORNADO EVENTS p ori a Roanv Rock
1
\ Tornado Events 1964-2023
O hC
O FI
® F2
• F3
• F4
�i • F5
EFO
C3 O EFI
.�} O EF2
4 O
p � � EF3
• EF4
r
• EF5
OCridol Conanunity FeaOres
Transportation
Interstate
o `
11S Highway
State Highway
Railroad
H rD.,r
�A
Pllugerville
Miles ^-.•.�
Table 14-3. Historical Tornado Events, 1964-2023
� �
PROPERTY • • •
JURISDICTION
DAMAGE DAMAGE
City of Round Rock 4/26/1964 F2 0 0 $25,200 $0
City of Round Rock 4/7/1980 F3 1 2 $957,800 $0
City of Round Rock 7/4/1998 F1 0 0 $57,100 $0
City of Round Rock 11/23/2004 FO 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 3/21/2022 EF2 0 16 $34,968,6005 $0
• ' $36,008,700 1
4 Source: NOAA Storm Prediction Center
5 Monetary damages for this event were not available per the NCEI database. Damage estimates are sourced from
media reports and local officials immediately following the event. Source:
hftps://www.statesman.com/story/news/local/round-rock/2022/03/30/round-rock-officials-say-32-m illion-damage-
caused-tornado/7192947001/
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SECTION 14: TORNADO
Based on the list of historical tornado events for the City of Round Rock planning area, there has
been one recorded event since the 2018 Plan.
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
April 7, 1980
In the afternoon, an F3 tornado formed southeast of the City of Round Rock, quickly traveling
west into the planning area. The tornado remained on the ground for 6.5 miles and the width of
its destructive path was 100 feet wide. One fatality and two injuries were reportedly caused by
the tornado, and estimates of property damage were reported at $957,800 (2024 dollars).
July 4, 1998
A small and very brief mid-day tornado touched down near a group of people picnicking at a ranch
just east of the City of Round Rock. The tornado knocked trailers into nearby vehicles and
scattered wood pieces from piles before dissipating. No fatalities or injuries were reported, and
the property damages caused by this tornado were estimated at $57,100 (2024 dollars).
March 21, 2022
A warm, moist airmass over South Central Texas early in the day led to the generation of
thunderstorms, which led to the outbreak of a tornado, which peaked at wind speeds of EF2, over
the City of Round Rock. This tornado was long-lived and began a little over a mile southwest of
the Interstate 35 / Highway 45 interchange. The tornado tracked to that interchange and moved
into Williamson County and the City of Round Rock planning area.
Along the tornado's path, there was widespread debris and downed trees, damaged vehicles, and
power poles. In the City of Round Rock, more than 680 homes sustained damage with 13 of those
being completely destroyed. Affected neighborhoods included Kensington, Windy Terrace,
Greenlawn Place, Windy Park, South Creek, Turtle Creek, Concord at Brushy Creek, Forest
Grove, and Forest Bluff. In addition to structural damage, 16 injuries were caused by the tornado
within the City of Round Rock; no fatalities were reported as a result of the event. City of Round
Rock officials estimated that the total property damage caused by the tornado was $36,008,700
(2024 dollars).6
6 Figueroa, Fernanda. "7 before and after photos show Round Rock tornado rebuilding process a year later."Austin
American-Statesman, March 22, 2023. https://www.statesman.com/story/news/local/2023/03/22/round-rock-tornado-
homes-damage-before-after-photos/70038399007/.Accessed July 31, 2024.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 173
SECTION 14: TORNADO
Figure 14-3. Tornado-Damaged Home in City of Round Rock, March 21, 2022'
Y
r
PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS
Tornadoes can occur at any time of year and at any time of day, but they are typically more
common in the spring months during the late afternoon and evening hours. A smaller, high
frequency period can emerge in the fall during the brief transition between the warm and cold
seasons. With five historical events over a 60-year reporting period, the City of Round Rock
planning area can anticipate a tornado touchdown approximately once every ten or more years.
This frequency supports an "Unlikely" probability of future events for the City of Round Rock
planning area.
VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT
Because of the randomness and variation in tornado events, all existing and future buildings,
facilities, and populations in the entire City of Round Rock planning area are considered to be
exposed to this hazard and could potentially be impacted. The damage caused by a tornado is
typically a result of high wind velocity, wind-blown debris, lightning, and large hail.
The average tornado moves from southwest to northeast, but tornadoes have been known to
move in any direction. Consequently, vulnerability of humans and property is difficult to evaluate
since tornadoes form at different strengths, in random locations, and create relatively narrow
7 Birchum, Jana. PHOTO: Tornado Damage in Round Rock. March 22, 2022.
https://www.austinchronicle.com/photos/tornado-damage-in-round-rock/13/.Accessed July 31, 2024.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 174
SECTION 14: TORNADO
paths of destruction. Although tornadoes strike at random, making all buildings vulnerable, three
types of structures are more likely to suffer damage:
• Manufactured Homes;
• Homes built of pier and beam construction (more susceptible to lift); and
• Buildings with large spans, such as shopping malls, gymnasiums, and factories.
Tornadoes can cause a significant threat to people as they could be struck by flying debris, falling
trees / branches, utility lines, and poles. Blocked roads could prevent first responders from
responding to calls. Tornadoes commonly cause power outages which could cause health and
safety risks to residents and visitors, as well as to patients in hospitals.
The City of Round Rock planning area features mobile or manufactured homes throughout the
planning area. These homes are typically more vulnerable to tornado events than typical site-built
structures. In addition, manufactured homes are located sporadically throughout the planning
area, which would also be more vulnerable. The U.S. Census data indicates a total of 29 (less
than one percent of total housing stock) manufactured homes located in the City of Round Rock
planning area. In addition, 12 percent (approximately 5,539 structures) of the single family
residential (SFR) structures in the entire planning area were built before 1980. These structures
would typically be built to lower or less stringent construction standards than newer construction
and may be more susceptible to damage during significant wind events (Table 14-4).
Table 14-4. Structures at Greater Risk
MANUFACTUREDSFR STRUCTURES BUILT
•
BEFORE • :1
5,539 29
While all citizens are at risk to the impacts of a tornado, forced relocation and disaster recovery
drastically impacts low-income residents who lack the financial means to travel, afford a long-term
stay away from home, and to rebuild or repair their homes. The elderly, children, and people with
a disability may have trouble taking shelter due to mobility issues or a lack of awareness, making
them more susceptible to injury or harm. In addition, people who speak a language other than
English may face increased vulnerability due to language barriers that limit their access to
important information such as weather-related warnings and instructions regarding safety
measures. The population over 65 in the City of Round Rock planning area is estimated at 10
percent of the total population and children under the age of 5 are estimated at 6 percent. The
population with a disability is estimated at 11 percent of the total population. An estimated 8
percent of the planning area population live below the poverty level and 25 percent of the
populations speaks a language other than English (Table 14-5).
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SECTION 14: TORNADO
Table 14-5. Populations at Greater Risk8
ELDERLY • ' BELOW NON-ENGLISH
(over • (under
LEVEL
12,356 7,219 12,927 9,276 30,183 i
The City of Round Rock Planning Team identified the following critical facilities as assets that are
considered the most important to the planning area and are susceptible to a range of impacts
caused by tornado events (Table 14-6). The critical infrastructure with the greatest vulnerability
to tornadoes are power and communications facilities. Failures of these facilities can result in a
loss of service and cascading impacts such as posing enormous risk to individuals dependent on
electricity as a medical necessity. For a comprehensive list of critical facilities, please see
Appendix C.
Table 14-6. Critical Facilities Vulnerable to Tornado Event
CRITICAL POTENTIAL IMPACTS
FACILITIES
• Emergency operations and services may be significantly impacted
due to damaged facilities and/or loss of communications.
• Emergency vehicles can be damaged by falling trees or flying
debris.
• Power outages could disrupt communications, delaying
emergency response times.
Critical staff may be injured or otherwise unable to report for duty,
Emergency limiting response capabilities.
Response Services • Debris/downed trees can impede emergency response vehicle
(EOC, Fire, Police, access to areas.
EMS), Hospitals and • Increased number of structure fires due to gas line ruptures and
Medical Centers downed power lines, further straining the capacity and resources
of emergency personnel.
• First responders are exposed to downed power lines, unstable
and unusual debris, hazardous materials, and generally unsafe
conditions.
Extended power outages and evacuations may lead to possible
looting, destruction of property, and theft, further burdening law
enforcement resources.
Airport, Academic • Structures can be damaged by falling trees damaged by lightning.
• Power outages could disrupt critical care.
Institutions, Animal 0 Backup power sources could be damaged.
Shelter, Evacuation * Evacuations may be necessary due to extended power outages,
Centers Shelters, fires, or other associated damage to facilities.
Governmental
mental . Power outages and infrastructure damage may prevent larger
Facilities, airports from acting as temporary command centers for logistics,
Residential/ communications, and emergency operations.
Facilities
Assisted Living 0 Temporary break in operations may significantly inhibit post event
evacuations.
a U.S. Census Bureau 2022 data for City of Round Rock
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 176
SECTION 14: TORNADO
CRITICAL POTENTIAL IMPACTS
FACILITIES
Damaged or destroyed highway infrastructure may substantially
increase the need for airport operations.
Facilities or infrastructure may be damaged, destroyed or
Commercial otherwise inaccessible.
Supplier(Food, fuel, • Essential supplies like medicines, water, food, and equipment
etc.) deliveries may be significantly delayed.
Additional emergency responders and critical aid workers may not
be able to reach the area for days.
Emergency operations and services may be significantly impacted
due to damaged facilities and/or loss of communications.
Emergency vehicles can be damaged by falling trees or flying
debris.
Power outages could disrupt communications, delaying
emergency response times.
Utility Services and ' Critical staff may be injured or otherwise unable to report for duty,
Infrastructure limiting response capabilities.
(electric, water, ° Debris/downed trees can impede emergency response vehicle
wastewater, access to areas.
communications) • Increased number of structure fires due to gas line ruptures and
downed power lines, further straining the capacity and resources
of emergency personnel.
First responders are exposed to downed power lines, unstable
and unusual debris, hazardous materials, and generally unsafe j
conditions.
Extended power outages and evacuations may lead to possible
looting, destruction of property, and theft, further burdening law
enforcement resources.
The total loss estimate due to tornado events is $36,008,700 (in 2024 dollars), having an
approximate average annual loss estimate of$600,100. Tornadoes have also caused one fatality
and 18 injuries within the City of Round Rock planning area. Based on these significant historic
damages and best available data, the impact of a tornado event on the City of Round Rock
planning area would be considered "Substantial", with multiple fatalities possible, complete
shutdown of facilities for 30 days or more, and more than 50 percent of property destroyed or with
major damage possible.
Table 14-7. Estimated Average Annual Losses
TOTAL PROPERTY & CROP AVERAGE ANNUAL
LOSS ESTIMATES
$36,008,700 $600,100
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
Tornadoes have the potential to pose a significant risk to the population and can create dangerous
situations. Often, providing and preserving public health and safety is difficult. The impact of
climate change could produce larger, more severe tornado events, exacerbating the current
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 177
SECTION 14: TORNADO
tornado impacts. More destructive tornado conditions can be frequently associated with a variety
of impacts, including:
• Individuals exposed to the storm can be struck by flying debris, falling limbs, or downed
trees causing serious injury or death.
• Structures can be damaged or crushed by falling trees, which can result in physical harm
to the occupants.
• Manufactured homes (less than one percent of total housing stock) may suffer substantial
damage as they would be more vulnerable than typical site-built structures.
• Portable classrooms may also suffer substantial damage as they would be more
vulnerable than other classroom structures.
• Significant debris and downed trees can result in emergency response vehicles being
unable to access areas of the community.
• Downed power lines may result in roadways being unsafe for use, which may prevent first
responders from answering calls for assistance or rescue.
• Tornadoes often result in widespread power outages increasing the risk to more
vulnerable portions of the population who rely on power for health and/or life safety.
• Extended power outages can result in an increase in structure fires and/or carbon
monoxide poisoning as individuals attempt to cook or heat their home with alternate,
unsafe cooking or heating devices, such as grills.
• Tornadoes can destroy or make residential structures uninhabitable, requiring shelter or
relocation of residents in the aftermath of the event.
• First responders must enter the damage area shortly after the tornado passes to begin
rescue operations and to organize cleanup and assessments efforts, therefore they are
exposed to downed power lines, unstable and unusual debris, hazardous materials, and
generally unsafe conditions, elevating the risk of injury to first responders and potentially
diminishing emergency response capabilities.
• Emergency operations and services may be significantly impacted due to damaged
facilities, loss of communications, and damaged emergency vehicles and equipment.
• Private sector entities such as utility providers, financial institutions, and medical care
providers may not be fully operational and may require assistance from neighboring
communities until full services can be restored.
• Economic disruption negatively impacts the programs and services provided by the
community due to short- and long-term loss in revenue, especially if damage is sustained
to major employers within the planning area.
• Damage to infrastructure may slow economic recovery since repairs may be extensive
and lengthy.
• When the community is affected by significant property damage it is anticipated that
funding would be required for infrastructure repair and restoration, temporary services and
facilities, overtime pay for responders, and normal day-to-day operating expenses.
• Displaced residents may not be able to immediately return to work, further slowing
economic recovery.
• Residential structures destroyed by a tornado may not be rebuilt for years, reducing the
tax base for the community.
• Large or intense tornadoes may result in a dramatic population fluctuation, as people are
unable to return to their homes or jobs and must seek shelter and/or work outside of the
affected area.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 178
SECTION 14: TORNADO
• Businesses that are uninsured or underinsured may have difficulty reopening, which
results in a net loss of jobs for the community and a potential increase in the
unemployment rate.
• Recreation activities may be unavailable, and tourism can be unappealing for years
following a large tornado, devastating directly related local businesses.
• Tornadoes may destroy or degrade endangered species' habitat.
• Historical sites and properties are placed at a higher risk of impact due to materials used
and the inability to change properties due to their historic status. The City of Round Rock
planning area has five historical places.
The economic and financial impacts of a tornado event on the community will depend on the scale
of the event, what is damaged, costs of repair or replacement, lost business days in impacted
areas, and how quickly repairs to critical components of the economy can be implemented. The
level of preparedness and pre-event planning done by the community, local businesses, and
citizens will contribute to the overall economic and financial conditions in the aftermath of a
tornado event.
CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
The impacts on the frequency and severity of tornado events due to climate change are unclear.
According to the Texas A&M 2021 Climate Report Update, the most robust trend in tornado
activity in Texas is a likelihood for a greater number of tornadoes in large outbreaks, although the
factors contributing to this trend are not expected to continue. Tornadoes spawn from less than
10 percent of thunderstorms, usually supercell thunderstorms that are in a wind shear
environment that promotes rotation. 9 Based on climate models that are available, the
environmental conditions needed for severe thunderstorm events are estimated to become more
likely, resulting in an overall increase in the number of days capable of producing a severe
thunderstorm event and potential tornadoes to develop from these storms.10
9 Treisman, Rachel. The exact link between tornadoes and climate change is hard to draw. Here's why. NPR.
December 13, 2021. https://www.npr.org/2021/12/13/1063676832/the-exact-link-between-tornadoes-and-climate-
change-is-hard-to-draw-heres-why
10 Assessment of Historic and Future Trends of Extreme Weather in Texas, 1900-2036, Texas A&M University Office
of the Texas State Climatologist, 2021 update.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 179
d
SECTION 15
WILDFIRE
SECTION 15: WILDFIRE
HazardDescription ...................................................................................................................181
Location ....................................................................................................................................182
Extent........................................................................................................................................185
Historical Occurrences..............................................................................................................189
SignificantEvents..................................................................................................................192
Probability of Future Events......................................................................................................193
Vulnerabilityand Impact............................................................................................................193
Assessment of Impacts .........................................................................................................198
Climate Change Considerations...............................................................................................199
HAZARD DESCRIPTION
Wildfire is an unplanned fire burning in natural or wildland areas such as forests, shrub lands,
grasslands, or prairies.' Texas is one of the fastest growing states in the Nation, with much of this
growth occurring adjacent to metropolitan areas. This increase in population across the state will
impact counties and communities that are located within the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI). The
WUI is described as the area where structures and other human improvements meet and
intermingle with undeveloped wildland or vegetative fuels. Population growth within the WUI
substantially increases the risk of wildfire. In Texas, nearly 85 percent of wildfires occur within two
miles of a community. The City of Round Rock planning area has an estimated 59 percent of the
total planning area population that live within the WUI.2
Wildfires have the potential to spread quickly given the right environmental conditions, particularly
within the wildland urban interface and intermix. Most ignition sources for wildfires are a result of
human activities, such as an electrical line sparking dry grasses, an improperly discarded
cigarette, burning debris, or arson.
Development has increased drastically in central Texas, resulting in more populated areas within
the wildland interface/intermix. Additionally, the area is experiencing hotter, drier climatic
conditions. These factors combined make Central Texas at risk from wildfires. While the planning
area is continually at some risk for wildfires, that risk is elevated during two periods each year:
the winter wildfire season (February through April) and the summer wildfire season (August
through October).3
The City of Round Rock population is expected to increase over time following population trends
over the last few decades. Continued housing development in the WUI will put more people at a
greater risk of catastrophic wildfire and put more pressure on land managers and fire department
personnel to mitigate fire risk.
' FEMA: https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/wildfire
2 Texas A&M Forest Service,Texas Wildfire Risk Assessment Summary Report, City of Round Rock:
https://texaswildfirerisk.com/
3 Austin American Statesman, "Winter wildfire risk is rising in Central Texas. Here's what you should know."January
2023: https://www.statesman.com/story/news/environment/2023/01/30/wildfire-risk-is-rising-in-central-texas-what-
you-shou Id-know/69845234007/
City of Round Rock I Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 181
SECTION 15: WILDFIRE
Wildfires spread based on the type and quantity of fuel that surrounds it. Fuel can include
everything from trees, underbrush and dry grassy fields to homes. The amount of flammable
material that surrounds a fire is referred to as the fuel load. Conditions in the weather and
environment, such as drought, winds and extreme heat, can cause a fire to spread more quickly.4
A wildfire event often begins unnoticed and spreads quickly, lighting brush, trees, and homes on
fire. For example, a wildfire may be started by a campfire that was not doused properly, a tossed
cigarette, burning debris, or arson.
Texas has seen a significant increase in the number of wildfires in the past 30 years, which
included wildland, urban interface, or intermix fires. Wildland fires are fueled almost exclusively
by natural vegetation, while interface or intermix fires are urban/wildland fires in which vegetation
and the built environment provide fuel.
LOCATION
A wildfire incident can create devastating consequences which can be caused or exacerbated by
human activities, drought conditions, lightning, or wind events, if the conditions allow. Wildfires
can vary greatly in terms of size, location, intensity, and duration. While wildfires are not confined
to any specific geographic location, they are most likely to occur in open grasslands.
The Texas A&M Forest Service Wildfire Risk Assessment Portal (TxWRAP) provides historical
wildfire data for Texas counties along with mapping resources that includes data layers on the
WUI, ignition density, and fire intensity scales throughout the City of Round Rock, along with
multiple tips, recommendations, and mitigation solutions for communities and residents. The
TxWRAP portal was utilized to produce the maps found in this profile.
The threat to people and property from a wildfire event is greater in the fringe areas where
developed areas meet open grass lands, such as the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) (Figure 15-
1). It is estimated that 59 percent of the total population in the City of Round Rock live within the
WUI. However, the entire city is at some risk for wildfires.
4 NOAA Weather Forecasting: https://scijinks.gov/wildfires/
City of Round Rock I Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 182
SECTION 15: WILDFIRE
Figure 15-1. Wildland Urban Interface Map — City of Round Rock
CITY OF ROUND ROCK _` Participatinglurisdicction
WILDLAND-URBAN INTERFACE •t, r, p city of Round Rock
J F Wildland-Urban Interfax
1-LT 1 hs/40 ac
7G' 30. 'r
2-1 hs/40 to 1 hs/20 M
3-1 hs/20 to 1 hs/10 ac
4-1 hs/10 to 1 hs/5 ac
1 ' •.
t 5-1 hs/ to I hs/2 ac
- 6-1 hs/22 to 3 hs/ac
rr 1 7-GT 3 hs/ac
u-w.r n.e ar • i
Critical community Features
Transportation
`w un
y - Interstate
t US Highway
-�79f State Highway
�`-•� P V Railroad
LE try r
C IuL
401 f
— rr
arr Ii
Fflu e
2.5 r
. _ c��r w-.�-.:cnK rout .
dkkL
City of Round Rock I Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 I Page 183
SECTION 15: WILDFIRE
Figure 15-2. Wildland Urban Interface Map with Critical Facilities - City of Round Rock
CITY OF ROUND ROCK Critical Facilities
WILDLAND-URBAN INTERFACE �'" ° # O Adult Day Care(3)
9x- Autism Behavior Center
( )
O Communications(5)
O Community Facility(1)
•, 00 y„ • Fire Station(11)
lJ1 •1 _ � r O Health Services(9)
if
• Municipal(3)
• Police(1)
`•�.1� { Residential:Vulnerable
} �w� r'rt _� `� k O Populations(13)
1 �y
`� • Sanitation/Waste(1)
R-4
4Atl • School(73)
1301 O Sewage and Water(32)
r
Ir, • � � O Tier[I-HazMat(57)
�r L -
'` O Transportation(41)
T r \ • Participating jurisdiction
83A M+y�yv Q City of Round Rock
X77 Wildland-Urban Interface
1-LTIhs/40 ac
2-1 hs/40 to 1 hs/20 ac
3-1 hs/20 to I hs/10 ac
a' '''+r♦ 4-I hs/10 to l hs/5 ac
5-1 hs/5 to 1 hs/2 ac
5
6-1 hs/2 to 3 hs/ac
.. .
0 7-GT 3 hs/ac
Critical Community Features
Pfrville
`�'` _ •II ,I i Transportation
�*
interstate
US Highway
} wifALI r +.,a
State Highway
4 Railroad
M231.T-
City of Round Rock I Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 184
SECTION 15: WILDFIRE
EXTENT
Risk for a wildfire event is measured in terms of magnitude
4 and intensity using the Keetch Byram Drought Index (KBDI),
a mathematical system for relating current and recent
weather conditions to potential or expected fire behavior.
The KBDI determines forest fire potential based on a daily
water balance, derived by balancing a drought factor with
precipitation and soil moisture(assumed to have a maximum
storage capacity of eight inches), and is expressed in
hundredths of an inch of soil moisture depletion.
Each color in Figure 15-3 and 15-4 represents the drought index at that location, by date. The
drought index ranges from 0 to 800. A drought index of 0 represents no moisture depletion, and
a drought index of 800 represents absolutely dry conditions.
City of Round Rock I Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 185
Keetch-Byram Drought Index
(County Average Value}
-.■■■ Estimated for
■
02/15/2023
■ Wichita Falls
■ � Texarkana
DFW �
■�ene o
■ o Tyler o
o Longview
I
�an Angelo Waco �
- o
Austin
Beaumont
Houston
0
200-300 .�
.. •r.
400-500
500-600
..
tx�s
LIFEAM Produced by TAMU Spatial Sciences Laboratory TEXAS A&M
in artnership with Texas ASM Forest Service
RESEARCH p FOREST'SERVICE
SECTION 15: WILDFIRE
Figure 15-4. Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI) for the State of Texas, 20236
Drought Index
(County •
Estimated for
nsri' 08/15/2023
•L.
r'.:JI:111
JJJ
I
KBDI Value
-
0-200
200-300
----J
300-400 r
400-500
500-600
600-700
i
-
700-800 -
:;rovn:sill
• ..
RESEARCH 5
Fire behavior can be categorized at four distinct levels on the KBDI:
• 0-200: Soil and fuel moisture are high. Most fuels will not readily ignite or burn. However,
with sufficient sunlight and wind, cured grasses and some light surface fuels will burn in
spots and patches.
s City of Round Rock planning area is located within the black circle.
City of Round Rock I Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 187
SECTION 15: WILDFIRE
200 -400: Fires more readily burn and will carry across an area with no gaps. Heavier
fuels will not readily ignite and burn. Expect smoldering and the resulting smoke to carry
into and possibly through the night.
400 -600: Fires intensity begins to significantly increase. Fires will readily burn in all
directions exposing mineral soils in some locations. Larger fuels may burn or smolder for
several days creating possible smoke and control problems.
• 600 -800: Fires will burn to mineral soil. Stumps will burn to the end of underground roots
and spotting will be a major problem. Fires will burn through the night and heavier fuels
will actively burn and contribute to fire intensity.
The KBDI is a good measure of the readiness of fuels for a wildfire event. It should be referenced
as the area experiences changes in precipitation and soil moisture, while caution should be
exercised in dryer, hotter conditions.
The range of intensity for the City of Round Rock planning area, in a wildfire event, is within 700
to 800. The average extent to be mitigated for the planning area is a KBDI of 630. Based on
historical occurrences and readily available fuel, the planning area can anticipate a KBDI range
from 0 to 800. At the high end of this range fires will burn to mineral soil. Stumps will burn to the
end of underground roots and spotting will be a major problem. Fires will burn through the night
and heavier fuels will actively burn and contribute to fire intensity.
The Texas Forest Service's Fire Intensity Scale identifies areas where significant fuel hazards
and associated dangerous fire behavior potential exist based on weighted average of four
percentile weather categories. The City of Round Rock has a potential for a full range of wildfire
intensities. Figure 15-5 identifies the wildfire intensity for the City of Round Rock.
City of Round Rock I Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 188
���[�T|O01q� VVU [l�|���
��� ' '� � ` � �' WILDFIRE
Figure 15'5. Fine Intensity Scale Map - City ofRound Rook
CITY OF ROUND ROCK Patic,pali"g lui-isclict,on
POTENTIAL FIRE INTENSITY r--1 ctt'0_-ZGu'd Roc,
Fire Intensity Scale
I(Very Low)
1.5
2.5
3(Moderate)
3.5
4.5
5(Very High)
Critical Conwnunity Features
C3 74' Transportation
Interstate
US Highway
P State Highway
Railroad
pflugetville
HISTOA|�T(��|/`�| /�����U��������
RICAL' ��' ~'��'^^- ����^�^^' " ~^-' =��^-��
The Texas Forest Service reported 105 wildfire events for the City of Round Rock between 2005
and 202 1. There are no reported events in the NCEI Storm Events Database for the City of Round
Rook. The Texas A&M Forest Service (TF8) eboded collecting wildfire reports bvvolunteer fire
departments in 2005. Due to o |ouh of recorded data for wildfire events prior to 2005 and after
2021. frequency calculations are based on o 17-year reporting period, using only data from
recorded years. The map below shows approximate locations of wildfires, which can be grass or
brushfires of any size (Figure 15-6). Tables 15-1 through 15-3 identify the number of wildfires and
total acreage burned each year within the city boundaries.
City ofRound Rock | Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2O25 | Page 18S
SECTION 15: WILDFIRE
Figure 15-6. Location and Historic Wildfire Events in City of Round Rock
CITY OF ROUND ROCK \ Participatinglurisdiction
WILDFIRE IGNITION LOCATIONS Q City of Round Rock
Fire Locations
Cause
130
Incendiary
Lightning
�• Campfire
• Smoking
• fireworks
reo+l3ra
r>u wt • Equipment Use
• Railroads
8 Power Lines
n +• Children
0 • Debra Burning
Q 79' • Structure
Miscellaneous
pC Critical Community Features
• Transportation
Fitch, ,-i_ � • � r � Interstate
• :��h:i^ • �d US Hghray
• ""' State K94way
• • ' -- Railroad
Y45
Gu%
"%�ll'. rare 6
J x.11.Al. Ffluo_ei vIlle
tea;.... 2.5 5
unn,
Mlles
Table 15-1. Historical Wildfire Events Summary, 2005 - 20217
NUMBER OF - BURNED
105 78
7 Source: Texas A&M Forest Service
City of Round Rock I Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 190
SECTION 15: WILDFIRE
Table 15-2. Historical Wildfire Events by Year
YEAR CITY OF ROUND ROCK
2005 5
2006 19
2007 0
2008 1
2009 36
2010 4
2011 22
2012 9
2013 2
2014 5
2015 2
2016 0
2017 0
2018 0
2019 0
2020 0
2021 0
Based on the list of historical wildfire events from the Texas A&M Forest Service for the City of
Round Rock (listed above), no reported events have occurred since the 2018 plan.
Table 15-3. Acreage of Suppressed Wildfire by Year
YEAR CITY OF ROUND ROCK
2005 8
2006 13
2007 0
2008 0
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2024 1 Page 191
SECTION 15: WILDFIRE
YEAR CITY OF ROUND ROCK
2009 9
2010 3
2011 20
2012 18
2013 2
2014 2
2015 3
2016 0
2017 0
2018 0
2019 0
2020 0
2021 0
Total 78
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
There have been nine declared disasters related to wildfire between 1953 and 2023 in Williamson
County, which includes the City of Round Rock planning area (Table 15-4).
Table 15-4. Disaster Declarations for Wildfire, 1953-2023
YEAR DECLARATION TITLE DECLARATION TYPE DISASTER NOP
1993 Texas Extreme Fire Hazard EM EM-3113
1999 Texas Extreme Fire Hazards EM EM-3142-TX
2006 Extreme Wildfire Threat in Texas DR DR-1624-TX
2008 Wildfires in Texas EM EM-3284-TX
2008 Texas Florence Fire FM FM-2785-TX
2011 Texas Grand Mesa Fire FM FM-2922-TX
2011 Texas Horseshoe Fire FM FM-2949-TX
2011 Texas Moonglow Fire FM FM-2963-TX
2011 Wildfires in Texas DR DR-4029-TX
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2024 1 Page 192
SECTION 15: WILDFIRE
PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS
Wildfires can occur at any time of the year. As the City of Round Rock moves into wildland, the
potential area of occurrence of wildfire increases. With 105 events in a 17-year period, an event
within the City of Round Rock planning area is"Highly Likely", meaning an event is probable within
the next year. According to NOAA, research shows that changes in climate create warmer, drier
conditions, leading to longer and more active fire seasons, indicating an increase in the frequency
and severity of events in the planning area going forward.
VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT
Periods of drought, dry conditions, high temperatures, and low humidity are factors that contribute
to the occurrence of a wildfire event. Less developed areas, such as along interstates or in more
remote areas where fuels are more prevalent have an increased risk of being affected by wildfire.
The more heavily populated areas of the planning area are not highly likely to experience large,
sweeping fires. Unoccupied buildings and open spaces that have not been maintained have the
greatest vulnerability to wildfire. The greatest level of concern for wildfires is located across the
city where wildland and urban areas interface. Figure 15-68 illustrates the areas that are the most
vulnerable to wildfire throughout the City of Round Rock.
The City of Round Rock Planning Team identified the following critical facilities (Table 15-5) as
assets that are considered the most important to the planning area and are susceptible to a range
of impacts caused by wildfire events. For a comprehensive list of critical facilities, please see
Appendix C.
Table 15-5. Critical Facilities/Critical Services Vulnerable to Wildfire Events
CRITICAL CRITICAL
FACILITIES FACILITIES AT POTENTIAL IMPACTS
RISK
• Emergency services may be disrupted during a
wildfire if facilities are impacted, roadways are
inaccessible, or personnel are unable to report for
duty.
• First responders are at greater risk of injury when in
close proximity to the hazard while extinguishing
Emergency 7 Fire Stations, 7 flames, protecting property, or evacuating residents in
Response
Services (EOC, Health Services, 1 the area.Fire, Police, EMS), Police 0 Critical city departments may not be able to function
Hospitals and and provide necessary services depending on the
Medical Centers location of the fire and the structures or personnel
impacted.
• Roadways in or near the WUI could be damaged or
closed due to smoke and limited visibility, slowing or
preventing access for emergency response vehicles.
• Fire suppression costs can be substantial, exhausting
the financial resources of the community.
8 Source: TxWRAP portal at the following site: https://texaswildfirerisk.com/
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2024 1 Page 193
SECTION 15: WILDFIRE
CRITICAL CRITICAL
FACILITIES AT POTENTIAL . .
FACILITIES RISK
First responders can experience heart disease,
respiratory problems, and other long-term related
illnesses from prolonged exposure to smoke,
chemicals, and heat.
• Emergency operations and services may be
significantly impacted due to damaged facilities and/or
loss of communications.
• Power outages could disrupt communications,
delaying emergency response times.
• Structures can be damaged or destroyed in the path
of the wildfire.
Power outages could disrupt critical care.
• Backup power sources could be damaged or
destroyed.
• Critical staff may be injured or otherwise unable to
report for duty, limiting response capabilities.
Airport, Academic 9 Community • Facilities or infrastructure may be damaged, destroyed
Institutions, Animal Facilities for or otherwise inaccessible.
Shelter, Vulnerable . Essential supplies like medicines, water, food, and
Evacuation Populations, 3 equipment deliveries may be significantly delayed.
Centers & Municipal, 13 . Additional emergency responders and critical aid
Shelters, Residential Facilities workers may not be able to reach the area for days.
Governmental for Vulnerable • Power outages and infrastructure damage may
Facilities, Po ulations, 51
Residential/ p prevent larger airports from acting as temporary
Assisted Living Schools, 33 command centers for logistics, communications, and
Facilities Transportation emergency operations.
Facilities, infrastructure, or critical equipment including
communications may be damaged, destroyed or
Commercial otherwise inoperable.
• Essential supplies like medicines, water, food, and
Supplier(food, N/A equipment deliveries may be delayed.
fuel, etc.) • Economic disruption due to power outages and fires
negatively impact services as well as area businesses
_ reliant on commercial suppliers.
• Wastewater and drinking water facilities and
infrastructure may be damaged or destroyed resulting
Utility Services in service disruption or outage for multiple days or
and Infrastructure 3 Communications, 1 weeks.
(electric, water, Sanitation/Waste, 18 . Disruptions and outages impact public welfare as safe
wastewater, Sewage and Water, drinking water is critical.
communications), 38 Hazardous • A break in essential and effective wastewater
Hazardous Materials collection and treatment is a health concern,
Materials potentially spreading disease.
Exposure to hazardous materials and untreated
wastewater is harmful to people and the environment.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2024 1 Page 194
SECTION 15: WILDFIRE
CRITICAL
CRITICAL
FACILITIES FACILITIES AT POTENTIAL . ,
RISK
Any service disruptions can negatively impact or delay
emergency management operations.
� I
Power losses
Within the City of Round Rock, a total of 105 fire events were reported from 2005 through 2021
by Texas A&M Forest Service. All events were suspected wildfires. Historic loss and annualized
estimates of acres burned due to wildfires are presented in Table 15-6 below. The average
frequency is approximately 6 events every year.
Table 15-6. Average Annualized Acreage Losses9
TOTAL ACRES BURNED AVERAGE ANNUAL ACRE LOSSES
78 5
Wildfire Ignition Density shows the likelihood of a wildfire starting based on historical ignition
patterns. Occurrence is derived by modeling historic wildfire ignition locations to create an
average ignition rate map. The ignition rate is measured in the number of fires per year per 1,000
acres. Wildfire Ignition Density is a key input into the calculation of the Wildfire Threat output. With
most Texas fires being human caused, there is a repeatable spatial pattern of fire ignitions over
time. This pattern identifies areas where wildfires are most likely to ignite, and prevention efforts
can be planned accordingly.10 Figure 15-7 show the threat of wildfire to the City of Round Rock.
9 Events divided by 17 years of data.
10 Source: TxWRAP portal at the following site: https://texaswildfirerisk.com/
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2024 1 Page 195
SECTION 15: WILDFIRE
Figure 15-7. Wildfire Ignition Density- City of Round Rock
CITY OF ROUND ROCK ` Participating)urisdiction
WILDFIRE IGNITION DENSITY O City of Round Ro,.
Ignition Density
\ Value
t !
1(Low)
2
3(Moderate)
4
5(High)
6
E wt fw a y
Rrgen.,i 7(Very High)
Farl." Critical Community Features
Pp
Transportation
Interstate
US Highway
7
+* O , State Highway
Railroad
Eine ' �
t -6
1►f JJ
0
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45,
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Diminished air quality is an environmental impact that can result from a wildfire event and pose a
potential health risk. The smoke plumes from wildfires can contain potentially inhalable
carcinogenic matter. Fine particles of invisible soot and ash that are too small for the respiratory
system to filter can cause immediate and possibly long-term health effects. The elderly or those
individuals with compromised respiratory systems may be more vulnerable to the effects of
diminished air quality after a wildfire event.
The Center for Disease Control (CDC) created a Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) which includes
a database and mapping application that identifies and quantifies communities experiencing
social vulnerability.The current CDC SVI uses 16 U.S. census variables from the 5-year American
Community Survey (ACS) to identify communities that may need support before, during, or after
disasters. All 16 variables fall under four broad categories including socioeconomic status
(population in poverty, unemployment, etc.), household characteristics (age, disability status,
etc.), racial and ethnic minority status, and housing type and transportation (mobile homes, no
vehicles, etc.). Populations experiencing social vulnerability may be adversely impacted by
natural hazards, disasters, and other community-level stressors. Figure 15-8 identifies areas of
social vulnerability using the CDC's SVI and where these areas overlap the City of Round Rock's
WUI areas, where wildfire risk is considered the highest.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2024 1 Page 196
SECTION 15: WILDFIRE
Figure 15-8. The City of Round Rock's Social Vulnerability and WUI
CITY OF ROUND ROCK Participating Jurisdiction
SOCIAL VULNERABILITY&WILDFIRE RISK Q City of Round Rock
WlWland-Urban Interface
1-LT 1 hs/40 ac
2-l hs/40 to 1 hs/20 ac
3-1 hs/20 to I hs/10 ac
4-1 hs/10 to 1 hs/5 ac
Trn.i � 5-lhs/5to1hs/2ac
-•.'ll I"i' 6-I hs/2 to 3 hs/ac
flout Iwve u
Regonol 7-GT 3 hs/ac
Fa,k a Social Vulnerability Index
P ?r
Overall Percentile Ranking(per
t
tract)
Q 0.00-0.59
„ 0.60.0.79
0.80-1.00
r
Nit
f-r
Davis Sp1149 +n ch
C Cr
0 2 4 cy.rx-NYM Tmna+x wn.,-w
Miles IM))L RhR arxMw•(MDI,iwnc n
,M)».�IATSOR SarlY N hna.�
Climatic conditions such as severe freezes and drought can significantly increase the intensity of
wildfires since these conditions kill vegetation, creating a prime fuel source for wildfires. The
intensity and rate at which wildfires spread are directly related to wind speed, temperature, and
relative humidity.
The severity of impact from major wildfire events can be substantial. Such events can cause
multiple deaths, shut down facilities for 30 days or more, and cause more than 50 percent of
affected properties to be destroyed or suffer major damage. Severity of impact is gauged by
acreage burned, homes and structures lost, and the number of resulting injuries and fatalities.
Based off of historical data for the City of Round Rock, the impact from a wildfire event can be
considered "Minor," meaning injuries and/or illnesses do not result in permanent disability,
complete shutdown of facilities and services for more than one week and more than 10 percent
of property is destroyed or with major damage. Severity of impact is gauged by acreage burned,
homes and structures lost, injuries and fatalities.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2024 1 Page 197
SECTION 15: WILDFIRE
Table 15-7. Impact for City of Round Rock
IMPACT DESCRIPTION
City of Round Rock has an estimated 57,610
people or 59% of the total population that live
within the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI). The
housing density is most commonly 3 houses per
Minor 1 acre. City residents may suffer injuries that do
not result in permanent disability. Critical
facilities could be shut down for more than one
week, and more than 10 percent of total property
could be damaged.
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
A Wildfire event poses a potentially significant risk to public health and safety, particularly if the
wildfire is initially unnoticed and spreads quickly. The impacts associated with a wildfire are not
limited to direct damage. Significant wildfire events can be frequently associated with a variety of
impacts, including:
• The City of Round Rock planning area contains several open space areas. Wildfire may
adversely affect or destroy endangered species habitat, reduce air quality, increase
erosion and risk of flash flooding, contribute to increased local temperatures, and disrupt
other ecological functions.
• Recreation activities throughout city parks may be unavailable and tourism can be
unappealing for years following a large wildfire event, devastating directly related local
businesses and negatively impacting economic recovery.
• Persons, pets, and wildlife in the area at the time of the fire are at risk for injury or death
from burns and/or smoke inhalation. First responders are at greater risk of physical injury
when in close proximity to the hazard while extinguishing flames, protecting property, or
evacuating residents in the area.
• First responders can experience heart disease, respiratory problems, and other long-term
related illnesses from prolonged exposure to smoke, chemicals, and heat.
• Emergency services may be disrupted during a wildfire if facilities are impacted, roadways
are inaccessible, or personnel are unable to report for duty.
• Critical city departments may not be able to function and provide necessary services
depending on the location of the fire and the structures or personnel impacted.
• Non-critical businesses may be directly damaged, suffer loss of utility services, or be
otherwise inaccessible, delaying normal operations and slowing the recovery process.
• Displaced residents may not be able to immediately return to work, slowing economic
recovery.
• Roadways in or near the WUI could be damaged or closed due to smoke and limited
visibility.
• Older homes are generally exempt from modern building code requirements, which may
require fire suppression equipment in the structure. 12 percent (approximately 5,539
structures) of homes in the planning area were built before 1980. Similarly, historic
buildings may lack fire mitigation materials or measures due to their historic status. There
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2024 1 Page 198
SECTION 15: WILDFIRE
are five historical places listed on the National Register of Historic Places for the City of
Round Rock.
• Some high-density neighborhoods feature small lots with structures close together,
increasing the potential for fire to spread rapidly.
• Air pollution from smoke may exacerbate respiratory problems of vulnerable residents.
• Charred ground after a wildfire cannot easily absorb rainwater, increasing the risk of
flooding and potential mudflows.
• Wildlife may be displaced or destroyed.
• Historical or cultural resources may be damaged or destroyed.
• Tourism can be significantly disrupted, further delaying economic recovery for the area.
• Economic disruption negatively impacts the programs and services provided by the
community due to short- and long-term loss in revenue.
• Fire suppression costs can be substantial, exhausting the financial resources of the
community.
• Residential structures lost in a wildfire may not be rebuilt for years, reducing the tax base
for the community.
• Direct impacts to municipal water supply may occur through contamination of ash and
debris during the fire, destruction of aboveground delivery lines, and soil erosion or debris
deposits into waterways after the fire.
The economic and financial impacts of a wildfire event on local government will depend on the
scale of the event, what is damaged, costs of repair or replacement, lost business days in
impacted areas, and how quickly repairs to critical components of the economy can be
implemented. The level of preparedness and pre-event planning done by the community, local
businesses, and citizens will contribute to the overall economic and financial conditions in the
aftermath of a wildfire event.
CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
Wildfires require the alignment of a number of factors, including temperature, humidity, and the
lack of moisture in fuels, such as trees, shrubs, grasses, and forest debris. All these factors have
strong direct or indirect ties to climate variability and climate change. Research shows that
changes in climate create warmer, drier conditions, leading to longer and more active fire
seasons. Increases in temperatures and the thirst of the atmosphere due to human--caused
climate change have increased aridity of forest fuels during the fire season."
Vapor pressure deficit, an indicator of the ability of moisture to evaporate, is projected to increase
as temperatures rise and carbon dioxide fertilization reduces transpiration, leading to both lower
humidity and increased surface dryness. Overall, increased dryness should extend the wildfire
season in places where the fire season is presently constrained by low levels of aridity, such as
eastern Texas.12
Additionally, it is projected that future changes to the City of Round Rock will include increased
temperatures, which according to the U.S. Climate Explorer, the planning area may experience a
6°F increase in the average extreme heat temperatures. Historically, extreme temperatures
11 NOAA Wildfire Climate Connection,August 2022:wildfire-climate-connection.
t2 Assessment of Historic and Future Trends of Extreme Weather in Texas, 1900-2036, Texas A&M University Office
of the Texas State Climatologist, 2021 update.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2024 1 Page 199
SECTION 15: WILDFIRE
averaged 100°F in the City of Round Rock, but between 2035 and 2064 the average will be 106°F,
increasing the severity and frequency of drought events. The increase in temperature could be
higher but will depend on overall future emissions. Changes in precipitation will also impact
drought occurrences. The U.S. Climate Explorer also shows that a decrease in overall
precipitation is likely overtime, between a 1% and 6% decrease in annual count of intense
rainstorms, which are those that drop two or more inches of rain in one day.
Extreme heat and extended periods of drought contribute to wildfire risk in the planning area.
Extreme temperatures and periods of drought destroy vegetation in the area, contributing to
available fuels that spread wildfires. Additional climate change impacts from drought and extreme
heat are discussed in Sections 6 and 8 of this Plan. The projected increases in favorable wildfire
conditions, including drought and extreme heat, indicate an increase in favorable wildfire
conditions. Additional information and studies are needed to determine the degree and rate of
any increased wildfire risk.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2024 1 Page 200
'y
x
SECTION 16
SECTION 16: WINTER STORM
HazardDescription ...................................................................................................................202
Location ....................................................................................................................................204
Extent........................................................................................................................................206
HistoricalOccurrences..............................................................................................................207
SignificantEvents..................................................................................................................209
Probability of Future Events......................................................................................................210
Vulnerabilityand Impact............................................................................................................210
Assessmentof Impacts .........................................................................................................213
Climate Change Considerations ...............................................................................................214
HAZARD DESCRIPTION
A severe winter storm event is identified as a
storm with snow, ice, or freezing rain. This type
! of storm can cause significant problems for area
residents. Winter storms are associated with
r: freezing or frozen precipitation such as freezing
rain, sleet, snow, and the combined effects of
., winter precipitation and strong winds. Wind chill
is a function of temperature and wind. Low wind
chill is a product of high winds and freezing
- temperatures.
Winter storms that threaten the City of Round Rock planning area usually begin as powerful cold
fronts that push south from central Canada. Although the city is at risk of ice hazards, extremely
cold temperatures, and snow, the effects and frequencies of winter storm events are generally
mild and short-lived.
As indicated in Figure 16-1, the City of Round Rock planning area is located in USDA Hardiness
Zone 9a, with annual minimum temperatures between 20°F and 25°F. During times of ice and
snow accumulation, response times will increase until public works road crews are able to make
major roads passable. Table 16-1 describes the types of winter weather possible to occur in the
City of Round Rock planning area.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 202
SECTION 16: WINTER STORM
Figure 16-1. Annual Minimum Temperature'
USDA gricultural Research Service
Hrdmn.
.5.DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Foard ilbrgr.Wichita
Clay Lamar Red
Knox- Baylor Archer Montg Cooke Graysn. Fannm River Bowie
eym r Dlt.
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Wort Dail Rn Wood Mari n
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Pinto Tarrant Kfmn Van Harrison
hi I Pin Zandt
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Taylor Callhn.Eastland enderson Rus Panola
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s Hill Navarro Check. Shelby
Cmn Andrsn.
Rnnl. Brown Bosque Freesln. Na gd0
Colmn.
mltn. W Ncgdc. San
Mills McLeilnn. Limstn.
Coryell Houston Ag. Salon.
Concho Flans Leon ngelin.
McCllc. San Lmpss.
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Menar Polk Tyler
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�m Webb Duval Wil Nueces
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2023 USDA 15 to 2o 8b -9.4to-6.7
Zapata Jim Kenedy
Plant Hardiness 20 to 25® -6.7to-3.9
Hogg Brook Zone Map 25 to 30 9b 1 -3.9 to-1.1
Stan 30 to 35 -1.1 to 1.7
Willacy
Hidalgo East Texas
°Gids Q 35 to 40- 1.7 to 4.4
Camern
\ / Mapping by the vnsvlle 0 20 40 80
PRISM C imate Group MII@S
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University Oregon State Unrverslty 0 30 60 120
USDA
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 203
SECTION 16: WINTER STORM
Table 16-1. Types of Winter Weather
• ' • Rain or drizzle is likely to freeze upon impact, resulting in a coating of
• I ice glaze on roads and all other exposed objects.
Small particles of ice usually mixed with rain. If enough sleet
accumulates on the ground, it makes travel hazardous.
Sustained wind speeds of at least 35 mph are accompanied by
• considerable falling or blowing snow. This alert is the most perilous
winter storm with visibility dangerously restricted.
Below freezing temperatures are expected and may cause significant
damage to plants, crops, and fruit trees.
A strong wind combined with a temperature slightly below freezing can
have the same chilling effect as a temperature nearly 50 degrees lower
in a calm atmosphere. The combined cooling power of the wind and
temperature on exposed flesh is called the wind-chill factor.
LOCATION
Winter storm events are not confined to specific geographic boundaries. Therefore, all existing
and future buildings, facilities, and populations in the City of Round Rock planning area are
vulnerable to a winter storm hazard and could potentially be impacted.
All of the planning area is equally vulnerable to an occurrence of a winter storm event. However,
certain areas pose increased risk to automobile transportation and may require special attention
and resources from the City. Ten stretches of road within the City of Round Rock planning area
were identified by the Planning Team as major hills which may require de-icing treatment during
winter storms. Figure 16-2 indicates these identified major hills within the planning area that may
impact or prevent safe travel during a winter storm.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 204
SECTION 16: WINTER STORM
Figure 16-2. Major Hills in the City of Round Rock
CITY OF ROUND ROCK Participating 7urisdict,"
ICE HAZARD AREAS 13Q D cty Ronna Rock
r.. I«Hazard Area
•--=Major Hill
Critical Community Features
Transportation
Interstate
Tern v rs U LIS H ghway
Golf-1,-L State Highway
-outh+e=r Railroad
Rego
I'nit —
k►r,�
.3
b b
�a
Brush,
at S
Ra
i
pays Sph*
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q
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City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 205
SECTION 16: WINTER STORM
EXTENT
The extent or magnitude of a severe winter storm is measured in intensity based on the
temperature and level of accumulations as shown in Table 16-2. This table should be read in
conjunction with the wind-chill factor described in Figure 16-3 to determine the intensity of a winter
storm. The chart is not applicable when temperatures are over 50°F or winds are calm. This index
was developed by the National Weather Service.
Table 16-2. Magnitude of Severe Winter Storms
ILIJO
Winds less than 10 mph and freezing rain
• 40° — 50° or light snow falling for short durations with
little or no accumulations
30° —40° Winds 10 — 15 mph and sleet and/or snow
up to 4 inches
Intense snow showers accompanied with
• 25° — 30° strong gusty winds between 15 and 20 mph
with significant accumulation
Wind driven snow that reduces visibility,
20° — 250 heavy winds (between 20 to 30 mph), and
sleet or ice up to 5 millimeters in diameter
Below 20° Winds of 35 mph or more and snow and
sleet greater than 4 inches
Figure 16-3. Wind Chill Chart
�6A2,, j` -
+� Wind Chill Chart ���
Temperature (OF)
36 31 25 19 13 7 1 -5 -11 -16
34 27 21 15 9 3 4 -10 -16
32 25 19 13 6 0 -7 -13
30 24 17 11 4 -2 9 -15
29 23 16 9 3 -4 -11 -17
CL
E 3028 22 1 S 8 1 -5 -12
28 21 14 7 0 -7 -14
3: 4027 20 13 6 -1 $ -15
26 29 12 5 -2 A -16
26 19 12 4 -3 -10 -17
25 18 11 4 -3 -11
• 25 17 10 3 -4 -11 •
Frostbitelrimes F-130 minutes 10 minutes 5 minutes
' '
Where,T=Air Temperature(IF) V=Wind Speed(mph) Effective 11/01/07
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 206
SECTION 16: WINTER STORM
Wind chill temperature is a measure of how cold the wind makes real air temperature feel to the
human body. Since wind can dramatically accelerate heat loss from the body, a blustery 30°F day
would feel just as cold as a calm day with 0°F temperatures. The City of Round Rock planning
area has 40 previous occurrences recorded from 1996 through 2023 in the National Centers for
Environmental Information (NCEI) Storm Events Database. The planning area has never
experienced a blizzard, but it has been subject to winter weather and winter storms.
The average number of cold days is similar for the entire planning area. Therefore, the intensity
or extent of a winter storm event to be mitigated for the area ranges from mild to moderate
according to the definitions at Table 16-2. The City of Round Rock planning area can expect
anywhere between 0.1 to 4.0 inches of ice and snow during a winter storm event, and
temperatures between 20°F and 25°F with winds ranging from 0 to over 35 mph.
The National Weather Service issues a winter storm watch, advisory or warning in advance of an
event in order to give people enough time to prepare for an event. The City of Round Rock could
be under any of these warning types in advance of a winter storm event. Table 16-3 describes
when each warning type would be issued.
Table 16-3. Winter Storm Watch, Advisory, Warning Descriptions
• This alert may be issued for a variety of severe conditions. Weather
advisories may be announced for snow, blowing or drifting snow,
freezing drizzle, freezing rain, or a combination of weather events.
Severe winter weather conditions may affect your area (freezing rain,
sleet, or heavy snow may occur separately or in combination).
•
Severe winter weather conditions are imminent.
• • Rain or drizzle is likely to freeze upon impact, resulting in a coating of
• i ice glaze on roads and all other exposed objects.
Small particles of ice usually mixed with rain. If enough sleet
accumulates on the ground, it makes travel hazardous.
Sustained wind speeds of at least 35 mph are accompanied by
• considerable falling or blowing snow. This alert is the most perilous
winter storm with visibility dangerously restricted.
Below freezing temperatures are expected and may cause significant
damage to plants, crops, and fruit trees.
A strong wind combined with a temperature slightly below freezing can
have the same chilling effect as a temperature nearly 50 degrees
lower in a calm atmosphere. The combined cooling power of the wind
and temperature on exposed flesh is called the wind-chill factor.
HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES
According to historical records and the best available data there have been 40 recorded winter
storm events in Williamson County,which includes the City of Round Rock. Historical winter storm
information, as provided by the NCEI, identifies winter storm activity across a multi-county
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 207
SECTION 16: WINTER STORM
forecast area for each event and does not provide data for single jurisdictions since these events
are widespread. The appropriate percentage of the total property and crop damage reported for
the entire forecast area has been allocated to each county impacted by the event, when
appropriate. Historical winter storm data for the planning area is provided on a County-wide basis
per the NCEI database. Table 16-4 shows historical incident information for the planning area.
Table 16-4. Historical Winter Storm Events, 1996-20232
� �
" • ' CROP
JURISDICTION
DAMAGE DAMAGE
City of Round Rock 2/1/1996 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 12/23/1998 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 12/12/2000 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 11/28/2001 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 2/24/2003 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 12/7/2005 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 1/15/2007 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 1/27/2009 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 2/23/2010 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 2/3/2011 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 2/9/2011 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 11/24/2013 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 11/25/2013 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 12/5/2013 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 12/7/2013 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 3/4/2014 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 1/23/2014 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 1/27/2014 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 2/7/2014 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 1/10/2015 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 2/16/2015 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 2/23/2015 0 0 $0 $0
z Values are in 2024 dollars.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 208
SECTION 16: WINTER STORM
JURISDICTIONDATE DEATHS INJURIES PROPERTY CROP
DAMAGE DAMAGE
City of Round Rock 2/27/2015 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 3/4/2015 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 12/28/2015 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 12/31/2017 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 12/7/2017 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 1/16/2018 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 11/11/2019 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 2/5/2020 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 2/13/2021 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 2/16/2021 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 2/11/2021 0 0 $295,000 $0
City of Round Rock 1/10/2021 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 1/11/2022 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 1/20/2022 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 2/3/2022 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 2/24/2022 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 1/30/2023 0 0 $0 $0
City of Round Rock 2/1/2023 0 0 $23,312,700 $0
TOTALS .000
Based on the list of historical winter storm events for the City of Round Rock planning area, 12 of
the events have occurred since the 2018 Plan.
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
February 11, 2021 —Winter Storm Uri (DR-4586)
Winter Storm Uri was one of the most impactful winter events in the state's history. The winter
storm event lasted a week and brought snow, sleet, and freezing rain to the Southeast region.
The presence of the storm began on February 10, 2021, when a cold front brought a surge of cold
air to the Area. From February 11'h to the 18'h, the winter storm hit the region, including the City
of Round Rock, and many areas were placed under a Winter Storm Warning.
Fatalities across the state were attributed to hypothermia, vehicle accidents, carbon monoxide
poisoning, and chronic medical conditions complicated by a lack of electricity over several days.
Statewide, more than 69 percent of households lost power at some point during the event, with
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 209
SECTION 16: WINTER STORM
average disruptions lasting 42 hours, 21 of which were consecutive. Water service was also
disrupted, with 49 percent of households losing running water with an average disruption of 52
hours.3
In the City of Round Rock planning area, it was reported that many residents suffered during the
power grid failure and experienced rolling power outages. Many roads across the planning area
were snow packed, leading to significant transportation disruptions. Additionally, many trees and
limbs were downed due to the accumulation of ice from freezing rain. Property damages from
Winter Storm Uri in Williamson County, including the City of Round Rock planning area, are
estimated at$295,000 (2024 dollars).
February 1, 2023
A combination of a shallow layer of cold air, brought in by a cold front, combined with warm, moist
southeasterly flow above produced freezing rain and freezing drizzle for several days. These rains
began around 11:00 AM on January 301h and continued off and on through February 2^d. Freezing
rains led to ice accumulation across the region, with about 0.5 inches of ice accumulating in the
City of Round Rock.Across Williamson County, multiple automobile accidents were reported, and
many trees and tree branches were downed due to the weight of the ice. Many of the fallen trees
caused downed power lines, leading to widespread power outages across the county, including
the City of Round Rock. In total, the estimated damages for Williamson County, including the City
of Round Rock planning area, was $23,312,700 (2024 dollars).
PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS
According to historical records, the City of Round Rock planning area is expected to experience
approximately one to two winter storm events each year. The probability of a future winter storm
event affecting the City of Round Rock planning area is considered "Highly Likely", with a winter
storm likely to occur within the next year.
VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT
During periods of extreme cold and freezing temperatures, water pipes can freeze and crack, and
ice can build up on power lines, causing them to break under the weight or causing tree limbs to
fall on the lines. These events can disrupt electric service for long periods.
An economic impact may occur due to increased consumption of heating fuel, which can lead to
energy shortages and higher prices. House fires and resulting deaths tend to occur more
frequently from increased and improper use of alternate heating sources. Fires during winter
storms also present a greater danger because water supplies may freeze and impede firefighting
efforts.
The City of Round Rock Planning Team identified the following critical facilities (Table 16-5) as
assets that are considered the most important to the planning area and are susceptible to a range
of impacts caused by winter storm events. For a comprehensive list of critical facilities, please
see Appendix C.
3 Donald, Jess. "Winter Storm Uri.The Economic Impact of the Storm". October 2021. Fiscal Notes. Texas Comptroller
of Public Accounts. https://comptroller.texas.gov/economy/fiscal-notes/2021/oct/winter-storm-impact.php
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 210
SECTION 16: WINTER STORM
Table 16-5. Critical Facilities Vulnerable to Winter Storm Events
CRITICAL POTENTIAL IMPACTS
FACILITIES
Emergency operations, services and response times may be
significantly impacted due to power outages, and/or loss of
Emergency communications.
Response Services ' Exposure to extreme cold can cause illnesses in first responders if
(EOC, Fire, Police, exposed for a period of time.
EMS), Hospitals and ' Roads may become impassable due to snow and/or ice impacting
Medical Centers response times by emergency services.
Extended power outages due to increased usage may lead to
possible looting, destruction of property, and theft, further
burdening law enforcement resources.
Power outages due to increased usage could disrupt critical care.
Backup power sources could be damaged.
Increased number of patients due to exposure to cold
Airport, Academic temperatures could lead to a strain on staff.
Institutions, Animal . Water pipes can freeze and burst leading to flooding within
Shelter, Evacuation facilities.
Centers & Shelters, • Facilities, infrastructure, or critical equipment including
Governmental communications may be damaged, destroyed or otherwise
Facilities, inoperable.
Residential/ . Essential supplies like medicines, water, food, and equipment
Assisted Living deliveries may be delayed.
Facilities . Economic disruption due to power outages negatively impact
airport services as well as area businesses reliant on airport
operations.
Expo ure risks to outdoor workers.
Facilities, infrastructure, or critical equipment including
Commercial communications may be damaged, destroyed or otherwise
Supplier (food, fuel, inoperable.
etc.) . Essential supplies like medicines, water, food, and equipment
deliveries may be delayed.
Emergency operations, services and response times may be
Utility Services and significantly impacted due to power outages, and/or loss of
Infrastructure communications.
Roads may become impassable due to snow and/or ice impacting
(electric, water, response times by emergency services.
wastewater, , Power outages due to increased usage could disrupt critical care.
communications) Backup power sources could be damaged.
• Water pipes can freeze and burst leading to flooding within
facilities.
People and animals are subject to health risks from extended exposure to cold air (Table 16-6).
Elderly people are at greater risk of death from hypothermia during these events, especially in the
neighborhoods with older housing stock. According to the U.S. Center for Disease Control, every
year hypothermia kills about 600 Americans, half of whom are 65 years of age or older.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 211
SECTION 16: WINTER STORM
Due to factors like limited mobility, communication difficulties, medical needs, sensitivity to cold
temperatures, reliance on support services, transportation challenges, housing accessibility
issues, and possible shortages in emergency shelter accommodations, people with disabilities
are particularly vulnerable to winter storms. Inclusive measures are crucial to address these
vulnerabilities and ensure their safety during severe weather events.
Populations living below the poverty level may not be able to afford to run heat on a regular basis
or an extended period of time. In addition, people who speak a language other than English may
face increased vulnerability due to language barriers that limit their access to important
information such as weather-related warnings and instructions regarding safety measures.
The population over 65 in the City of Round Rock planning area is estimated at 10 percent of the
total population and children under the age of 5 are estimated at 6 percent. The population with
a disability is estimated at 11 percent of the total population. An estimated 8 percent of the
planning area population live below the poverty level and 25 percent of the populations speaks a
language other than English.4
Older homes tend to be more vulnerable to the impacts of winter storm events. Approximately, 12
percent(an estimated 5,539 structures) of the housing units in the planning area were built before
1980 (Table 16-7).
Table 16-6. Populations at Greater Risk of Winter Storm Events
ELDERLY • ' BELOW NON-ENGLISH
POVERTY
(over • •eDISABILITY
LEVEL
12,356 7,219 12,927 9,276 30,183
Table 16-7. Structures at Greater Risk of Winter Storm Events
SFR STRUCTURES
BUILT BEFORE • :0
5,539
Winter Storms have been known to cause injury to humans and occasionally have been fatal.
Overall, the average loss estimate of property and crops in the planning area is considered
$23,607,700 (2024 dollars) with an average annualized loss of$843,100. No injuries or fatalities
have been caused by winter storms in the planning area based on best available data. However,
based on historic loss and damages, the impact of winter storm damages on the City of Round
Rock planning area can be considered "Minor," meaning injuries and illnesses do not result in
permanent disability, complete shutdown of critical facilities for more than one week, and more
than 10 percent of property destroyed or with major damage.
4 US Census Bureau, American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates
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SECTION 16: WINTER STORM
Table 16-8. Winter Storm Event Damage Totals, 1996-2023
PROPERTY & . • . AVERAGELOSSI
LOSS ESTIMATES
$23,607,700 $843,100
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
The greatest risk from a winter storm hazard is to public health and safety. The impact of climate
change could produce longer, more intense winter storm events, exacerbating the current winter
storm impacts. Worsening winter storm conditions can be frequently associated with a variety of
impacts, including:
• Vulnerable populations, particularly the elderly (10 percent of total population), children
under 5 (6 percent of total population), and those with a disability (11 percent of total
population), can face serious or life-threatening health problems from exposure to extreme
cold including hypothermia and frostbite.
• Loss of electric power or other heat source can result in increased potential for fire injuries
or hazardous gas inhalation because residents burn candles for light or use fires or
generators to stay warm.
• Response personnel, including utility workers, public works personnel, debris removal
staff, tow truck operators, and other first responders, are subject to injury or illness
resulting from exposure to extreme cold temperatures.
• Response personnel would be required to travel in potentially hazardous conditions,
elevating the life safety risk due to accidents and potential contact with downed power
lines.
• Operations or service delivery may experience impacts from electricity blackouts due to
winter storms.
• Power outages are possible throughout the planning area due to downed trees and power
lines and/or rolling blackouts.
• Critical facilities without emergency backup power may not be operational during power
outages.
• Emergency response and service operations may be impacted by limitations on access
and mobility if roadways are closed, unsafe, or obstructed.
• Hazardous road conditions will likely lead to increases in automobile accidents, further
straining emergency response capabilities.
• Depending on the severity and scale of damage caused by ice and snow events, damage
to power transmission and distribution infrastructure can require days or weeks to repair.
• Winter storms can reduce the efficacy of shaded fuel breaks for wildfire mitigation as
treated areas were more likely to have downed trees and limbs than untreated areas.
• Winter storms can result in damage to endangered species habitat and increased fuel
loads within forested habitats.
• Older structures built to less stringent building codes may suffer greater damage as they
are typically more vulnerable to impacts of winter storm events. Approximately 12 percent
of homes in the City were built before 1980. Similarly, historic buildings and sites are
placed at a higher risk of impact due to materials used and the inability to change
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 213
SECTION 16: WINTER STORM
properties due to their historic status. There are five historical places listed on the National
Register of Historic Places for the City of Round Rock.
Schools may be forced to shut early due to treacherous driving conditions.
Exposed water pipes may be damaged by severe or late season winter storms at both
residential and commercial structures, causing significant damages.
The economic and financial impacts of winter weather on the community will depend on the scale
of the event, what is damaged, and how quickly repairs to critical components of the economy
can be implemented. The level of preparedness and pre-event planning done by the community,
local businesses and citizens will also contribute to the overall economic and financial conditions
in the aftermath of a winter storm event.
CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
Climate change is expected to reduce the number of extreme cold events statewide but increase
in the variability of events.' Extreme cold events will continue to be possible but overall winters
are becoming milder, and the frequency of extreme winter weather events are decreasing due to
the warming of the Arctic and less extreme cold air coming from that region.' A trend that is
expected to continue with winter extremes estimated to be milder by 2036 compared to extremes
in the historic record.'
5 Fourth National Climate Assessment. Chapter 23 Southern Great Plans. U.S. Global Change Program 2018.
6 Assessment of Historic and Future Trends of Extreme Weather in Texas, 1900-2036, Texas A&M University Office of
the Texas State Climatologist, 2021 update.
' Assessment of Historic and Future Trends of Extreme Weather in Texas, 1900-2036. Texas A&M University Office of
the Texas State Climatologist, 2021 update.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 214
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SECTION 17: CYBER ATTACK
HazardDescription ...................................................................................................................216
Hazards.................................................................................................................................217
Denial of Service Attacks...................................................................................................217
DataLoss/Leakage............................................................................................................217
Infrastructure Loss/Failure.................................................................................................217
InsiderThreats...................................................................................................................217
Organized Cybercrime, State-Sponsored Hackers Espionage..........................................218
Third Party Mismanagement..............................................................................................218
Advance Persistent Threats...............................................................................................218
CivilDisorder .....................................................................................................................218
Location ....................................................................................................................................218
Extent........................................................................................................................................218
Historical Occurrences..............................................................................................................219
Probability of Future Events......................................................................................................220
Vulnerabilityand Impact............................................................................................................221
Climate Change Considerations ...............................................................................................222
HAZARD DESCRIPTION
A cyber-attack is any type of offensive maneuver employed by individuals or organizations that
targets computer information systems, infrastructures, computer networks, and personal
computer devices by various means of malicious acts. The malicious act usually originates from
an anonymous source that either steals, alters, or destroys a specified target by hacking into a
susceptible system.
Cyberspace and its underlying infrastructure are
vulnerable to a wide range of risks including both4.
physical and cyber threats and hazards. "
Sophisticated cyber actors and nation-states exploit
vulnerabilities to steal information and money and
can develop capabilities to disrupt, destroy, or
threaten the delivery of essential services. Various
crimes are perpetrated through cyberspace if
including the production and distribution of child
pornography and child exploitation conspiracies,
banking and financial fraud, intellectual property
violations, and other crimes, all of which have substantial human and economic consequences.
Cyberspace is particularly difficult to secure from cyber-attack events, due to a number of factors
including the ability of malicious actors to operate from anywhere in the world, the links between
cyberspace and physical systems, and the difficulty of reducing vulnerabilities and consequences
in complex cyber networks. Of growing concern is the cyber threat to critical infrastructure, which
is increasingly subject to sophisticated cyber intrusions that pose new risks. As information
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SECTION 17: CYBER ATTACK
technology becomes increasingly integrated with physical infrastructure operations, there is
increased risk for wide scale or high-consequence events that could cause harm or disrupt
services upon which our economy and the daily lives of millions of Americans depend. In light of
the risk and potential consequences of cyber events, strengthening the security and resilience of
cyberspace has become an important homeland security mission.'
The City of Round Rock has experienced growth over the past decade, which means a larger
amount of data and more residents who may be impacted in the event of a cyber-attack within
the planning area. The City takes steps to safeguard the integrity of its data and to prevent
unauthorized access to information that is maintained in their computer systems.These measures
are designed and intended to prevent corruption of data, block unauthorized access, and to
ensure the integrity of information. Among these measures are frequently implementing methods
to enhance redundancy across the City's network, including necessary security measures such
as keeping robust backups. Additionally, the City partners with the US Cybersecurity and
Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) to further increase security of critical facilities. Other
ongoing measures the City of Round Rock is taking include adding additional aerial fiber routes
to prevent widespread outages in the event of a broken fiber or temporary equipment issues. This
section reviews the hazards to the cybersecurity assets for the City of Round Rock planning area.
HAZARDS
DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS
A denial of service attack (DoS) is the attempt to make a computer or network resource
unavailable to its intended users. A DoS attack may come from one or several computers, while
a distributed denial of service attack (DDoS) will be launched from many, often thousands of
computers. While DoS attacks may occur frequently and typically can be handled by the City's
equipment, a DDoS attack can overload the City of Round Rock's network or computer resources
resulting in extended downtime. Often these attacks rely on lower-level network vulnerabilities.
DATA LOSS/LEAKAGE
Data loss can result from a variety of reasons, both intentional and unintentional. Data loss may
result from a failure to properly backup or have disaster recovery equipment and processes,
employees improperly handling sensitive data, and criminal activities such as espionage, theft,
sabotage, and other malicious acts.
INFRASTRUCTURE LOSS/FAILURE
Loss of computer and network resources may result from a variety of natural and human-caused
disasters including tornadoes, hurricanes, and explosions due to accidents, power loss, terrorism,
and fire.
INSIDER THREATS
Insider threats are malicious threats to the planning area that come from City of Round Rock
employees, contractors, and volunteers who have access to the City's computers, networks, and
data. An insider can initiate a DoS attack, leak or steal data, and sabotage the infrastructure and
data.
' Source: Department of Homeland Security
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SECTION 17: CYBER ATTACK
ORGANIZED CYBERCRIME, STATE-SPONSORED HACKERS ESPIONAGE
Organized cybercrime, which may include state-sponsored cybercrime, are attacks on the City of
Round Rock's computers, network, and data by criminal organizations. These criminals may be
motivated by money or political reasons. Often these attacks are well planned out, difficult to
identify due to their more limited scope, and can result in extensive damage.
THIRD PARTY MISMANAGEMENT
Reliance on third parties for cyber services implies acceptance of the risk that the third party will
properly protect the cyber resources from loss or unavailability. Hazards from the use of third
parties include DoS, DDoS, data loss and leakage, infrastructure loss and failure, insider threats,
and organized cybercrime.
ADVANCE PERSISTENT THREATS
An advanced persistent threat (APT) is a stealthy and continuous attack on City of Round Rock
over a long period of time. The "advanced" process signifies sophisticated techniques using
malware to exploit vulnerabilities in systems. The "persistent" process suggests that an external
command and control system is continuously monitoring and extracting data from a specific
target. The "threat" process indicates human involvement in orchestrating the attack.
CIVIL DISORDER
Civil disorder may impact the cybersecurity of the planning area by directly or indirectly impacting
City of Round Rock's ability to support its computers, networks, and data. Civil disorder can result
in the planning area not having resources due to direct impact to the computers and networks,
and indirectly by limiting the resources necessary to run the computers and networks.
LOCATION
Cyberwar is deceptive, invisible to most, and fought out of sight. It takes place in cyberspace, a
location that cannot be seen, touched, or felt. Physical instruments, such as computers, routers,
and cables can be seen; however, these instruments interact in cyberspace, a virtual and unseen
realm. Thus, the source of the hazard can extend from one part of the world to attacks on public
or private sector entities in another part of the world, and the perpetrator can remain unknown in
a legally provable sense. The entire City of Round Rock planning area can be affected by a cyber-
attack.
EXTENT
Currently an official index for measuring the extent of a cyber-attack does not exist. The extent,
nature, and timing of cyber-attack events are impossible to predict. There may or may not be any
warning. Some cyber-attack events take a long time (weeks, months, or years) to be discovered
and identified.z Therefore, the City of Round Rock planning area is vulnerable to all types of
cyber-attack, and can occur anywhere, and at any time.
The extent of damages is based on historical incidents in the City of Round Rock planning area
are classified as low, medium, and high; third party information regarding the impact; and if the
planning area has experienced an occurrence of the incident.
2 Source: http://www.ready.gov/cyber-attack
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SECTION 17: CYBER ATTACK
Denial of service attacks: Low
A DoS and DDoS attack could result in an extended cyber-outage in the planning area. The
outage, although impacting the daily business of the planning area, would not have a substantial
economic impact on the City.
Data loss/ leakage: High
Data loss and leakage experienced by the planning area could result in costly remediation efforts
to ensue. For example, if personally identifiable information (PII) is leaked, the City may be
required to pay for credit protection services. Since the City of Round Rock manages a large
quantity of sensitive information, the possibility of costly remediation efforts is high.
Infrastructure loss /failure: High
Loss of a cyber-processing facility could result in very high expenses to remediate, repair, and
recover from the loss.
Insider threats: Medium
Insider threats can result in substantial impacts to the organization, depending on what data the
insider has accessed. The City of Round Rock has remediated insider threats by using the
industry standard separation of duties, and performing background checks of its employees,
contractors, and volunteers.
Organized cybercrime, state-sponsored hackers' espionage: High
The planning area is a moderate target for organized criminals and state-sponsored hackers due
to its political environment and the size of the organization. Due to the potential extent of attacks
by organized criminals, the possibility and severity of resulting damages are great.
Third party mismanagement: Low
Since each vendor is isolated from the service it performs, the damages from one third party's
mismanagement are fairly low.
Advanced persistent threats: High
The impact of an APT to the planning area can be severe because a large number of systems
can be affected and the remediation of such an attack could be expensive to recover from.
Civil disorder: High
The impacts of civil disorder on cybersecurity could be extensive due to the typical physical nature
of the attacks.
HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES
It's been reported that the electric grid is attacked every four days either physically or through
cyber threats.3 The numbers of attacks are accelerating and becoming more sophisticated. The
Texas Governor announced that websites belonging to state agencies have seen an increase in
attempted cyber-attacks coming out of Iran (about 10,000 per minute) in the time since Iranian
general Qassem Soleimani was killed in a U.S. drone strike.4 While the majority of attacks to
gather data are not successful, the City of Round Rock's technology security team remains on
3 Source: USA Today, March 2015, website: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/03/24/power-grid-physical-
and-cyber-attacks-concern-security-experts/24892471/
4 Statesman News Network, January 2020, Website: https://www.statesman.com/news/20200110/austin-on-guard-
after-texas-h it-with-i n creased-cyberatta cks-from-i ra n
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 219
SECTION 17: CYBER ATTACK
high alert. The Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) reportedly has a team of
professionals and a series of procedures they utilized to protect the planning area systems from
cyber-attacks.
Based on available data, no known cyber-attack incidents have impacted the City of Round Rock.
Even though cyber-attack events are virtually impossible to predict, the City of Round Rock
planning area has the potential of an occurrence happening at any time.
PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS
The probability of occurrence based on historical incidents in the planning area are classified as
low, medium, and high; as well as third party information regarding the likelihood of incidents if
the City has not had an occurrence of the incident.
Denial of service attacks: Low
The planning area has frequent DOS attack attempts which are not severe enough to impact the
City of Round Rock's service levels. The City has had no DDoS attacks over the last year which
successfully impacted services. Although there have been attempts for service disruptions
through phishing emails, a fraudulent attempt to obtain sensitive information has not been
successful. The City employs vendor software, such as network monitoring software, which
supports critical infrastructure. The City uses defense-in-depth to prevent, detect, and mitigate
viruses, malware, or potentially unwanted programs (PuP) at multiple levels from City edge
devices and web browsers, down to all endpoints.
Data loss/ leakage: Low
The planning area is subject to several compliance requirements which specifically address data
loss and leakage. These compliance standards include but are not limited to:
• Payment Card Industry Security Standard (PCI DSS)
• Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)
• Criminal Justice Information Services Division (CJIS)
The City of Round Rock had no instances of data loss over the last year which resulted in the City
having to remediate the situation.
Infrastructure loss /failure: Low
The planning area has multiple data centers which are hardened in various ways to minimize the
possibility of outage. Resilience and redundancy are continuously being reviewed and addressed
to reduce the risk of loss or failure; the City is currently undergoing efforts to further increase
redundancy in the City's aerial fiber network. Historically, the infrastructure has had few outages
that were extended. A prime example of potentially affected infrastructure would be health care
systems within the planning area.
Insider threats: Low
The City of Round Rock requires anyone who has access to government network and resources
to have gone through a background check,which is regularly reviewed.All IT staff are background
checked and fingerprinted in compliance with Th Criminal Justice Information System's (CJIS)
requirements. There has never been evidence of insider attacks in the City of Round Rock.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 220
SECTION 17: CYBER ATTACK
Organized cybercrime, state-sponsored hackers' espionage: Medium
Over the last five years, many organized cyberattack attempts may have been made on the City
of Round Rock, as DDoS and malware attacks have become more and more frequent across the
globe. However, based on best available data, no known cyberattack attempts have been
successful on bypassing the City's security measures or impacting the City's network, equipment,
or the community.
Third party mismanagement: Low
The City of Round Rock planning area utilizes third parties for implementing certain cybersecurity
measures, such as network monitoring, endpoint protection, and advanced threat protection.
CISA is also leveraged for several City activities. The primary third-party vendor used by the City
does not have direct access to user emails by default, and can only access messages the City
submits to them for analysis purposes. Stored copies of messages can be removed at any time
at the City's request. There have not been any recorded instances of third-party mismanagement
in the City of Round Rock to date.
Advanced persistent threats (APT): Low
APTs are defined as a highly sophisticated threat actor with the resources and knowledge needed
to stage a long-term attack campaign and remain undetected for extended periods of time. APTs
may use a wide variety of techniques to attack their targets, including malware and ransomware
strains.The City of Round Rock maintain systems which monitor symptoms of APT. These include
defense-in-depth systems with multiple layers reporting to a Security information and event
management (SIEM) system which analyzes disparate data seams and potential Indicators of
Compromise (IOC). Additionally, the City utilizes network monitoring tools to detect changes in
device state and configuration. No successful APT cyber-attacks are known to have impacted the
planning area.
Civil disorder: Low
Nationally, civil disorder events have been correlated or followed up by a cyber-attack to critical
infrastructure, and national trends indicate a general rise in such events. However, the City of
Round Rock has relatively low civil disorder events historically, and there have been no cyber-
attacks tied into civil disturbance events within the last five years. Local, state, and federal officials
monitor such events and establish lines of communication in the event that a cyber incident may
unfold. The probability of following this national trend is low for the planning area.
Overall, cyber-attacks of all kinds are impossible to predict, but attack attempts have continuously
risen across the country in recent years. Based on these global trends and historical evidence,
the City of Round Rock planning area is vulnerable to a range of cyber threats. The probability of
future cyber-attack attempts is nearly certain and considered Highly Likely, meaning an attempt
is probable in the next year. However, based on historical data and the security systems which
the City of Round Rock employs, the probability of a major, successful cyber-attack event
impacting the City of Round Rock is considered "Unlikely," meaning an event of this magnitude is
probable within the next ten years.
VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT
With the internet being largely open and unregulated, it leaves the planning area vulnerable to
cyber-attacks and threats. The attack can be on information systems resulting in a data breach,
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SECTION 17: CYBER ATTACK
or the spread of a virus. With the growing dependence on digital interconnectivity even a small
incident may have widespread and damaging consequences.
Transportation, public safety, and utility services are all critical, and
highly dependent on information technology. The motive behind
such disruptions can be driven by religious, political, and other
objectives. A
A cyber-attack can last a few minutes to a couple of days, although
large-scale events and their impacts can last much longer. Cyber-
attacks differ by motive, type, vector, and perpetrator profile.
Cybersecurity involves protecting infrastructure by preventing, detecting, and responding to
cyber-attack incidents. Unlike physical threats that prompt immediate action, such as "stop, drop,
and roll," in the event of a fire; cyber threats are often difficult to identify and comprehend. Among
these dangers are viruses erasing entire systems, intruders breaking into systems and altering
files, intruders using a computer or device to attack others, and intruders stealing confidential
information. The spectrum of cyber-attack risks is limitless. Threats of cyber-attack can have wide-
ranging effects on the individual, community, organizational, and national level. Risks from cyber-
attack include:
• Organized cybercrime, state-sponsored hackers, and cyber espionage, which can pose
national security risks to our country.
• Transportation, power, and other services may be disrupted by large scale cyber incidents,
and the extent of the disruption is highly uncertain as it will be determined by many
unknown factors including the target and size of the incident.
• Vulnerability to data breach and loss increases if an organization's network is
compromised, and therefore information about a company, its employees, and its
customers can be at risk.
• Individually-owned devices such as computers, tablets, mobile phones, and gaming
systems that connect to the Internet are vulnerable to intrusion, and therefore personal
information may be at risk without proper security.'
Based on historical events, the potential impact of cyber-attacks for the entire City of Round Rock
planning area can be considered "Major"due to the critical facilities that can be indirectly impacted
by an attack. While deaths, injuries or damages to the built environment are not directly caused
by a cyber-attack, the secondary or cascading effects of an attack could be devastating.
CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
As a non-natural hazard, climate change has no direct impact on the future occurrences of cyber-
attack incidents. However, climate change is associated with an increase in severe weather. If
severe weather events occur concurrently with a cyber-attack, the stress on emergency services,
critical infrastructure, and the community may be compounded. Research and data regarding the
impact of climate change on non-natural events is minimal and limited.
'Source: http://www.ready.gov/cyber-attack
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 222
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SECTION 18: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
HazardDescription ...................................................................................................................224
Location ....................................................................................................................................225
Extent........................................................................................................................................227
Historical Occurrences..............................................................................................................227
Probability of Future Events......................................................................................................228
Vulnerabilityand Impact............................................................................................................228
Assessment of Impacts .........................................................................................................230
Climate Change Considerations ...............................................................................................231
HAZARD DESCRIPTION
_ Hazardous materials come in the form of explosives,
flammable and combustible substances, poisons,
and radioactive materials. A hazardous material
(HAZMAT) incident involves a substance outside
�p normal safe containment in sufficient concentration
j to pose a threat to life, property, or the environment.
_ I Chemicals are found everywhere. They purify
drinking water, increase crop production, and simplify
household chores. But chemicals also can be
hazardous to humans or the environment if used or released improperly. Hazards can occur
during production, storage, transportation, use, or disposal. Communities can be put at risk if a
chemical is used unsafely or released in harmful amounts into the environment in which residents
live, work, or play.
In a hazardous materials incident, solid, liquid, and/or gaseous contaminants may be released
from fixed or mobile containers. This profile focuses on fixed sites. Weather conditions will directly
affect how the hazard develops.
The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) is a publicly available database from the federal
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which contains information on toxic chemical releases
and other waste management activities that are reported annually by certain covered industry
groups federal facilities. This inventory was established under the Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA) and expanded by the Pollution Prevention Act
of 1990. Each year, facilities that meet certain activity thresholds must report their releases and
other waste management activities for listed toxic chemicals to the EPA and their state or tribal
entity. A facility must report if it meets the following three criteria:
The facility falls within one of the following industrial categories: manufacturing; metal
mining, coal mining, electric generating facilities that combust coal and/or oil; chemical
wholesale distributors-, petroleum terminals and bulk storage facilities; Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Subtitle C Treatment, Storage and Disposal
(TSD) facilities; and solvent recovery services.
Have ten or more full-time employee equivalents.
Manufactures or processes more than 25,000 pounds or otherwise uses more than 10,000
pounds of any listed chemical during the calendar year. Persistent, Bio-accumulative and
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 224
SECTION 18: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Toxic (PBT) chemicals are subject to different thresholds of ten pounds, 100 pounds or
0.1 grams depending on the chemical.
Submission of a Tier II form is required under Section 312 of the Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA). Under EPCRA, all facilities which store
significant quantities of hazardous chemicals must share this information with state and local
emergency responders and planners. Facilities in Texas share this information by filing annual
hazardous chemical inventories with the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS),
Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs), and local fire departments. The Texas Tier II
Report contains facility identification information and detailed chemical data about hazardous
chemicals stored at the facility.
A facility must report if it meets the following criteria:
• Any company using chemicals that could present a physical or health hazard must report
them if the quantities of those chemicals exceed Tier II threshold limits.
• If an industry has an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) deemed
hazardous chemical that exceeds the appropriate threshold at a certain point in time, then
the chemical must be reported. These chemicals may be on the list of 355 Extremely
Hazardous Substances (EHS) or could be one of the 650,000 reportable hazardous
substances (not on the EHS list). This reporting format is for a "snapshot in time." EHS
chemicals must be reported if the quantity is greater than 500 pounds or the Threshold
Planning Quantity (TPQ) amount, if the TPQ is less than 500 pounds. Chemicals not
considered to be EHS must be reported if their quantity is 10,000 pounds or greater.
LOCATION
A hazardous material spill occurring along railroad tracks and major highways near populated
areas in the City of Round Rock is of concern to the planning team. Trains and trucks can carry
a variety of materials that would, in large quantity, threaten the health and safety of people and
the natural environment in the vicinity of a spill.
All major highways, railroads, and the surrounding areas are at risk of a HAZMAT incident. There
are several high capacity roadways in the City of Round Rock, including Interstate 35, SH-45,
SH-130, and US 79. The city is centrally located between some of the state's largest cities,
including Houston, San Antonio, and Dallas, which are all less than 200 miles away. As a
transportation hub and densely populated area,the City of Round Rock is vulnerable to hazardous
materials incidents.
The National Hazardous Materials Route Registry (NHMRR) lists, as reported by States and
Tribal governments, all designated and restricted roads and preferred highway routes for
transportation of highway route-controlled quantities of Class 7 radioactive materials and non-
radioactive hazardous materials. According to NHMRR data, no routes for the transportation of
these hazardous materials are located in or near the City of Round Rock planning area.'
Under the Community Right-to-Know program laws upheld at the state and federal level, all
facilities which store significant quantities of hazardous chemicals must share this information
Source: https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/regulations/hazardous-materials/national-hazardous-materials-route-registry-
state
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 225
SECTION 18: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
with state and local emergency responders and planners. Facilities in Texas share this information
by filing annual hazardous chemical inventories with the state. with Local Emergency Planning
Committees (LEPCs), and with local fire departments.
Figure 18-1 shows the locations of available georeferenced TRI toxic sites in and around the City
of Round Rock. Only toxic sites that have georeferenced data available were analyzed-, 500-meter
and 2500-meter circle buffers are also drawn around each hazardous material site.
There are 15 TRI sites total in the City of Round Rock, per EPA's database, with 13 of those sites
reporting previous toxic releases into the planning area between 1987 and 2023. Of those, six
sites have reporting available for chemicals released into the planning area in 2022. Five sites
reported toxic releases in 2022, with Exfluor Research accounting for the most chemicals (623
lbs.) released into the planning area in that year, according to TRI data. Table 18-1 lists the
names, locations, and hazardous chemicals associated of TRI toxic sites in and around the City
of Round Rock planning area which reported toxic releases for 2022.
Figure 18-1. EPA Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) Facility Locations
CITY OF ROUND ROCK Participating lurisdielon
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS p ch or Round Ro<k
Toxic Release Inventory
O Sites
Q 500-meter Radius
Q 2500-meter Radius
Critiol Community Features
CKwh.•. Transportation
Racer
Interstate
US Highway
State Highway
D --- RaAroad
HIutbyc i
OI
O ;
Dams 9P`* san ch
�45. '
_� 'irna.ve
°eF
h
c P11ugelville
1 25 5 cr rl-YFN lcpopwtir..WRrMwe TMJ,;
LWI....i il--AlirY!LV_4
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SECTION 18: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Table 18-1. EPA 2022 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) for the City of Round Rock
TRI FACILITY NAME LOCATION ASSOCIATED CHEMICALS
Hydrogen Fluoride, Fluorine,
Exfluor Research City of Round Rock
Octanoyl Fluoride, 1-Decanol, Methyl
perfluorooctanoate,
Perfluorononanoic acid
Cargill Meat Solutions Corp. City of Round Rock Ammonia
ICU Medical Inc. City of Round Rock Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Teco-Westing house Motor Co. City of Round Rock Copper and copper compounds
TXI-Round Rock Ready Mix City of Round Rock Lead and lead compounds, Nitrate
compounds
EXTENT
The extent of a hazardous material release will depend on whether it is from a mobile or fixed site
and the size of impact. The range of intensity will vary greatly depending on the circumstances.
These factors and conditions include the material, toxicity, duration of the release, and
environmental conditions such as the wind and precipitation.
Hazardous materials or toxic releases can have substantial impact on communities. Such events
can cause multiple deaths, completely shut down facilities for 30 days or more, and cause more
than 50 percent of affected properties to be destroyed or suffer major damage. In a hazardous
materials incident, solid, liquid and/or gaseous contaminants may be released from fixed or mobile
containers. Weather conditions would directly affect how the hazard develops. The micro-
meteorological effects on buildings and terrain can alter travel patterns and duration of agents.
Shielding in the form of permanent shelter can protect people from harmful effects. Non-
compliance with fire and building codes, as well as failure to maintain existing fire and containment
features can substantially increase damage from a hazardous materials release. The duration of
a hazardous materials incident can range from hours to days. Warning time is minimal to none.
HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES
Hazardous materials are substances that if released or misused can cause death, serious injury,
long-lasting health effects, and damage to infrastructure and the environment. Many products
containing hazardous chemicals are used and stored in homes routinely. These products are also
shipped daily on the nation's highways, railroads, waterways, and pipelines.
The City of Round Rock has identified 12 significant hazardous materials incidents between 2021
and 2024. This includes fuel, oil, ammonia, and pesticide leaks with most related to transportation
incidents. There is one known and reported injury due to an unintentional release of
Perfluoroadipoyl Fluoride inside an Exfluor Research facility in 2023.
A total of 59 spill incidents have been reported in the City of Round Rock between 2002 and 2024
according to the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) Emergency Response
2 Only TRI sites with reported chemical releases for 2022 are listed. Source: https://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-
inventory-tri-program
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SECTION 18: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Spills database.3 This includes chemical spills reported to and investigated by TCEQ. Damages,
injuries, and fatalities are not reported in this database, and a spill's inclusion in this dataset does
not necessarily indicate significant damage to public health, property, or the natural environment
occurred. However, the frequency of these events does indicate a significant level of risk for the
planning area.
PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS
Hazardous material spills are usually the result of human error and/or accidents, which cannot be
predicted. However, given the amount of traffic through the planning area and its large network
of transportation, it is probable that an incident will occur in any given year. Most spills will not
lead to negative health or safety impacts and will not cause substantial negative impacts on the
air, soil, or groundwater. The probability of a spill threatening the health of thousands and of
having long-term negative environmental consequences is, based on previous experience, low.
Based on the historic incident records and team input, the frequency of occurrence for typical
hazardous material incidents would be considered highly likely. However, many of the previous
spill incidents were minor and related to vehicle accidents resulting in fuel and oil spills. Based on
the best available data the frequency of occurrence for more significant hazardous material
incidents is considered "Occasional", meaning an event is probable in the next five years for the
City of Round Rock.
VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT
The City of Round Rock is vulnerable to hazardous materials incidents, due to its dense
population, proximity to major roadways and rail lines, and 15 TRI facilities (including 5 facilities
which reported toxic releases in 2022) being located within its boundary.
Public health and environmental impacts are the most common effects of a hazardous materials
incident. The release of toxic chemicals can pose immediate health effects including respiratory
problems, chemical burns, poisoning, and long-term illnesses such as cancer. Vulnerable
populations including children and the elderly may be more susceptible to health impacts. The
population over 65 in the City of Round Rock is estimated at 10 percent of the total population
and children under the age of 5 are estimated at 6 percent.
In extreme cases, an evacuation may be ordered to remove people from the hazardous area.
Evacuating areas affected by HAZMAT incidents can be difficult, especially for people with
disabilities or those who live below the poverty level and lack transportation and financial
resources. In addition, people who speak a language other than English may face increased
vulnerability due to language barriers that limit their access to important information such as
weather-related warnings and instructions regarding safety measures. Populations with a
disability are estimated at 11 percent. An estimated 8 percent of the planning area population
lives below the poverty level, and 25 percent of the populations speaks a language other than
English.
3 Source: https://data.texas.gov/dataset/Texas-Commission-on-Environmental-Quality-Emergenc/xagr-
a3x2/about_data
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SECTION 18: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Table 18-2. Populations at Greater Risk of HAZMAT Incidents"
BELOW
ELDERLY • ' POVERTYNON-ENGLISH
(over • •- SPEAKING
LEVEL
12,356 7,219 12,927 9,276 30,183
Hazardous materials can have significant and long-term environmental impacts due to the release
of toxic chemicals into the environment. Spills or leaks of chemicals may contaminate the soil,
making it unsuitable for agriculture. Hazardous material incidents can also cause water pollution.
The toxic substances can be carried by rainwater or runoff into nearby water bodies, which can
harm aquatic life, disrupt ecosystems, and pose a public health risk if contamination occurs to
drinking water sources. Gaseous releases can lead to air pollution, which can become
widespread. HAZMAT incidents can also disrupt the local ecosystem, harming animals, and
insects, leading to the displacement of native species.
While the best available data does not provide historical dollar loss amounts, hazardous material
incidents can also be costly and impact the local economy. Emergency containment, clean up,
and disposal may strain local resources and budgets. HAZMAT incidents can also lead to property
damage, most commonly to industrial facilities and transportation networks. Based on best
available data, the impact of hazardous materials incidents for the City of Round Rock is
considered "Limited" meaning injuries and/or illnesses are treatable with first aid, shutdown of
facilities and services for 24 hours or less, and less than 10 percent of property being destroyed
or with major damage.
Critical facilities in the planning area are vulnerable to a range of direct and indirect impacts
caused by HAZMAT incidents. Many of the impacts to critical facilities identified by the City of
Round Rock Planning Team are similar to the impacts listed in Sections 5 through 16. Table 18-
3 identifies assets that are considered the most important to the planning area and are susceptible
to a range of impacts caused by hazardous materials events. For a comprehensive list of critical
facilities, please see Appendix C.
Table 18-3. Critical Facilities Vulnerable to Hazardous Materials Events
CRITICAL POTENTIAL .A
FACILITIES
• Emergency operations and services may be significantly
Emergency Response impacted due to responding to the impacts of a hazardous
Services (EOC, Fire, materials event.
Emergency vehicles, including critical equipment, can be
Police, EMS), damaged during response efforts.
Hospitals and Medical • Based on the size of the event healthcare facilities may
Centers experience impact to the capacity and resources of providing
emergency medical assistance and services.
4 U.S. Census Bureau,American Community Survey, 2022
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SECTION 18: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
CRITICAL POTENTIAL IMPACTS
FACILITIES
Airport, Academic
Institutions, Animal
Shelter, Evacuation
Centers & Shelters, s Evacuations may be necessary due to the extent and size of a
Governmental hazardous material event.
Facilities, Residential/
Assisted Living
Facilities
Facilities, infrastructure, or critical equipment near the
hazardous material event may be damaged, destroyed or
Commercial Supplier otherwise inoperable.
(food, fuel, etc.) • Essential supplies like medicines, water, food, and equipment
deliveries may be delayed.
• Economic disruption due to necessary response and recovery
efforts may negatively impact commercial operations.
Emergency operations and critical services may be significantly
Utility Services and impacted due to injuries or damages sustained during response
Infrastructure (electric, and recovery to a hazardous material event.
Emergency vehicles, including critical equipment, can be
water, wastewater, damaged during response efforts.
communications)
• Further damage based on site contamination can further strain
the capacity and resources of emergency personnel and critical
services.
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
HAZMAT incidents have the potential to pose a significant risk to people and can create
dangerous and difficult situations for public health and safety officials. HAZMAT incidents can be
frequently associated with a variety of impacts, including:
• Vulnerable populations, particularly the elderly(10 percent of total population)and children
under 5 (6 percent of total population), can face serious or life-threatening health problems
from exposure to toxic chemicals.
• Transportation disruptions and road closures can result in emergency response vehicles
being unable to access areas of the community.
• First responders are exposed to toxic chemicals, hazardous materials, and generally
unsafe conditions, which could result in sickness and long-term health impacts.
• Economic disruption negatively impacts the programs and services provided by the
community due to short- and long-term loss in revenue.
• Evacuations, shelter in place orders, or the closure of transportation routes can lead to the
disruption of critical facilities, businesses, and schools.
• The environment may experience significant damage leading to air and water
contamination, loss of wildfire, agriculture, and tourism.
The economic and financial impacts of hazardous material incidents on the area will depend
entirely on the scale of the event, where the event occurs, and how quickly repairs to critical
components of the economy can be implemented. The level of preparedness and pre-event
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SECTION 18: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
planning done by the community, local businesses, and citizens will also contribute to the overall
economic and financial conditions in the aftermath of any HAZMAT incident.
CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
As a non-natural hazard. climate change has no direct impact on the future occurrences of
hazardous material incidents. However, climate change is associated with an increase in severe
weather. Severe weather events may cause damage to the storage of hazardous materials and
can lead to an increase in chemical spills, leaks, or fires. Research and data regarding the impact
of climate change on non-natural events is minimal and limited.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 231
I
r/
/ ' 1 1
j
i
ot
SECTION 19
SECTION 19: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
HazardDescription ...................................................................................................................233
Location ....................................................................................................................................234
Extent........................................................................................................................................234
Historical Occurrences..............................................................................................................238
Probability of Future Events......................................................................................................239
Vulnerabilityand Impact............................................................................................................239
Assessment of Impacts .........................................................................................................241
Climate Change Considerations ...............................................................................................243
HAZARD DESCRIPTION
An infectious disease is a clinically evident disease resulting from
germs, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, that enter the body,
multiply, and cause infection. Some infectious diseases are
contagious, or communicable, meaning they can spread from one
person to another. Other infectious diseases can be spread by germs
carried in air, water, food, or soil. They can also be spread by vectors,
like biting insects, or by animals to humans.'
There are three classifications commonly used to identify disease impacts: endemic, epidemic,
and pandemic. An endemic is the baseline level of disease, or the normal amount of a particular
disease expected in the community. An epidemic is the sudden rise or increase in the number of
reported diseases, usually above what is normally expected within a specific population or area.
A pandemic is an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, affecting a large
number of people.2
According to FEMA, infectious diseases are a major threat around the world, killing millions
globally each year. Concerns of pandemics have risen because the globalized economy and
growing population foster large scale international travel and trade. Growing populations increase
the vulnerability of all areas to disease because a denser population increases the risk of
exposure to an infectious disease and advances the spread of infection.
The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) monitors and reports
infectious disease outbreaks across the region. These outbreaks are published on the CDC
website (https://www.cdc.gov/outbreaks/index.html). The CDC also manages the Nationally
Notifiable Disease List.A notifiable disease is one that,when diagnosed, requires health providers
by law to report to state or local public health officials. Notifiable diseases must be reported due
to their contagiousness, severity, or frequency. The list is compiled through collaborative efforts
among state health departments and the CDC, therefore, diseases that are considered notifiable
vary from state to state. Internationally notifiable diseases (i.e., cholera, plague, and yellow fever)
are also reportable in compliance with the World Health Organization's International Health
' Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/who-we-
are/index.htm W—:text=I nfectious%20d iseases%20are%20illnesses%20caused,from%20one%20person%20to%20an
other.
2 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),
hftps://www.cdc.gov/scienceambassador/nerdacademy/glossary.html
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SECTION 19: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Regulations. The Texas Department of State and Health Services (DSHS) manages the state's
list of notifiable conditions, which includes but is not limited to, the following:
• Coronavirus • Plague
• Diphtheria . Human Rabies
• Hepatitis A and B . Smallpox
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Cholera
(HIV) • Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (including
• Influenza Ebola)
• Measles . Yellow Fever
LOCATION
Pandemics cannot be predicted and only a few happen every century. The impacts from an
infectious disease event can affect all areas of the world, therefore all areas are vulnerable, as
evidenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Since air travel and worldwide shipping have increased,
it has become increasingly difficult to contain localized outbreaks as infected or exposed people
travel across the globe in a matter of hours. Third world countries have fewer resources to fight
disease and may be more vulnerable than more industrialized nations. In the United States, the
U.S. public health system works at the federal, state, and local level to monitor diseases, plan,
and prepare for outbreaks, and prevent epidemics where possible.
There is no distinct geographic boundary to infectious disease, therefore, it can occur throughout
the entire City of Round Rock planning area.
EXTENT
In terms of extent, an outbreak can range from a local endemic to a worldwide pandemic. The
severity of a pandemic virus can be evaluated by using the Case Fatality Ratio (CFR) method.
The CFR is the proportion of the number of deaths divided by the number of confirmed patients
of a disease, which is then used to assess and compare the severity of the endemic, epidemic,
or pandemic. It also can be used to evaluate the effect of new treatments, with measures
decreasing as treatments improve. As depicted in Figure 19-1 through 19-3, the higher the CFR,
the more severe the infectious disease outbreak, and the greater the extent. The City of Round
Rock planning area is subject to the full range of extent in an infectious disease event.
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SECTION 19: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Figure 19-1. Case-Fatality Rate for Severity3
Pandemic Severity Index
Case Fatality Pr ,44Projected Number of Deaths*
Ratio PVUS Population, 2006
>2.0% Category I X1,800,000
1.0 -<2.00X,1 Category 4 900,000 -<1,800,000
0.5 -<1.0% 450,000 -<900,000
0.1% -<0.5% 90,000-050,000
<01% Category 1 <90,000
`Assumes 30% Illness Rate
3 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC): hftps://www.cdc.gov/media/pdf/mitigationslides.pdf
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 235
SECTION 19: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Figure 19-2. Pandemic Severity Index Interventions
Pandemic Severity Index
Interventions by setting 1 2 and
Home
Voluntary isolation of ill at home (adults Recommend Reco
and children); combine with use of antiviral
treatment as available and indicated
Voluntary quarantine of household
members in homes with ill persons (adults
and children); consider combining with Generally not Con
antiviral prophylaxis if effective, feasible, recommended
and quantities sufficient
School
Child social distancing Generally not Consi - •
—dismissal of students from schools and recommended <_4
school-based activities, and closure of
child care programs
—reduce out-of-school contacts and Generally not Consi
community mixing recommended <4 wee
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SECTION 19: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Figure 19-3. Pandemic Severity Index Interventions
Pandemic Severity Index
Interventions by Setting 1 =
Workplace/Community
Adult social distancing
—decrease number of social contacts
e. teleconferences, Generally not Con •
( 9�� encourage 9 recommended
alternatives to face-to-face meetings)
—increase distance between persons
(e.g., reduce density in public transit, Generally not Consl'
workplace) recommended
—modify, postpone, or cancel selected
public gatherings to promote social
distance (e.g., stadium events, theater Generally not Cons •
recommended
performances)
—modify workplace schedules and
practices (e.g., telework, staggered Generally not
99 recommended
Conside - •
shifts)
In addition, the World Health Organization (WHO) established various warning levels for
pandemic events, as depicted in Figure 19-4. During the COVID-19 pandemic. the planning area
was in Phase 6.
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SECTION 19: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Figure 19-4. Risk levels for Pandemic (world Health Organization)
Phase 1
Low risk of human case
------------------------------------------
Phase 2
Higher risk of human case
Pandemic Alert
Pandemic Alert Elevated
Phase 5
Evidence of significant human-to-human transmission
Panderrilic
Phase
Efficient and sustained human-to-human transmission.
HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES
Occurrences of infectious disease events are fairly common and have the ability to affect entire
regions at one time. Texas has experienced various outbreaks beginning in the early 1800s to
now. The City of Round Rock planning area has also been impacted by other nation-wide and
global outbreaks including the epidemics and pandemics provided in the table below.
Table 19-1. Historical Infectious Disease Outbreaks in Texas
INFECTIOUSYEAR OUTBREAK
1833 Cholera appeared in Texas causing many deaths. It appeared again in 1849.4
1918 An influenza (flu) pandemic occurred and caused 20 million deaths worldwide.
°Source: Texas State Historical Association, https//www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/epidemic-diseases
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 238
SECTION 19: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
INFECTIOUSYEAR OUTBREAK
A novel strain of H1N1, or "Swine Flu" was detected in Mexico and the United
2009 States which caused approximately 60.8 million cases, 274,304 hospitalizations
and more than 12,000 deaths.'
2012 While the Zika virus was around much sooner, Texas suffered a severe outbreak
in 2012, with 1,868 reported cases.
Texas identified its first case of COVID-19 in 2020, which quickly became a
pandemic, impacting millions of people worldwide.As of 2024, more than 9,000,000
2020 cases of COVID-19 have been reported in Texas, alone.6 As of May 2023,
Williamson County, which includes the City of Round Rock planning area, reported
more than 172,238 confirmed or probable cases of the virus, as well as 952 deaths.
Some infectious diseases, such as the influenza, occur annually, like during "flu season." Other
viruses such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which has impacted millions of people
worldwide, are an ongoing issue. Other infectious diseases are very dangerous, and outbreaks
may be localized. For example, in 2014,the first case of Ebola was diagnosed in the United States
in a person who had traveled to Dallas, Texas from Liberia. Later, a nurse previously involved in
direct care of the first patient was confirmed to have Ebola, and another case was reported in
Ohio at the same time. The "Dallas Ebola cluster" highlighted the importance of locally planning
for infectious disease outbreaks.'
PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS
Epidemics and pandemics have occurred in human and animal populations for thousands of
years. As humans began to gather and congregate in urban areas, the potential for pandemics
and epidemics increased. As trade routes became established and contact with other cities
became more frequent, the potential for transmission of illnesses increased. In modern society,
the ease of global travel has created a situation where viruses and bacteria can spread quickly
from one continent to another.
Historical evidence shows that the population of the City of Round Rock planning area is
vulnerable to disease outbreak, and the probability of future infectious disease or pandemic
events is possible, however, it is considered "Unlikely" due to the frequency of such outbreaks.
Federal, state, and local public health officials maintain surveillance in hopes of identifying
disease prominence and containing potential threats before they become epidemics.
VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT
Estimated potential losses to the built environment are difficult to calculate because infectious
disease causes little damage to the built environment and generally losses are experienced
through public health response and medical costs, and lost wages of patients. Therefore, it is
5 Carrat, F. et al. Timelines of Infection and Disease in Human Influenza: A Review of Volunteer Challenge Studies.
American Journal of Epidemiology, 2008, 167: 775-785.
6 Source: Texas Health and Human Services: hffps://www.dshs.texas.gov/covid-19-coronavirus-disease/texas-covid-
19-surveillance
'Source: CDC, hftps://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm63el 114a5.htm
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 239
SECTION 19: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
assumed that all buildings and facilities are exposed to disease but would experience negligible
damage in the occurrence of an outbreak event. For example, upkeep and maintenance of
buildings and facilities would fall behind due to the high absenteeism of employees or the closing
of facilities.
Critical infrastructure services, such as emergency services, utility services, water services and
telecommunications can be limited by an infectious disease event. As seen during the COVID-19
pandemic, many jurisdictions executed a mandatory shutdown of non-essential businesses. The
gradual re-opening of businesses and restaurants was completed in incremental stages to try and
limit the spread of the infection and protect consumers while restarting the economy. Larger
gatherings of people were limited to 50 and below and at times to 10 and below. Area school
districts closed all campuses and implemented remote learning. Similar impacts are expected
during future infectious disease outbreaks.
People and populations most vulnerable to infectious disease outbreaks include the elderly,
children, people with disabilities, and those with pre-existing medical conditions. In addition,
people living in poverty may not have the means to purchase personal protection equipment
(PPE), medicine, and may have limited access to healthcare resources. Those who speak a
language other than English may also become isolated and not have the same access to medical
resources during an endemic, epidemic, or pandemic.
The population over 65 in the City of Round Rock planning area is estimated at 10 percent of the
total population and children under the age of 5 are estimated at 6 percent. Populations with a
disability are estimated at 11 percent. An estimated 8 percent of the planning area population live
below the poverty level and 25 percent of the populations speaks a language other than English.
Table 19-2. Populations at Greater Risk of Infectious Disease Outbreaks
BELOWNON-
ELDERLY
POVERTY
• - • •-
LEVEL SPEAKIN
12,356 7,219 12,927 9,276 30,183
The recent COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated that the response costs to the public health sector
for an outbreak, the economic impact, and the impact to health for the City of Round Rock
planning area, is "Substantial." Multiple deaths can be expected, and the City of Round Rock
planning area facilities could be shut down for 30 days or more. Other, unexpected, secondary
impacts may also occur, as learned during the COVID-19 pandemic. Figure 19-5 provides an
overview of secondary impacts of COVID-19 in the United States, which can be expected in the
future.
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SECTION 19: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Figure 19-5. Secondary Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States8
rit/r1ud. Ment Business
Massive unemployment _.._ Disrupted supply chains
Permanent automation of jobs Small business closures
Housing O
Market instability Education
Housing insecurity - _ Disrupted schools
Inequitable access
Public Health \ ' '' to technology
Food Insecurity
Reduced physical activity
e1R.n.to P-1. I
Environment en K,—dn.p—e Disrupted services
o lY){'!Dl9
Closed public spaces Reduced care seeking
Disrupted public and
religious services '
Government
Public Sgfety -.. ._ lab Disrupted voting
Increased domestic violence Disrupted tax revenue
Drug and alcohol abuse
�7 Ransportation
Social isolation Reduced safety
Depression,anxiety.suicide Decline in infrastructure and travel
E.vacerbatingfacto►s that can affect the nature and magnitude orally impart
Lack of healthcare Existing structural Systemic racism, Politicization&
coverage inequalities bias&discrimination misinformation
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
Disease impacts are larger than normal segments of the population, and few sectors of the
population are left untouched by infectious disease. The impact of an infectious disease event will
be measured by the number of fatalities, how the community is affected, and to what extent. The
physical problems associated with infectious diseases may be short term or may lead to long-
term physical maladies and can be frequently associated with a variety of impacts, including:
• Absenteeism in the workplace can have negative impacts on the overall functioning of
society, particularly if it is prolonged.
• The risks to public health and safety include first responders and others with increased
exposure to the disease. Response personnel likely to experience the greatest impact
would be those with medical responsibilities, such as fire fighters, ambulance workers,
and clinic and hospital personnel.
a Degrees, Model shows intersecting secondary impacts of COVID-19 in the US,August 6, 2020, website:
https://deg rees.fhi360.org/2020/08/model-shows-i ntersecti ng-secondary-impacts-of-covid-19-in-the-united-states/
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 241
SECTION 19: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
• If City staff stay home due to illness, someone in their home is ill, or because they fear
becoming ill, the ability of local government to maintain operations and deliver services
could be seriously limited or compromised.
• A pandemic event may result in heightened stress for responders, health care providers,
public health workers, individuals, and communities.
• The public will require information on how to recognize and cope with the short- and long-
term risks of sustained stress during mass vaccinations, for those debilitated by an illness,
and their caregivers.
• There is the possibility of indirect damage to structures resulting from staff absenteeism
and lack of routine operations and maintenance.
• Human infectious diseases do not normally pose a risk to the natural environment.
Infectious diseases tend to be specific to humans, and therefore pose little threat to the
natural environment or non-mammalian species. However, certain exceptions exist
including the avian flu, which can affect both birds and humans.
• Infectious disease outbreaks can be costly. Seasonal flu occurs annually and is estimated
to cost the U.S. economy between $71 million and $167 million per year.9 Severe
pandemics have been predicted to cause more than $700 billion in economic losses, and
to result in a 5.5% decrease in U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP).10
• If the normal movement of the epidemic within society needs to be curtailed, a process
known as "social distancing," then a greater impact to the local economy could occur.
• Depending on the situation, examples of cancellations and building closures might include
cancellation of public events, such as concerts, sports events, movies, plays; and closure
of recreational facilities, such as community swimming pools, youth clubs, gymnasiums.
• When clear communication to the public fails, it can result in a loss of credibility, and can
result in a loss of public confidence in leadership.
• Public dissatisfaction with government response will typically increase as the number of
cases rises and public fear increases.
• Perceptions of inequality in medical care, particularly if those inequalities are based on
socioeconomic status, ethnicity, age, gender, or seniority, can lead to increased
dissatisfaction with government and leadership, and may result in a weakening of social
order or hostility towards those in leadership or medical roles.
• Required rationing of supplies or vaccinations may be necessary.
• There could be significant public resistance to a decision to quarantine those who are ill
or exposed, to restrict travel, or to implement social distancing.
The economic and financial impacts of infectious diseases on the community will depend on the
severity of the disease, how many people are impacted, and how quickly the disease can be
contained. The level of preparedness and pre-event planning done by the community, local
businesses and citizens will also contribute to the overall economic and financial conditions in the
aftermath of an infectious disease event.
9 Source: World Health Organization
10 Source: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 242
SECTION 19: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
According to the CDC and other climate change specialists, climate change does increase the
risk of health threats. Mild winters, early springs, and warmer temperatures are giving mosquitoes
and ticks more time to reproduce, spread diseases, and expand their habitats throughout the
United States. Between 2004 and 2018, the number of reported illnesses from mosquito, tick, and
flea bites more than doubled, with more than 760,000 cases reported in the United States. Nine
new germs spread by mosquitoes and ticks were discovered or introduced into the United States
during this period. A major concern with this shift is the potential spread of Lyme disease, the
West Nile virus, and the Zika virus.
Climate change has forced some animal species into new habitats as their natural habitats
disappear, and it has expanded the habitats of other animals. This movement of animals into new
areas increases opportunities for contact between humans and animals and the potential spread
of zoonotic diseases, for example, wildlife carrying the rabies virus are expanding to new
geographic areas of the country. In addition, as global temperatures rise, deadly diseases that
are a threat in other countries, like Ebola, Lassa, Rift Valley fever, and monkeypox, will increase
along with the risk of them being imported into the United States."
" Source: CDC, https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/what-we-do/climate-change-and-infectious-diseases/index.html
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 243
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SECTION 20: PIPELINE FAILURE
HazardDescription ...................................................................................................................245
Location ....................................................................................................................................245
Extent........................................................................................................................................246
HistoricalOccurrences..............................................................................................................247
Probability of Future Events......................................................................................................247
Vulnerabilityand Impact............................................................................................................247
Assessment of Impacts .........................................................................................................249
Climate Change Considerations...............................................................................................250
HAZARD DESCRIPTION
Energy pipeline breach or pipeline failure of an oil or natural
gas pipeline is a serious hazard event. An estimated 2.4
million miles of pipelines in the United States carry hazardous
materials. Natural gas pipelines transport natural gas and oil.
Liquid petroleum pipelines transport crude oil and refined
products from crude oils, such as gasoline. home heating oil,
jet fuel, kerosene, liquefied propane, ethylene, butane and
petrochemical products. Oil pipelines can also transport
liquefied gases, such as carbon dioxide.
Pipeline failure is a rare occurrence and has the potential to
cause extensive property damage and loss of life. Pipelines have caused fires and explosions
that killed more than 200 people and injured more than 1,000 people nationwide with 50 of the
injuries in Texas in the last decade.
LOCATION
Figure 20-1 shows the location of gas and oil energy pipelines in the City of Round Rock according
to the U.S. Department of Transportation's National Pipeline Mapping System (NPMS). Areas
nearest to existing gas or hazardous material pipelines within the City of Round Rock planning
area would be the most vulnerable in the event of a pipeline failure.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 245
SECTION 20: PIPELINE FAILURE
Figure 20-1. City of Round Rock Planning Area Pipeline Locations
CITY OF ROUND ROCK AParticipating Jurisdiction
PIPELINE LOCATIONS a p City of Round Rock
Pipeline Failure Risk
Regional Gas P peke
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EXTENT
Pipeline failure incidents can range from minor to catastrophic, depending on the cause and
location of the incident. Minor leaks may be localized and cause limited environmental and
structural damage, requiring simple repairs. Major incidents can be widespread and lead to
environmental contamination, injuries, and potential fatalities. The extent of damages will depend
on the type of material released, location of the incident, and overall response and containment
efforts.
The U.S. Department of Transportation's (DOT) Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety
Administration (PHMSA), acting through the Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS), administers the
Department's national regulatory program to assure the safe transportation of natural gas,
petroleum. and other hazardous materials by pipeline. The OPS develops regulations and other
approaches to risk management to assure safety in design, construction, testing, operation,
maintenance, and emergency response of pipeline facilities. Since 1986, the pipeline safety
program has been funded by a user-fee assessed on a per-mile basis for all pipeline operators
that OPS regulates.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 246
SECTION 20: PIPELINE FAILURE
HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES
Pipeline failure events can be caused by corrosion, equipment failure, damage from excavations,
incorrect operation, and natural forces. Incidents are generally categorized by severity and type
of affected pipeline system component.
The PHMSA defines significant events as those incidents reported by pipeline operators when
any of the following occur:
Fatality or injury requiring in-patient hospitalization;
$50,000 or more in total costs, measured in 1984 dollars;
Highly volatile liquid releases of 5 barrels or more or other liquid releases of 50 barrels or
more; and
Liquid releases resulting in an unintentional fire or explosion.
The PHMSA defines a serious pipeline incident as an event involving a fatality or injury requiring
in-patient hospitalization. Across Texas between 2004 and 2023, PHMSA reports 39 fatalities,
138 injuries, and over$1 billion in damages as a result of over 3,500 pipeline incidents. However,
based on best available data, none of these events are known to have occurred in or impacted
the City of Round Rock planning area. '
PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS
According to the historical incident data, a pipeline incident for the City of Round Rock planning
area is considered "Unlikely," with an event probable in the next ten years.
VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT
The analysis for gas pipelines is for natural gas and the analysis for oil pipelines is for natural gas
liquids. The immediate and primary area of impact for both types of pipeline events is a 500-meter
buffer. The secondary area of impact for both types of pipeline events is a 2,500-meter buffer.
Figure 20-2 shows the pipeline buffer areas. Both types of impact can inflict substantial damage
on the surrounding areas. Pipeline breaches have the potential to cause multiple deaths and
complete shutdown of facilities for 30 days or more.
Source: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration and Railroad Commission of Texas
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 247
SECTION 20: PIPELINE FAILURE
Figure 20-2. Pipeline Location with 500- and 2,500-meter buffer
CITY OF ROUND ROCK \ Participating hrisdiction
POTENTIAL PIPELINE FAILURE RISK p City of Round Rock
Pipeline Failure Risk
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Based on historical data, pipeline failure can have a "Minor" severity of impact on the City of
Round Rock planning area, meaning pipeline failure events can cause injuries and illnesses that
do not result in permanent disability, shutdown critical facilities for up to one week, and damage
or destroy more than 10 percent of property.
The following facilities in Table 20-1 are located within the 2,500-meter buffer zone for the
pipelines located in the planning area and are considered vulnerable in the event of a pipeline
failure. Of the 269 total critical facilities identified by the City of Round Rock Planning Team, 208
fall within the 2,500-meter buffer zone of a pipeline. For a comprehensive list of critical facilities,
please see Appendix C.
Table 20-1. Critical Facilities at Greater Risk to Pipeline Failure
FACILITY TYPE FACILITIES WITHIN 00
METER BUFFER ZONE
Adult Day Care 3
Autism Behavior Center 9
L Communications 3
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 248
SECTION 20: PIPELINE FAILURE
FACILITY TYPE FACILITIES WITHIN 00
• BUFFER ZONE
Community Facility 1
Fire Station 9
Health Services 9
Municipal 3
Police 1
Residential: Vulnerable 10
Populations
Sanitation/Waste 1
School 56
Lift Station 3
Pump Station 2
Water Tank/Tower 1
Wastewater Treatment 3
Plant
Water Treatment Plant 8
Tier II - HazMat 42
Transportation 38
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
The risk to public health and safety during a pipeline failure event depends on a number of factors,
including the type and amount of chemical(s) involved, location, weather conditions, time of day,
and presence of an ignition source. The location of pipelines determines the potential number of
people in proximity to the hazard and is a significant factor when determining the risk to public
health and safety. It is possible that the release of materials from a pipeline failure could involve
a number of fatalities. It is likely that inhaled hazardous gases may result in respiratory problems,
including burning sensations in the lungs, nose, and throat. The release of solids or liquids can
be absorbed through the skin and may cause burns on contact. In some instances, the threat to
health and safety may not be evident for an extended period of time.
Depending on the nature and extent of a pipeline failure, the public could be required to either
evacuate the area or shelter in place, which would interrupt normal routines. Response personnel
are also at risk from more concentrated or prolonged exposure to the agent involved in the event.
Through response efforts, response personnel may respond and come in contact with hazardous
substances before the nature of the hazard is determined. Response personnel also have a
greater likelihood of impacts from secondary explosions or leaks.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 249
SECTION 20: PIPELINE FAILURE
Generally, pipeline failure events will interrupt operations and services within a limited area. The
nature of the interruption will depend on the facilities in the impacted area. For example, if the
event results in the temporary closure or evacuation of a hospital, this will also impact all hospitals
in the area because area hospitals may be expected to assume the patient load for the now-
inaccessible facility. However, if the event is near non-essential businesses, the operational or
service interruption might not be as far-reaching. While the closure of businesses would result in
negative impacts for those businesses,this scenario would not have the same community impacts
as the first example.
Damage to roadways, railways, and physical infrastructure resulting from a pipeline failure event
can impair normal operations and delivery of services.
During a pipeline failure event, the pressure in a pipeline can disrupt the soil above a break. Any
facility or piece of infrastructure over or adjacent to a rupture could be damaged or destroyed. If
gas ignites, it will set flammable objects near it on fire. Depending on environmental factors such
as wind, proximity of vegetation or other fuels, and dryness of the environment, the fire could
spread to other nearby structures damaging or destroying them.
Any infrastructure in the area of the incident could be impacted by a pipeline failure event. Gas
lines, water lines, sewer lines, and communication lines can be interrupted or destroyed,
depending on the nature of the event. If the event is significant enough, utilities in the area may
need to be temporarily suspended or disconnected, which would impact multiple facilities and
properties.
Environmental risks from pipeline failure events can range from nonexistent to catastrophic,
depending on the nature and extent of the release.
CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
As a non-natural hazard, climate change has no direct impact on the future occurrences of
pipeline failure incidents. However, climate change is associated with an increase in severe
weather, flooding, extreme heat, drought, and wildfires. An increase in these events can lead to
pipeline damage through scouring, erosion, debris impact, and intense heat. Research and data
regarding the impact of climate change on non-natural events is minimal and limited.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 250
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TEXAS
SECTION
SECTION 21 : TERRORISM
HazardDescription ...................................................................................................................252
Location ....................................................................................................................................252
Extent........................................................................................................................................253
Historical Occurrences..............................................................................................................254
Probability of Future Events......................................................................................................255
Vulnerabilityand Impact............................................................................................................256
Assessmentof Impacts .........................................................................................................256
Climate Change considerations................................................................................................256
HAZARD DESCRIPTION
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) categorizes terrorism in the United States as one of
two types—domestic terrorism or international terrorism. Domestic terrorism involves groups or
individuals whose terrorist activities are directed at elements of our government or population
without foreign direction. International terrorism involves groups or individuals whose terrorist
activities are foreign-based and/or directed by countries or groups outside of the United States,
or whose activities transcend their national boundaries.
A terrorist attack can take several forms, depending on the technological means available to the
terrorist, the nature of issue motivating the attack, and the points of weakness of the terrorist's
target. Bombings are the most frequently used terrorist method in the United States. A terrorist
using a chemical or biological weapon is of particular concern to officials. Special training and
equipment are needed in order to safely manage a Weapons of Mass Destruction incident.
Biological agents are infectious microbes or toxins used to produce illness or death in people,
animals or plants. Biological agents can be dispersed as aerosols or airborne particles. Terrorists
may use biological agents to contaminate food or water, as they are extremely difficult to detect.
Chemical agents kill or incapacitate people.. destroy livestock, or ravage crops. Some chemical
agents are odorless and tasteless and are therefore difficult to detect. These chemical agents can
have an immediate effect (a few seconds to a few minutes) or a delayed effect (several hours to
several days).
The Department of Defense estimates that as many as 26 nations may possess chemical agents
and/or weapons, and an additional 12 may be seeking to develop them. The Central Intelligence
Agency reports that at least 10 countries are believed to possess or are currently conducting
research on biological agents for weaponization.
Terrorist incidents – as with other natural and technological disasters – involve the application of
one or more modes of harmful force to the built environment. These modes include contamination
(as in the case of chemical, biological radiological or nuclear hazards), energy (explosives, arson,
and even electromagnetic waves), or denial of service (sabotage, infrastructure breakdown, and
transportation service disruption).
LOCATION
There is no distinct geographic boundary to the threat of terrorism. An event is possible throughout
the City of Round Rock. However, it is important to note that high-risk targets for acts of terrorism
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 252
SECTION 21 : TERRORISM
include military and civilian government facilities, international airports, large cities, and high-
profile landmarks. Terrorists might also target large public gatherings, water and food supplies,
utilities, and corporate centers. Further, terrorists can spread fear by sending explosives or
chemical and biological agents through the mail.
EXTENT
The Homeland Security Advisory System, issued by the U. S. Department of Homeland Security,
previously used a color-coded terrorism warning system that identified five threat levels. In 2011,
the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) replaced the color-coded alerts of the Homeland
Security Advisory System(HSAS)with the National Terrorism Advisory System(NTAS), designed
to more effectively communicate information about terrorist threats by providing timely, detailed
information to the American public.
NTAS now consists of two types of advisories: Bulletins and Alerts. DHS has added Bulletins to
the advisory system to be able to communicate current developments or general trends regarding
threats of terrorism. As of July 2024, there has not been an active Bulletin since November 24,
2023. However, a Bulletin was active continuously from January 27, 2021, through November 24,
2023. NTAS Bulletins permit the Secretary to communicate critical terrorism information that,
while not necessarily indicative of a specific threat against the United States, can reach homeland
security partners or the public quickly, thereby allowing recipients to implement necessary
protective measures. Because DHS may issue NTAS Bulletins in circumstances not warranting a
more specific warning, NTAS Bulletins provide the Secretary with greater flexibility to provide
timely information to stakeholders and members of the public.
When there is specific, credible information about a terrorist threat against the United States, DHS
will share an NTAS Alert with the American public when circumstances warrant doing so. The
Alert may include specific information, if available, about the nature of the threat, including the
geographic region, mode of transportation, or critical infrastructure potentially affected by the
threat, as well as steps that individuals and communities can take to protect themselves and help
prevent, mitigate, or respond to the threat. The Alert may take one of two forms: Elevated, if there
is credible threat information, but only general information about timing and target such that it is
reasonable to recommend implementation of protective measures to thwart or mitigate against an
attack; or Imminent, if the threat is believed credible, specific, and impending in the very near
term. Terrorism Advisory System Alerts are described in Figure 21-1.'
' Source: Department of Homeland Security, https://www.dhs.gov/national-terrorism-advisory-system
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 253
SECTION 21 : TERRORISM
Figure 21-1. National Terrorism Advisory
vS
Describes current
developments or
general trends regarding
threats of terrorism
ALERTELEVATED
Warns of a credible
terrorism threat against
the United States
Warns of a credible,specific
and impending terrorism
threat against the
United States
Red Cross also issues Advisory System Recommendations for individuals, families,
neighborhoods, schools and businesses for each alert level. These may be found at:
www.redcross.org.
Heightened periods for terrorism risk are based on intelligence and other information. A potential
terrorist event could devastate the community physically, economically and psychologically for
many years to come. Warning time for terrorism may be minimal to none.
HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES
The history of terrorism on United States soil includes the attacks of September 11, 2001, on the
World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. and the ensuing anthrax
attacks; the 1995 bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City; the bombing of the
World Trade Center in 1993; and the Boston Marathon Bombings in 2013.
However, the State of Texas has experienced a significant number of domestic terrorism events
as shown in Figure 21-2. The United States Department of Homeland Security reported 231
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 254
SECTION 21 : TERRORISM
domestic terrorism incidents between 2010 and 2021.These incidents occurred across the United
States, but the greatest number of events occurred in states with major metropolitan areas such
as California, New York, and Washington D.C.
Figure 21-2. National Terrorism Advisory
•
Number of Incidents •
24 •
Yr
Source GAO analysis of Department of Homeland Security Counterterronsm Mission Center data ( GAO-23-104720
None of these incidents occurred within the planning area, but surrounding communities have
been impacted, and some of the nation's worst attacks have occurred within the state. While
complete prevention of an attack may not be attainable, the city can lessen the likelihood and/or
the potential effects of an incident. The City of Round Rock continues to improve its readiness to
respond to a terrorist incident through participation in state and federal programs that provide
training and equipment for agencies that would respond to a local terrorist incident, and in
exercises that help to improve agency coordination and test local response plans.
PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS
The types, frequencies, and locations of many natural hazards are identifiable and, even in some
cases, predictable, as the laws of physics and nature govern them. Malevolence, however, cannot
be forecast with any accuracy. There is, therefore, some potential for most, if not all, types of
intentional terrorist acts to occur anywhere and at any time. Reports also show that domestic
terrorist incidents are on the rise in the United States, which indicates the slight possibility of an
increased risk in the future. Based on best available data, it is "Unlikely" for a terrorist event to
occur in the planning area in the next ten years.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 255
SECTION 21 : TERRORISM
VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT
There is no defined geographic boundary for a terrorist event. All of the population, buildings,
critical facilities, infrastructure and lifelines, and hazardous materials facilities within the City of
Round Rock planning area are considered exposed to the hazards of terrorism and could
potentially be affected.
There are no past local events. Therefore, all assets and facilities are potentially at risk of damage
that may, for the most part, be secondary.
Terrorist events can have a "Substantial" severity of impact, meaning multiple deaths, complete
shutdown of facilities for 30 days or more, and more than 50 percent of affected properties
destroyed or with major damage.
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
Terrorist events have the potential to pose a significant risk to people, critical infrastructure and
facilities, the economy, and built and natural environments. Due to the unforeseeable nature of
terrorist attacks, as well as the broad variety of methods terrorist actors may utilize, the impacts
of an event vary widely and are impossible to predict. Some of the potential impacts of a terrorist
event include:
• Direct economic injury or destruction in the planning area can occur from terrorist attacks
which target plants, machines,transportation systems,workers, or other smaller economic
resources such as local businesses or restaurants.
• A terrorist attack can lead to community-wide mental health issues and trauma such as
PTSD, depression, anxiety, a sense of helplessness, and substance abuse.
• Evacuations, shelter in place orders, or the closure of transportation routes can lead to the
disruption of critical facilities, businesses, and schools.
• In the event of chemical or biological weapons being used, the environment may
experience significant damage leading to air and water contamination, loss of wildfire,
agriculture, and tourism.
• First responders are exposed to toxic chemicals, hazardous materials, and generally
unsafe conditions, which could result in sickness and long-term health impacts.
• Vulnerable populations, particularly the elderly(10 percent of total population)and children
under 5(6 percent of total population), can face serious or life-threatening health problems
from exposure to toxic chemicals.
• The population who speaks languages other than English (25 percent of total population)
may have difficulty receiving urgent updates and safety guidance in the event of a terrorist
attack.
• Terrorist attacks targeting critical facilities may result in the shutdown of essential services
for extended periods of time. (See Appendix C for a comprehensive list of critical facilities
in the City of Round Rock.)
CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
As a non-natural hazard, climate change has no direct impact on the future occurrences of
terrorism incidents. However, climate change is associated with an increase in severe weather. If
severe weather events occur concurrently with a terrorist attack, the stress on emergency
services, critical infrastructure, and the community may be compounded. Research and data
regarding the impact of climate change on non-natural events is minimal and limited.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 256
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SECTION 22
SECTION 22: MITIGATION STRATEGY
MitigationGoals ........................................................................................................................258
Goal1 ....................................................................................................................................258
Goal2....................................................................................................................................258
Goal3....................................................................................................................................259
Goal4....................................................................................................................................259
Goal5....................................................................................................................................259
Goal6....................................................................................................................................259
Goal7....................................................................................................................................260
MITIGATION GOALS
Based on the results of the risk and capability assessments, the Planning Team developed and
prioritized the mitigation strategy. This involved utilizing the results of both assessments and
reviewing the goals and objectives that were included in the previous 2018 Plan. At the Mitigation
Workshop in June 2024, Planning Team members reviewed the mitigation strategy from the
previous Plan. The consensus among all members present was that the strategy developed for
the 2018 Plan required some changes including expanding on existing goals and the addition of a
goal around equity and vulnerable populations.
GOAL 1
Protect public health and safety.
OBJECTI VE 1. 1
Advise the public about health and safety precautions to guard against injury and loss of life from
hazards.
OBJECTIVE 7.2
Maximize utilization of the latest technology to provide adequate warning, communication,
and mitigation of hazard events.
OBJECTIVE 1.3
Reduce the danger to, and enhance protection of, high risk areas during hazard events.
OBJECTIVE 7.4
Protect critical facilities and services.
GOAL 2
Build and support local capacity and commitment to continuously become less vulnerable to
hazards.
OBJECTIVE 2. 7
Build and support local partnerships to continuously become less vulnerable to hazards.
OBJECTIVE 2.2
Build a cadre of committed volunteers to safeguard the community before, during, and after a
disaster.
OBJECTIVE 2.3
Build hazard mitigation concerns into city planning and budgeting processes.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 258
SECTION 22: MITIGATION STRATEGY
GOAL 3
Increase public understanding, support, and demand for hazard mitigation.
OBJECTIVE 3.1
Heighten public awareness regarding the full range of natural and human-caused hazards the
public may face.
OBJECTIVE 3.2
Educate the public on actions they can take to prevent or reduce the loss of life or property
from all hazards and increase individual efforts to respond to potential hazards.
OBJECTIVE 3.3
Publicize and encourage the adoption of appropriate hazard mitigation measures.
GOAL 4
Protect new and existing properties.
OBJECTIVE 4. 1
Reduce repetitive losses to the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).
OBJECTIVE 4.2
Use the most cost-effective approach to protect existing buildings and public infrastructure from
hazards.
OBJECTIVE_ 4.3
Enact and enforce regulatory measures to ensure that future development will not put people
in harm's way or increase threats to existing properties.
GOAL 5
Maximize the resources for investment in hazard mitigation.
OBJECTIVE 5.1
Maximize the use of outside sources of funding.
OBJECTIVE 5.2
Maximize participation of property owners in protecting their properties.
OBJECTIVE 5.3
Maximize insurance coverage to provide financial protection against hazard events.
OBJECTIVE 5.4
Prioritize mitigation projects, based on cost-effectiveness and sites facing the greatest threat
to life, health, and property.
GOAL 6
Promote growth in a sustainable manner.
OBJECTIVE 6. 1
Incorporate hazard mitigation activities into long-range planning and development activities.
OBJECTIVE 6.2
Promote beneficial uses of hazardous areas while expanding open space and recreational
opportunities.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 259
SECTION 22: MITIGATION STRATEGY
OBJECTIVE 6.3
Utilize regulatory approaches to prevent creation of future hazards to life and property.
GOAL 7
Promote equity and protect vulnerable populations and underserved communities through hazard
mitigation activities.
OBJECTIVE 7.1
Allocate resources and funding to implement hazard mitigation activities that directly benefit
vulnerable and underserved communities.
OBJECTIVE 7.2
Build and support local partnerships to leverage resources and expertise in addressing hazard
related equity concerns.
OBJECTIVE 7.3
Establish internal decision-making processes that integrate equity into project selection.
OBJECTIVE 7.4
Monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation activities to ensure equitable outcomes and
protection of vulnerable populations.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 260
a
ROUND ROCK
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EXAS
SECTION 23
PREVIOUS ACTIONS
SECTION 23: PREVIOUS ACTIONS
Summary...................................................................................................................................262
Cityof Round Rock ..................................................................................................................263
SUMMARY
This section includes analysis from the 2018 City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Plan. Planning
Team members were given copies of the previous mitigation actions submitted in the 2018 City
of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Plan at the mitigation workshop. Each participating entity
reviewed the previous actions and provided an analysis as to whether the action had been
completed, should be deferred as an ongoing activity, or be deleted from the Plan Update. The
actions from the 2018 plan are included in this section as they were written in 2018, except for
the "2024 Analysis" section.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 262
SECTION 23: PREVIOUS ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK
City of Round Rock Previous
Proposed Action: Educate Residents and RRISD on how to mitigate
their homes and facilities from these Hazards via
website, public forums, blogs, etc.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Site and Location: City-wide
Objective Addressed: 3.1, 3.2, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Type of Action: (Local Plans and Education and Awareness
Regulations, Structure and
Infrastructure Projects, Natural
Systems Protection, or Education and
Awareness)
MITIGATION ACTION DETAILS
Dam/Levee Failure, Drought, Extreme Heat,
Hazard(s) Addressed: Flood, Hail, Hurricane/Tropical Strom, Lightning,
Tornado, Wildfire, Wind, Winter Weather
Priority (High, Moderate, Low): Medium — Ranking 3
Estimated Cost: Less than $10,000
Potential Funding Sources: Budget
Lead Agency/Department Responsible: Emergency Management and RRISD
Implementation Schedule: 48 months
2024 ANALYSIS:
Delete action. The City has proposed other improved education and awareness type actions.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 263
SECTION 23: PREVIOUS ACTIONS
City of Round Rock Previous Action - Action #2
Proposed Action: Purchase NOAA All Hazards radios and disperse
to residents and RRISD and target businesses for
use for hazard events.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Site and Location: City-wide
Objective Addressed: 1.2, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Type of Action: (Local Plans and Education and Awareness
Regulations, Structure and
Infrastructure Projects, Natural
Systems Protection, or Education and
Awareness)
MITIGATION ACTION DETAILS
Dam/Levee Failure, Drought, Extreme Heat,
Hazard(s) Addressed: Flood, Hail, Hurricane/Tropical Strom, Lightning,
Tornado, Wildfire, Wind, Winter Weather
Priority (High, Moderate, Low): Medium- Ranking 8
Estimated Cost: Less than $10,000
Potential Funding Sources: Budget, Donations, Sponsors
Lead Agency/Department Responsible: Emergency Management and Round Rock ISD
Implementation Schedule: 36 months
2024 ANALYSIS:
Delete Action. City has identified alternative action in Plan Update.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 264
SECTION 23: PREVIOUS ACTIONS
City of Round Rock Previous
Proposed Action: Implement new or enlarge existing detention
structures to reduce flooding.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Site and Location: City-wide
Objective Addressed: 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.3, 4.1, 4.4
Type of Action: (Local Plans and Structure and Infrastructure
Regulations, Structure and
Infrastructure Projects, Natural
Systems Protection, or Education and
Awareness)
MITIGATION ACTION DETAILS
Hazard(s) Addressed: Dam/Levee Failure, Flood, Hurricane/Tropical
Storm
Priority (High, Moderate, Low): High — Ranking 1
Estimated Cost: Greater than $100,000
Potential Funding Sources: Budget, HMA, Partners
Lead Agency/Department Responsible: Stormwater Engineering
Implementation Schedule: 60 months
2024 ANALYSIS:
Completed. WCID raised and increased detention of city dams.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 265
SECTION 23: PREVIOUS ACTIONS
City of Round Rock Previous Action — Action #4
Proposed Action: Enlarge channels and/or culverts.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Site and Location: City-wide
Objective Addressed: 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 4.4
Type of Action: (Local Plans and Structure and Infrastructure
Regulations, Structure and
Infrastructure Projects, Natural
Systems Protection, or Education and
Awareness)
MITIGATION ACTION DETAILS
Hazard(s) Addressed: Dam/Levee Failure, Flood, Hurricane/Tropical
Storm
Priority (High, Moderate, Low): Medium — Ranking 2
Estimated Cost: Granter than $100,000
Potential Funding Sources: Budget, HMA
Lead Agency/Department Responsible: Stormwater Engineering
Implementation Schedule: 60 months
2024 ANALYSIS:
Completed. The City of Round Rock completed this using Stormwater Utility funds. The
Stormwater Capital Improvement Plan is implemented. Channel improvements and additional
channel improvements, inlets, and pipes have been completed. In addition, creek cleanups were
conducted.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 266
SECTION 23: PREVIOUS ACTIONS
City of Round Rock Previous Action - Action #
Proposed Action: Armor channel banks, flood-proof structures and/or
remove infrastructure or structures to reduce
flooding impacts.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Site and Location: City-wide
Objective Addressed: 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.3, 4.4
Type of Action: (Local Plans and Structure and Infrastructure
Regulations, Structure and Natural Systems Protection
Infrastructure Projects, Natural Local Plans and Regulations
Systems Protection, or Education and
Awareness)
MITIGATION ACTION DETAILS
Hazard(s) Addressed: Dam/Levee Failure, Flood, Hurricane/Tropical
Storm
Priority (High, Moderate, Low): High - Ranking 4
Estimated Cost: Grant than $100,000
Potential Funding Sources: Budget, HMA
Lead Agency/Department Responsible: Stormwater Engineering
Implementation Schedule: 60 months
2024 ANALYSIS:
Completed. The City of Round Rock completed this project using the Stormwater Utility Fund.
There were gabion baskets used to eliminate erosion. There were also channel improvements,
including the use of trickle channels.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 267
SECTION 23: PREVIOUS ACTIONS
City of Round Rock Previous
Proposed Action: New and updated models and a network of gauges
and/or cameras will be used for real-time and
predictive Mappings
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Site and Location: City-wide
Objective Addressed: 1.2, 1.3, 4.2, 4.1, 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Type of Action: (Local Plans and Structure and Infrastructure
Regulations, Structure and Education and Awareness
Infrastructure Projects, Natural
Systems Protection, or Education and
Awareness)
MITIGATION ACTION DETAILS
Hazard(s) Addressed: Dam/Levee Failure, Flood, Hurricane/Tropical
Storm
Priority (High, Moderate, Low): High — Ranking 5
Estimated Cost: Greater than $100,000
Potential Funding Sources: Budget, HMA, Partners
Lead Agency/Department Responsible: Stormwater Engineering
Implementation Schedule: 48 months
2024 ANALYSIS:
Completed. The City of Round Rock has completed this project using the Stormwater Utility
Fund. There is a Stormwater Master Plan that also mentions the use of a model, which helps in
the decision-making process for future stormwater projects.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 268
SECTION 23: PREVIOUS ACTIONS
City of Round Rock Previous Action - Action #7
Proposed Action: A variety of large equipment can help minimize
flooding by keeping drainage ways and culverts
free of debris and limbs.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Site and Location: City-wide
Objective Addressed: 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 4.4
Type of Action: (Local Plans and Preparedness
Regulations, Structure and
Infrastructure Projects, Natural
Systems Protection, or Education and
Awareness)
MITIGATION ACTION DETAILS
Dam/Levee Failure, Flood, Hurricane/Tropical
Hazard(s) Addressed: Storm
Priority (High, Moderate, Low): Medium - Ranking 9
Estimated Cost: Greater than $100,00
Potential Funding Sources: Budget, HMA
Lead Agency/Department Responsible: Stormwater Operations
Implementation Schedule: 24 months
2024 ANALYSIS:
Completed.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 269
SECTION 23: PREVIOUS ACTIONS
City of Round Rock Previous Action - Action #8
Proposed Action: Evaluate and implement expansion of the City
reuse water system and alternative water sources
to ease drought impacts.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Site and Location: City Water systems
Objective Addressed: 1.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Type of Action: (Local Plans and Natural Systems Protection
Regulations, Structure and Structure and Infrastructure
Infrastructure Projects, Natural
Systems Protection, or Education and
Awareness)
MITIGATION ACTION DETAILS
Hazard(s) Addressed: Drought, Wildfire
Priority (High, Moderate, Low): Medium
Estimated Cost: Greater than $100,000
Potential Funding Sources: Budget, HMA, TWDB
Lead Agency/Department Responsible: Utilities & Environmental Services
Implementation Schedule: 60 months
2024 ANALYSIS:
Completed. The City of Round Rock completed this mitigation action using the Water Utility
Fund. The water reuse system is always expanding.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 270
SECTION 23: PREVIOUS ACTIONS
City of Round Rock Previous Action -Action #
Proposed Action: Adjust wiring to equipment as needed to allow for
newly purchased generators as temporary or
permanent installations.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Site and Location: City Buildings
Objective Addressed: 1.1, 1.3, 1.4
Type of Action: (Local Plans and Structure and infrastructure
Regulations, Structure and
Infrastructure Projects, Natural
Systems Protection, or Education and
Awareness)
MITIGATION ACTION DETAILS
Dam/Levee Failure, Flood, Hail, Hurricane/
Hazard(s) Addressed: Tropical Strom, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Wind,
Winter Weather
Priority (High, Moderate, Low): High
Estimated Cost: Less than $100,000
Potential Funding Sources: Budget, HMA
Lead Agency/Department Responsible: General Services, Parks & RRISD facilities
Implementation Schedule: 60 months
2024 ANALYSIS:
Delete Action. City has identify alternative action in Plan Update.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 271
SECTION 23: PREVIOUS ACTIONS
City of Round Rock Previous Action - Action #10
Proposed Action: Add hail guards to existing A/C to minimize
damage and downtime due to storms.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Site and Location: City Buildings with A/C units
Objective Addressed: 1.1, 1.3, 1.4
Type of Action: (Local Plans and Structure and Infrastructure
Regulations, Structure and
Infrastructure Projects, Natural
Systems Protection, or Education and
Awareness)
MITIGATION ACTION DETAILS
Hazard(s) Addressed: Hail
Priority (High, Moderate, Low): Medium
Estimated Cost: Greater than $100,000
Potential Funding Sources: Budget, HMA
Lead Agency/Department Responsible: Facilities
Implementation Schedule: 60 months
2024 ANALYSIS:
Completed. It has become a standard practice to add hail guards to facilities to minimize storm
damage impacts.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 272
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SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
Summary...................................................................................................................................274
Cityof Round Rock...................................................................................................................276
SUMMARY
As discussed in Section 2, at the mitigation workshop the planning team and stakeholders met to
develop mitigation actions for each of the natural hazards included in the Plan Update. Each of
the actions in this section were prioritized based on FEMA's Social, Technical, Administrative,
Political, Legal. Economic, and Environmental (STAPLEE) criteria necessary for the
implementation of each action.
As part of the economic evaluation of the STAPLEE analysis, jurisdictions analyzed each action
in terms of the overall costs, measuring whether the potential benefit to be gained from the action
outweighed costs associated with it. As a result of this exercise, priority was assigned to each
mitigation action by marking them as High (H), Moderate (M), or Low (L). An action that is ranked
as "High" indicates that the action will be implemented as soon as funding is received. A
"Moderate" action is one that may not be implemented right away depending on the cost and
number of citizens served by the action. Actions ranked as "Low" indicate that they will not be
implemented without first seeking grant funding and after "High" and "Moderate" actions have
been completed.
Within each mitigation action worksheet, the Planning Team considered all potential funding
sources that could be utilized to implement the proposed project. To ensure all potential funding
resources are considered and are not limited to those sources identified within the action
worksheet, please see Appendix G for a list of all available State and Federal grant programs as
of 2024. The Planning Team will continue to seek out other available funding sources during the
5-year cycle as notices of funding opportunity (NOFO) are released.
All mitigation actions created by Planning Team members are presented in this section. More
than one hazard is sometimes listed for an action, if appropriate. Actions presented in this section
represent a comprehensive range of mitigation actions per current State and FEMA Guidelines,
including one action, per hazard, and at least two different types.
City of Round Rock I Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 274
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
Table 24-1. City of Round Rock Mitigation Action Matrix
TYPE OF ACTION
Action #1 - Plans/Regulations (Blue) Action #4 - Structural (Orange)
Action #2 - Education/Awareness (Red) Action #5 - Preparedness/Response
(Black)
Action #3 - Natural Systems Protections (Green)
Jurisdiction
m LA un U
•
•
• :
CZ co XCity of Round Rock •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • ! •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• •
City of Round Rock I Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 275
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATION •
buildings and infrastructure
Potential1�7 Priority
Action Proposed Action Site Benefit Action Hazards Community fra. (High Cost Funding Lead Timeline Existing NFIP
Type Lifeline ..
., Agency Plans
Low) Sources
Dam Failure,
Drought,
Earthquake,
Implement education Extreme Heat, Local Budget;
and awareness Flood, Hail,
State Grants HSEM,
rograms to educate Promote Land (GLO,TAMFS,
itizens of hazardshazard Subsidence, DA,IDEM, Communicati
hat can threaten the 3wareness Lightning, TWDB, ons and
rea and mitigation 3nd Thunderstorm XDOT), Marketing,
Neighborhood Nei
Federal Grants: g
easures to reduce rotect Wind, Promotes
City- Education and Safety/Security (FEMA HMA ervices,
1 injuries, fatalities, itizens Tornado, Y H $10,000 12 Months N/A public
nd property wide rom Awareness Wildfire, Communications rants,CDBG, Fire Dept., safety.
amages. Continue potential inter Storm, DC,DOH, Parks and
EDA,EPA, Recreation,
updating Ready the injuries Cyber Attack, HUD,NFIP, Public
Round Rock and Hazardous NFWF,NOAA,
educational damages. Materials, NRCS,SBA, orks,
campaign and Infectious USACE,USDA,Police Dept.
HSEM website. Disease, USFS,USFWS)
Pipeline
Failure,
[Terrorism
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 I Page 276
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATIONACTIONS
*Reduces risk to new andlor existing buildings and infrastructure
Priority Potential
Action Proposed Action Site Benefit Action Hazards Community
' (High, Cost Fund
Lead Timeline Existing NFIP
•
- •. Agency11
•
Dam Failure, •
Drought,
Earthquake,
Extreme Heat, Local Budget;
Flood, Hail, State Grants
Enhance resource Land (GLO,TAMFS,
management Increases Subsidence, TDA,TDEM,
capabilities by Lightning, B,
fficiency XDO
collaborating with f Thunderstorm �; HSEM,
Federal Grants:
internal and external Preparedness Wind, Community Promotes
City- resource Communication, (FEMA HMA
2 stakeholders the
to wide anagem Response Tornado, Safety/Security N/A H $10,000 rants,CDBG, and 36 Months N/A public
recognize the Wildfire, DC,DOH, Neighborhood safety.
resources that may nt during Winter Storm, EDA,EPA, Services
e available prior to, II disaster Cyber Attack, HUD,NFIP,
wring, and after an Phases. Hazardous NFWF,NOAH,
incident. Materials, MRCS,SBA,
Infectious USACE,USDA,
Disease, USFS,USFWS)
Pipeline
Failure,
Terrorism
Identify all dams
ithin the City of Reduce Local Budget;
Round Rock and the risk of State Grants
xtra territorial damages (GLO,TAMFS,
urisdiction(ETJ). to DA,TDEM,
CollaborateTWwith structures; DB'
Structure and XDOT);
CID Capital Ensure Infrastructure Federal Grants: Public
Improvements to City- continuity (FEMA HMA
3 identify maintenance ide f critical Local Plans Dam Failure Safety/Security Y H $3,000,000 rants,CDBG, oras, Fire 60 Months CIP N/A
nd concerns with services; and DC,DOH, Department
local dams and Reduce Regulations EDA,EPA,
implement risk of HUD,NFIP,
recommended injuries NFWF,NOAH,
NRCS,SBA,
improvements to and USACE,USDA,
reduce risk from atalities. USFS,USFWS)
ailure.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 277
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATIONACTIONS
'Reduces risk to new andlor g buildings
--90000r-- ! Priori Fy1__ Potential
Action Proposed Action Site Benefit Action Hazards Community Infra.* (High.
Lead
Existing NFIP
# Type Lifeline .. Plans
Sources
Reduce
damages
o
infrastruct
Identify low-lying ure; Local Budget;
rens that are at Ensure State Grants
high risk for flooding. f secontrvice TDA,TDEM, Protects
Adopt and f services DB ure, truct
wring and ure,
implement routine City- xDOT);
inspections to wide after Safety/Security, Federal Grants: Utilities/ reduces
Flood Transportation, 36 M
vent; Structure and FEMA HMA Transportation Drainage cost of
4 ensure that culverts flood Reduce Infrastructure ansporon, Y M $100,000 rants,CDBG, , Fire MonthPlan reparation,
and drainage prone damages Water Systems DC,DOH,
systemsnd
are clear of areas EDA,EPA, Department r
associated e
debris. Remove vents
HUD,NFIP,
with power injury to
debris from drainage outages, NFWF,NOAH, residents.
R
systems on a regular NRCS,SBA,
basis. educe USACE,USDA,
risk of USFS,USFWS)
injuries or
fatalities to
ulnerable
o ulations.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 278
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATIONACTIONS
buildings*Reduces risk to new andlor existing
Priority Potential
Action Proposed Action Site Benefit Action Hazards Community Infra.* (High, Cost Funding Lead Timeline Existing NFIP
# Type Lifeline Mod., Sources Agency Plans
•
Dam Failure,
Drought,
Reduce Earthquake,
damages Extreme Heat, Local Budget;
t critical Flood, Hail, State Grants
facilities-, Land (GLO,TAMFS,
Ensure Subsidence, DA,TDEM, Protects
Harden/retrofit continuity Lightning, TWDB, infrastruct
critical facilities to of critical Thunderstorm DOT); ure,
hazard-resistant services Wind,
City- Federal Grants: reduces
5 levels, including but during and Tornado, Safety/Security Y L $100,000
wide Structure and (FEMA HM12 Months CIP
HMA General cost of
on
not limited to, critical after Infrastructure Wildfire, rants,CDBG, Services reparation,
facilities DC,DOH, and
installing hail guards vent; Winter Storm, EDA,EPA, prevents
n HVAC systems. Reduce Cyber Attack, HUD,NFIP, injury to
risk of Hazardous NFWF,NOAH,
injury to Materials, NRCS,SBA, residents.
emergency Infectious USACE,USDA,
and critical Disease, USFS,USFWS)
personnel. Pipeline
Failure,
Terrorism
Ensure
continuity Local Budget;
Reduce water usage f critical tate Grants
g services; (GLO,TAMFS,
by monitoring local Promote DA,TDEM,
water sources and TWDwater B,
heir capacity, DOT);
implement water
onservati Local Plans Safety/Security, Federal Grants: Utilities,
City- n and Drought, (FEMA HMA Public
6 restrictions early in Food/Hydration/ N/A M $50,000 12 Months N/A N/A
drought emergencies wide measures; Regulations Extreme Heat Shelter rants,CDBG, Works, Fire
and collaborate with Maintain DC,DOH, Department
drinking EDA,EPA,
ire department to water HUD,NFIP,
reduce water usage NFWF,NOAH,
t the training facility. apacity NRCS,SBA,
during USACE,USDA,
mergenci USFS,USFWS)
L- -- -- s. —
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 279
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATIONACTIONS
-Reduces risk to new andlor existing .
IPriority Potential
Action Proposed Action Site Benefit Action Hazards Community Infra.* (High, Cost Funding Lead Timeline Existing NFIP
# Type Lifeline Mod.. Sources Agency Plans
Local Budget;
State Grants
(GLO,TAMFS,
DA,TDEM,
Adopt regulations Reduce TWDB,
that all new damages XDOT);
construction will be o Local Plans Federal Grants:
City- and Land (FEMA HMA General
7 built with lifelong wide tructures Regulations Subsidence Safety/Security Y M $5,000 rants,CDBG, Services 12 Months CIP N/A
foundations to and DC,DOH,
mitigate future land infrastruct EDA,EPA,
subsidence risk. ure. HUD,NFIP,
NFWF,NOAA,
NRCS,SBA,
USACE,USDA,
USFS,USWS
Monitor old facilities
or movement using Local Budget;
advanced monitoring State Grants
systems and conduct (GLO,TAMFS,
regular inspections DA,TDEM,
o detect subsidence Reduce TWDB,
arl Stabilize damages DOT);
Y o Federal Grants:
etected movement City- structuresStructure and Land (FEMA HMA General
8 promptly using wide aduInfrastructure Subsidence Safety/Security Y M $1,000,000 rants,CDBG, Services 60 Months CIP N/A
echniques such as infrastruct DC,DOH,
EDA,EPA,
routing, ure. HUD,NFIP,
underpinning, or
NFWF,NOAH,
reinforcement to
ensure the structural USACE,USNRCS,SBA,
integrity of the USFS,US WS)
facilities.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 I Page 280
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATIONACTIONS
Priority
Action Action . . -_. Existing
Proposed Action Site Benefit Hazards Infra.* Cost Funding
Timeline NFIP
# Type Lifeline Mod., Sources Agency Plans
Reduce
damages Local Budget;
Implement to State Grants
procedures to assist infrastruct (GLO,TAMFS,
he fire department ure; TDA,TDEM,
ith wildfire events Ensure TWDB,
y ensuring that continuity Local Plans XDOT);
ehicles and f services nd Federal Grants:
city- (FEMA HMA General
9 quipment are during and Regulations Wildfire Safety/Security N/A M $50,000 12 Months N/A N/A
perational. Ensure
wide after Preparedness rants, Services
DC,DOH,
hat a team of vent; lResponse EDA,EPA,
mechanics are on Reduce HUD,NFIP,
rained on risk of NFWF,NOAH,
procedures and on injuries or NRCS,SBA,
standby for support. fatalities to USAGE,USDA,
vulnerable USFS,USFWS)
populations.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 281
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATIONACTIONS
*Reduces risk to new andlor g buildings and infrastructure
I I Priority Potential
Action Proposed Action Site Benefit Action Hazards Community lnfra.� (High,
Lead
Existing NFIP
# Type Lifeline .. Plans
Low) Sources
Reduce
damages
Mitigate winter storm to
impacts by improving infrastruct
early warning ure, Local Budget;
systems, ensuring all Ensure State Grants
ransportation, public continuity (GLO,TAMFS,
DA,IDEM,
afety, and utility of services TWDB
ystems are winter during andXDOT;
ready, providing after Structure and Federal Grants: General
education on snow ity- vent; Infrastructure FEMA HMA Services,
10 chain installation, wide Reduce Education and Winter Storm(Safety/Security Y M $1,000,000 rants,CDBG, Fire 12 Months N/A N/A
retrofitting and damages Awareness CDC,DOH, Department
hardening facilities associated EDA,EPA,
or severe winter with power HUD,NFIP,
Bather, and ensure outages, NFWF,SB AA,
NRCS,SBA,
generators are in Reduce USACE,USDA,
working condition risk of USES,USFWS)
prior to winter injuries or
season. fatalities to
vulnerable
emulations.
ity Local Budget;
ide Reduce tate Grants
Collect and maintain (Behrens risk of GLO,TAMFS,
updated emergency Ranch damages TDA,TDEM,
action plans for all Parkland hrough XDO
high-hazard dams Mayfield improved Local Plans Federal Grants: Public
ithin city limits and Parkland fanning and Communication, (FEMA HMA Works
11 ETJ. Continue to practices; Regulations Dam Failure Safety/Security N/A M $10,000 rants,CDBG, Parks and 12 Months N/A N/A
artici ate in the Meadow Provide DC,DOH,
p regional Recreation
CID Technical Lake g EDA,EPA,
Advisory Committee Park flood HUD,NFIP,
awareness NFWF,NOAH,
(TAC). Old to the NRCS,SBA,
Settlers public. USACE,USDA,
Park) USFS,USFWS
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 282
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATIONACTIONS
Priority Pot-ntial
Lead Timeline Existing NFIP
.- -Action Proposed Action Site Benefit Action Hazards Community .. AgencySources
•
Local Budget;
State Grants
Develop a (GLO,TAMFS,
ommunity Wildfire DA,TDEM,
Protection Plan Reduce B,
CWPP risk of XDOT);
( )to identify
amages Local Plans Federal Grants:
ommunity areas City- (FEMA HMA Fire
12 through and Wildfire Safety/Security N/A L $50,000 24 Months N/A N/A
ith highest wildfire wide improved Regulations rants,CDBG, Department
risk, identify risk DC,DOH,
reduction projects, planning EDA,EPA,
and provide public practices. HUD,NFIP,
ducation. NFWF,NOAH,
NRCS,SBA,
USACE,USDA,
USFS,USFWS
Local Budget;
State Grants
Provide public (GLO,TAMFS,
education on tornado DA,TDEM,
shelters and Reduce DB,
XDOT
sheltering risk to Education and Federal Grants: Fire
residents Thunderstorm
procedures. Identify City- Awareness (FEMA HMA
13 and collaborate with wide through Preparedness Wind, Safety/Security N/A L $50,000 rants,CDBG, Department, 12 Months N/A N/A
pTornado improved TrndPublic Works
volunteer Response DC,DOH,
organizations to awareness EDA,EPA,
assist with shelter efforts. HUD,NFIP,
ANFWF,NOAA,
operations.
NRCS,SBA,
USACE,USDA,
USFS,USFWS
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 283
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATIONACTIONS
Nodoces risk to now . .
Priority Potential
Action Proposed Action Site Benefit Action Hazards Community Infra.* (High, Cost Fund ng Lead Timeline Existing NFIP
# Type Lifeline Mod., 11 Agency Plans
Low) Sources
Educate citizens on
lightning safety to Local Budget;
potentially mitigate State Grants
impacts of home Promote (GLO,TAMES,
fres. Including but hazard TDA,TDEM,
not limited to awareness TWDB,
information about: and XDOT);
checking attic space protect Federal Grants:
City- Education and (FEMA HMA Fire
14 after lightning wide citizens Awareness Lightning Safety/Security N/A L $50,000 rants,CDBG, Department 12 Months N/A N/A
strikes, calling 911 from DC,DOH,
or smoke or fires, potential EDA,EPA,
hutting attic doors injuries HUD,NFIP,
o reduce air intake and NFWF,NOAH,
o potential fire, and damages. MRCS,SBA,
nowing where utility USACE,USDA,
utoffs are in safety USFS,USFWS)
am ai ns.
Reduce
damages Local Budget;
t critical State Grants
facilities; (GLO,TAMFS,
Create and Ensure TDA,TDEM,
implement training continuity TWDB,
rograms to mitigate f critical XDOT);
multitude of ity- services Local Plans Federal Grants:
15 hazardous materials wide, during and Hazardous Hazardous land Materials Materials N/A M $100,000 (FEMA HMA Fire rants,CDBG, Department 12 Months
N/A N/A
release. Conduct ETJ after Regulations DC,DOH,
Tier II walkthroughs vent; EDA,EPA,
f critical facilities on Reduce HUD,NFIP,
regular basis. risk of NFWF,NOAH,
injury to NRCS,SBA,
emergency USACE,USDA,
and critical USFS, USFWS)
personnel.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 284
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATIONACTIONS
Priority Potential
Action Proposed Action Site Benefit Action Hazards Community I
Lead Timeline Existin 9 NFIP
.- - - ••(High Cost Agency Plans
Sources
• Local Budget;
State Grants
GLO,TAMFS,
DA,TDEM,
Implement pre- TWDB,
positioned debris Ensure Winter Storm, XDOT);
management Federal Grants: Parks and
City- continuity Preparedness Tornado, FEMA HMA Recreation
16 entrant to avoid wide f critical Response Thunderstorm Safety/Security N/A H $50,000 rants,CDBG, Department, 12 Months N/A N/A
elay in debris Wind nd DTransportation
cleanup after hazard EDA,EPA,
vents. HUD,NFIP,
NFWF,NOAA,
NRCS,SBA,
USACE,USDA,
USFS,USFWS
Ensure Local Budget;
State Grants
Identify and maintain continuity (GLO,TAMFS,
it gap(isolating of critical TDA,TDEM,
computers and/orservices; TWDB,
networks)for crucial Prevent XDOT);
processes in the incursions, Federal Grants:
data loss, Education and Cyber (FEMA HMA Public
17 water and wide oss, Awareness Security Safety/Security N/A M $20,000 rants,CDBG, orks, IT 12 Months N/A N/A
wastewater system DC,DOH,
treatment and downtime EDA,EPA,
transportation to and HUD,NFIP,
mitigate loss of data customer NFWF,NOAH,
wring a disaster. information NRCS,SBA,
ecurity. USACE,USDA,
USFS, USFWS
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 285
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATIONACTIONS
Reduces risk to new andlor existtog buildings
Priority
Action Action Community (High, Potential Lead Existing
Proposed Action Site Benefit Hazards Infra.*
ng Timeline NFIP
..# Type Lifeline M , SourcesAgency Plans
Local Budget;
State Grants
(GLO,TAMFS,
Reduce TDA,TDEM,
Establish cooling the risk of TWDB,
Public
enters and injuries or XDOT);
hydration stations for fatalities to Federal Grants: Works,
City- Education and (FEMA HMA Parks and
18 city employees and wide vulnerable Awareness Extreme Heat Safety/Security N/A M $100,000 rants,CDBG, Recreation, 12 Months N/A N/A
local residents populations DC,DOH, HSEM
uring extreme heat and critical EDA,EPA, CRR,
CRU
HUD,NFIP
vents. service CRU
,
employees NFWF,NOAH,
NRCS,SBA,
USACE,USDA,
USFS,USFWS
Local Budget;
Protect tate Grants
Implement GLO,TAMFS, Protects
,IDEM,
recommended critical DAinfrastruct
structural projects to City- infrastruct DB,
p 1 Flood ure,
mitigate flooding at
wide, ure, DOT);
9 9 Federal Grants: Protection reduces
Brushy reduce
CID Priority Areas Structure and (FEMA HMA Plan, cost of
1g and 9 area of high Creek loss a Infrastructure Flood Safety/Security Y H $10 Million rants,CDBG, Public Works 60 Months
� g flood roe Capital reparation
risk to life and prone and life, DC,DOH, Improvement and
property per the EDA,EPA, Plan prevents
regional Flood areas and HUD,NFIP, injury to
Protection Plan). reduce NFWF,NOAA, residents.
damage. NRCS,SBA,
USACE,USDA,
USFS,USFWS
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 286
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATIONACTIONS
*Reduces ri,,k to new andlor existing buildings and infrastructure
Priority PoteAction Proposed Action Site Benefit Action Hazards Community Infra.* (High, Cost Funding Lead Timeline
Existing NF1P# Type Lifeline Mod., Sources Agency Plans
ntial
Reduce
risk in high Local Budget;
hazard State Grants
City ofareas by (GLO,TAMFS,
Round promoting TDA,TDEM,
Rock and
ce XDOT); Protects
ncentivizing
Develop and Upper development Local Plans Federal Grants: ommunit
Brushy in low-risk FEMA HMA ies and
20 implement a nd Flood Safety/Security y H $100,000 Public Works 48 Months N/A reduces
Creek rants,CDBG,
Regional Flood Plan. areas; Regulation DC,DOH,
Basin, risk of
Reduce EDA,EPA,
William risk of HUD,NFIP, flooding.
on damages NFWF,NOAH,
County through NRCS,SBA,
improved USACE,USDA,
planning USFS,USFWS)
ractices.
Develop and Local Budget;
P tate Grants
implement public (GLO,TAMFS,
works and TDAJDEM,
transportation plans Reduce TWDB,
that address risk of XDOT);
Grants:
hazardous materials damages Local Plans FederalPublic
City- Hazardous Hazardous (FEMA HMA
21 concerns and through and N/A M $50,000 Works, Fire 12 Months N/A N/A
enhance
wide Materials Materials rants,CDBG,
improved Regulations Department
coordination with planningDC,DOH,
EDA,EPA,
Fire and Police practices. HUD,NFIP,
Departments for NFWF,NOAH,
raining and planning NRCS,SBA,
practices. USACE,USDA,
USFS,USFWS
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 287
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATION ACTIONS
'Reduces risk to new andlor existing .
Priority
Potential
Action Action . -.• Existing
# Proposed Action Site Benefit Type Hazards Lifeline Infra.* Mod., Cost
ng Agency Timeline Plans NFIP
11
Low) Sources
Reduce
risk and
avoid loss Local Budget;
State Grants
Install lightning to (GLO,TAMFS,
protection equipment community TDA,TDEM,
n all critical and critical TWDB,
infrastructure, public infrastruct Structure and DOT); Public
orks facilities, andCity- ure by Infrastructure Federal Grants: Works, Fire
22 all new CORR wide promoting Education and Lightning Safety/Security Y L $100,000 (FEMA HMA Department, 12 Months N/A N/A
acilities. In addition,
Critical early Awareness rants,CDBG, General
Facilities y DC,DOH,
implement employee detection EDA,EPA, Services
raining regarding and HUD,NFIP,
lightning safety and prevention NFWF,NOAA,
asset protection. Protect MRCS,SBA,
itizens USACE,USDA,
nd city USFS,USFWS)
ersonnel.
Local Budget;
State Grants
GLO,TAMFS,
Identify critical DA,TDEM,
DB,
pipeline transmission XDOT);
infrastructure and Ensure Structure and Safety/Security, Federal Grants:
Public
23 identifyalternatives City- continuityInfrastructure Pipeline
Energy Y H $100,000 (FEMA HMA orks, Fire 12 Months N/A N/A
or rerouting. Create wide of critical Education and Failure (PGrants,CDBG,
nd implement services. Awareness ower/Fuel) DC,DoH, Department
raining protocols for EDA,EPA,
personnel. HUD,NFIP,
NFWF,NOAA,
NRCS,SBA,
USACE,USDA,
USFS,USFWS
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 288
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATIONACTIONS
'Reduces risk to now andlot cxistinq buildings and infrostiuctute
Priority
Potential
Action Proposed Action Site Benefit Action Hazards Community Infra.* (High, Cost Funding Lead Timeline Existing NFIP
# Type Lifeline Mod.,
•
Sources
Reduce
risk of Local Budget;
wildfires State Grants
Coordinate with the and the (GLO,TAMFS,
Fire Department to spread of TDA,TDEM,
aintain adequate wildfirby DoT;
water for emergency wateer 9 Local Plans Federal)Grants:
use during wildfire City- and (FEMA HMA
24 access Wildfire Safety/Security N/A L $10,000 Public Works 12 Months N/A N/A
vents and to wide and Regulations rants,CDBG,
provide safeCDC,DOH,
ransportation firefighting EDA, EPA,
orridors for wildfire capabilities; HUD,NFIP,
related evacuations. Reduce NFWF,NOAH,
risk of NRCS,SBA,
injuries USACE,USDA,
land USFS,USFWS)
atalities.
Local Budget;
State Grants
Promote (GLO,TAMFS,
Implement an hazard TDA,TDEM,
education and awareness DB,
and XDOT);
awareness program protect Federal Grants:
addressing winter City- Education and (FEMA HMA Transportation
25 weather and wide rtoiznens wareness Winter Storm Communication N/A M $5,000 rants,CDBG, Department 36 Months N/A N/A
informing residents potential EDA,EPA,
f transportation injuries HUD,NFIP,
impacts. and NFWF,NOAA,
amages. NRCS,SBA,
USACE,USDA,
USFS,USFWS
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 289
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATION.ACTIONS
'Reduces risk to new andlor • buildings
Priority
ActionProposed Action Site Benefit • Hazards • • -.• • NFIP
Infra
Cost Funding
Timeline
•- •• • A•- Plans
•
Dam Failure,
Enhance Drought,
relationships with Promote Earthquake,
neighborhood hazard Extreme Heat, Local Budget;
leaders and HOAs to awareness Flood, Hail, State Grants
improve and Land (GLO,TAMFS,
ommunication, rotect Subsidence, TDA,TDEM,
utreach, education itizens Lightning, DB,
nd awareness. rom Thunderstorm XDOT);
otential Wind, Federal Grants:
P community& Promotes
Develop a strategic City- Education and (FEMA HMA
26 injuries Tornado, Communication N/A H $10,000 Neighborhood 24 Months N/A ublic
approach to enhance wide nd wareness Wildfire, rants,CDBG, Services
resources and DC,DOH, safety.
community amages; Winter Storm, EDA,EPA,
engagement to Reduce Cyber Attack, HUD,NFIP,
better serve the risk of Hazardous NFWF,NOAH,
mmunity, including injuries or Materials, NRCS,SBA,
o
ounderserved and fatalities to Infectious USACE,USDA,
the vulnerable vulnerable Disease, USES,USFWS)
populations. opulations. Pipeline
Failure,
Terrorism
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 290
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATIONACTIONS
PotentialRoduces risk to nowandlor existing buildings and infrastructon
Priority
Action Proposed Action Site Benefit Action Hazards Community Infra.� (High, Cost Funding -.. Timeline Existing NFIP
# Type Lifeline Mod., Sources Agency Plans
Dam Failure,
Drought,
Earthquake,
Extreme Heat,
Flood, Hail,
Enhance current Land
continuity plans by Subsidence,
conducting business Lightning,
process analyses Ensure Thunderstorm Local
Local Plans Wind, Department Promotes
and business impact City- continuity IT
27 and Tornado, Safety/Security N/A L $10,000 Budget,Staff 36 Months N/A ublic
nalyses to ensure wide f public Department
critical services are services. Regulations Wildfire, ime,Bonds, afety.
Winter Storm, ax Revenue
operable during all
natural and non- Cyber Attack,
natural hazards. Hazardous
Materials,
Infectious
Disease,
Pipeline
Failure,
Terrorism
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 I Page 291
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATION-ACTIONS
Reduces risk to new andlor existing . .
Priority Potential
Action Proposed Action Site Benefit Action Hazards Community Infra.* (High Cost Funding Lead Timeline Existing NFIP
# Type Lifeline ..
. Sources Agency Plans
Retrofit the city's
astewater
infrastructure to
mitigate the impact
f flooding by
upgrading drainage
�ystems, elevating
ritical equipment, Reduce
installing flood risk of Local Budget;
arriers, enhancing flood water State Grants
tormwater contaminat (GLO,TAMFS,
management, and ion; DA,TDEM, Protects
uintegrating advanced Reduce DB, re, truct
monitoring and early risk of DOT); red
Federal Grants: reduces
arning systems. surface Floodplain
city- Structure and Dam Failure, FEMA HMA Management of
28 The wastewater wide water Infrastructure Flood Safety/Security Y M $1,000,000 rants,CDBG, Management 48 Months CIP eparation,
reatment plant on infiltration DC,DOH, Department and
he east side of the and EDA,EPA,
prevents
ity has a flood risk. sewage HUD,NFIP, injury to
here is a chancebackup; NFWF,NOAH,
that should the 1%o Ensure MRCS,SBA, residents.
nnual Chance continuity USACE,USDA,
Storm Event using of critical USFS,USFWS)
Atlas 14 rainfall data services.
occur, a portion of
he plant's capacity
could be impacted if
floodwaters were to
rise to associated
estimated
elevations.)
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 292
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATIONACTIONS
'Reduces risk to now andlor existing buildings and infrastructuto
Priority Potential
Action Proposed Action Site Benefit Action Hazards Community Infra.* (High,
Lead
Existing NFIP
# Type Lifeline .. Plans. -
Reduce Local Budget;
State Grants
Mitigate low water risk of (GLO,TAMES,
rossings by, injuries, DA,IDEM, Protects
including but not fatalities DB, ure, truct
limited to, elevating and XDOT); red
Structure and Federal Grants: reduces
roadways, installing amages Floodplain
City- Infrastructure Safety/Security, (FEMA HMA cost of
29 larger culverts and/or hrough Flood N/A H $500,000 Management 48 Months CIP
rainage systems, wide tructural Education and Communication rants,OH, I Department reparation,
im rovin roadway ro ects
Awareness CDC,DOH, p and
P 9 y P 1 EDA, EPA, prevents
materials, and 3nd HUD,NFIP, injury to
installing flood Bducation NFWF,NOAA,
arning signs. and NRCS,SBA, residents.
wareness USACE,USDA,
USFS,USFWS
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 293
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATIONACTIONS
Reduces risk to new andlor existing .
Priority Potential
Action Proposed Action Site Benefit Action Hazards Community Infra.* (High,
Lead
Existing NFIP
# Type Lifeline .. Plans
Sources
•
Provide/construct
additional means of
access into single-
entry neighborhoods
and parts of the City;
Update subdivision
odes for a higher
ingress and Reduce Local Budget;
level of in
9 State Grants
There are risk to
egress. � City- residents (GLO,TAMFS,
areas within the city wide, hroughDDB DEM,
that are within a near improved
floodplain and only p Local Plans XDOT); Local
he evacuation Federal Grants:
have one way in and and Floodplain Building Promotes
West alternatives Dam Failure, (FEMA HMA
30 one way out of some Regulations Safety/Security N/A M $100,000 Management 48 Months Codes/ public
,Wildfire Grants,CDBG,
fits communities aste ; improve Flood
water firefighting Structure and DC,DOH, Department Ordinances;safety.
and some facilities reatm capabilities Infrastructure EDA,EPA, CIP
e.g.west nt through HUD,NFIP,
wastewater Plant improved NFWF,NOAH,
treatment plant), NRCS,SBA,
which could ccess USACE, USDA,
complicate the ability alternatives USES, USFWS)
o get in or out of a
ommunity or facility
ithout the use of
pecialized
quipment and
ersonnel.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 I Page 294
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATION ACTIONS
*Roduces risk to now andlor existing buildings
Priority Potential
ActionProposed Action Site Benefit ActionHazards •mmunity Infra.* (High, Cost Funding Lead Timeline Existing NFIP
# Type Lifeline Mod., Sources Agency Plans
•
Enhance
resilience
against Local Budget;
cyber- State Grants
attacks (GLO,TAMFS,
DA,TDEM,
Create, implement, through DB,
and enforce strong City- education XDOT);
ybersecurity wide and Federal Grants: It
olicies. Conduct facilities awareness Local Plans
31 p and Cyber Attack Safety/Security N/A M � $5,000 (FEMA HMA Department, 24 Months N/A N/A
regular audits and and IT ; Ensure rants,CDBG, Police
assessments to infrastr continuity Regulations DC,DOH, Department
identify and address ucture of critical EDA,EPA,
vulnerabilities. services-, HUD,NFIP,
Reduce NFWF,NOAH,
NRCS,SBA,
damages USACE,USDA,
o critical USFS,USFWS)
infrastruct
_ ure.
Enhance
resilience
Strengthen IT against Local Budget;
infrastructure bycyber- State Grants
installing and attacks (GLO,TAMFS,
regularly updating through DA,TDEM,
firewalls, intrusion ducationDB' IT
detection, and
City- nd Structure and XDOT);
fide Infrastructure Federal Grants: Department,
prevention awareness (FEMA HMA CORR
32 systems. Ensure all facilities. Ensure Local Plans Cyber Attack Communications N/A H $100,000 rants,CDBG, Employees, 24 Months N/A N/A
networks are secure, nd IT continuity and DC,DOH, Police
software Regulations EDA,EPA,
including public Wi- f critical Department
Fi networks. Useservices; HUD,NAP,
encryption for Reduce NFWF,NOAH,
sensitive data both in damages NRCS,SBA,
g USACE,USDA,
transit and at rest. to critical USFS, USFWS)
infrastruct
ure.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 I Page 295
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATIONACTIONS
'Reduces . new andlorbuildings and infrastructuro
Priority Potential
Action Proposed Action Site Benefit Action Hazards Community Infra.* (High, Cost Funding Lead Timeline Existing NFIP
# Type Lifeline Mod., Agency Plans
•
Sources
Enhance
Regularly educate resilience
and train employees against Local Budget;
n cybersecuritycyber- State Grants
est practices, attacks (GLO,TAMFS,
including recognizing through DA,TDEM,
DB,
hishing attempts education
and proper password and Federra Grants: It
management; Cyber Attack Communications Run City- awareness Education and (FEMA HMA Department,
33 awareness wide ; Ensure Awareness ommuncations N/A M $5,000 rants,CDBG, Police 24 Months N/A N/A
campaigns to keep continuity CDC,DOH, Department
cybersecurity top of f critical EDA,EPA,
mind for all cityservices; HUD,NFIP,
employees; Provide Reduce NFWF,NOAH,
easy ways for damages NRCS,SBA,
USACE,USDA,
residents to report to critical USFS,USFWS)
suspicious activity. infrastruct
ure.
Enhance
resilience
gainst Local Budget;
cyber- State Grants
Employ or consult attacks (GLO,TAMFS,
with cybersecurity through DA,TDEM,
experts to mitigate education ppT); IT
merging and Federal Grants: Department,
Y awareness hreats. Collaborate City- Local Plans
34 and FEMA HMA ORR Cyber Attack Communications N/A H $100,000 24 Months N/A N/A
with private sector wide -, Ensure rants,CDBG, Employees,
companies and other continuity Regulations DC,DOH, Police
municipalities to of critical EDA,EPA, Department
hare knowledgeservices; HUD,NFIP,
and resources. Reduce NFWF,NOAA,
NRCS,SBA,
damages USACE,USDA,
o critical USFS,USFWS)
infrastruct
ure.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 I Page 296
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATIONACTIONS
• . tit intlastnlCt
Priority
Potential
Action Proposed Action Site Benefit Action Hazards Community Infra.* (High, Cost Funding Lead Timeline Existing NFIP
# Type Lifeline Mod.,
•
Sources
Enhance
resilience
Ensure all software
against Local Budget;
cyber- tate Grants
and systems are attacks (GLO,TAMFS,
regularly updated through DA,IDEM,
land patched to educationTWDB, IT
,protect against XDOT);
Iknownity nd Local Plans Federal Grants: Department,
awareness (FEMA HMA CORR
35 vulnerabilities. idend Cyber Attack Communications N/A H $5,000 DC,DOH, 12 Months N/A N/A
Ensure rants,CDBG, Employees,
Where possible, Networks 'continuity Regulations Police
enable automated
f critical EDA,EPA, Department
updates to reduce services, HUD,NFIP,
he risk of delays in Reduce NFWF,NOAH,
pplying critical damages NRCS,SBA,
atches. USACE,USDA,
o critical USFS,USFWS)
infrastruct
ure.
Enhance
resilience
against Local Budget;
cyber- State Grants
Regularly back up all attacks (DAO,IDEM,
ritical data and hrough DB
education XDOT)�
ystems. Develop
an test disaster City- and Local Plans Federal Grants: IT
awareness (FEMA HMA Department,
36 recovery plans to wide and Cyber Attack Communications N/A H $5,000 12 Months N/A N/A
ensure quick Networks : Ensure Regulations rants,CDBG, CORR
restoration of ontinuity CDC,DOH, Employees
f critical EDA,EPA,
services after an servHUD,NFIP,
Reduce'eice ' NFWF,NOAH,
NRCS,SBA,
damages USACE,USDA,
o critical USFS,USFWS)
infrastruct
ure.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 I Page 297
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATIONACTIONS
. .
Priority Potential
Action Proposed Action Site Benefit Action Hazards Community Infra.* (High. Cost Funding Lead Timeline Existing NFIP
# Type Lifeline Mod., Sources Agency Plans
Enhance
resilience
against Local Budget;
cyber- State Grants
Implement attacks (GLO,TAMFS,
continuous through DA,IDEM,
monitoring of education DB, IT
networks and XDOT);
systems to detect
City- Local Plans
and Federal Grants: Department,
wide awareness (FEMA HMA CORR
37 uspicious activity. and Cyber Attack Communications N/A H $5,000 12 Months N/A N/A
Use threat Networ; Ensure Regulations rants,CDBG, Employees,
iCDC,DOH,
ntelligence to stay ks ontinuity f critical EDA,EPA, Police
informed about the Red HUD,NFIP, Department
latest cyber threats Reduce'
' NFWF,NOAH,
nd trends. duce NRCS,SBA,
damages USACE,USDA,
o critical USFS, USFWS)
infrastruct
u re.
Enhance
resilience
against Local Budget;
cyber- State Grants
Ensure compliance attacks (GLO,TAMFS,
ith all relevant hrough DA,TDEM,
laws, regulations, ducation DOT); IT
nd standards �ncl Local Plans Federal Grants: Department,
related to City- awareness (FEMA HMA CORR
38 and Cyber Attack Communications N/A H $5,000 12 Months N/A N/A
ybersecurity.Work wide ; Ensure rants,CDBG, Employees,
ith legal experts to ontinuity Regulations DC,DOH, Police
evelop frameworks of critical EDA,EPA, Department
or prosecutingservices; HUD,NFIP,
ybercriminals. Reduce NFWF,NOAH,
NRCS,SBA,
amages USACE,USDA,
o critical USFS,USFWS)
infrastruct
ure.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 298
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATIONACTIONS
Priority Potential
Action Proposed Action Site Benefit Action Hazards Community lnfra.� (High,
Lead
Existing NFIP
# Type Lifeline .. Plans
Sources
Collaborate with Ensure Local Budget;
continuity State Grants
federal, state, and City, f critical (GLO,TAMES,
local law State, DA,TDEM,
enforcement and ervices; DB
agencies to share Federal
Reduce XDOT);
intelligence and acilities risk of Federal Grants:Local Plans Round Rock
t
o
39 information about Austin injuriesand Terrorism Safety/Security N/A M $10,000 (FEMA HMA Police 24 Months N/A N/A
potential threats; critical rants,CDBG,Region ervice Regulations DC,DOH, Department
Collaborate with al employees EDA,EPA,
fusion centers that Intellig ; Enhance HUD,NFIP,
facilitate the sharing nce NFWF,NOAH,
f intelligence across Center resilience NRCS,SBA,
urisdictions. against USACE,USDA,
terrorism. I IUSFS,USFWS
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 299
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
CITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATIONACTIONS
*Reduces . . buildings and infrastructure
I Priority
Potential
Action Proposed Action Site Benefit Action Hazards Community Infra.* (High, Cost Funding Lead Timeline Existing NFIP
# Type Lifeline Mod., 11 Agency Plans
Low) Sources
Install
. -
Install surveillance
cameras in high-risk
areas and ensure
they are monitored
regularly. Implement
access control
easures at critical
infrastructure sites,
such as government
buildings,
transportation hubs,
and public utilities. Ensure Local Budget;
II facilities listed continuity State Grants
(Police Department, of critical (GLO,TAMFS,
Fire Stations,Waterservices-, WD TDEM,
DB,
Treatment Plant, City Reduce Structure and XDOT);
Hall,Water Towers, City- risk of Infrastructure Federal Grants: Round Rock
Lift Stations, Major wide injuries to (FEMA HMA
40 Local Plans Terrorism Safety/Security N/A M $10,000 Police 36 Months N/A N/A
Intersections, Cap- Critical critical rants,CDBG,
Metro downtown facilities service e DC,DOH, Department
station, and Bob employees Regulations EDA,EPA,
Bennett Building)are ; Enhance HUD,NFIP,
ontrolled access resilience NFWF,NOAH,
with security fencing gainst NRCS,SBA,
USACE,USDA,
or lift stations and �erro
rism. USES,USFWS)
ater towers, and
eycard access for
city buildings. Major
buildings have
urveillance cameras
and the fire stations
have procedures to
secure buildings
when personnel are
way for a call for
ervice.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 300
SECTION 24: MITIGATION ACTIONS
PotentialCITY OF ROUND ROCK MITIGATION ACTIONS
Priority• . • •mmunity (High, Lead Timeline Existing NFIP
Proposed Action Site Benefit Type Hazards Lifeline Infra.* Mod., Cost Funding Agency Plans
•
Sources
Implement a
program to educate
he public on Ensure
recognizing and continuity
reporting potential f critical
threats and on what
services-
to do in the event of Reduce'
'
uce Local
terrorist attack. Department Round Rock
City- risk of Education and
41 Provide resources Terrorism Safety/Security N/A M $10,000 Budget,Staff Police 12 Months N/A N/A
and enhance wide injuries to wareness ime,Bonds, Department
relationships residents; Tax Revenue
etween law Enhance
nforcement and the resilience
ommunity to build against
rust and encourage errorism.
he reporting of
us icious activities.
Develop Ensure
omprehensive continuity
mergency action f critical
plans that include services; Police
rocedures for Reduce risk of Local Department,
managing terrorist Local Plans Department Fire ,
City- injuries to Department
42 incidents,such as and Terrorism Safety/Security N/A M $10,000 Budget,Staff 12 Months N/A N/A
Regulations ime,Bonds,
wide criticalRegulations
ax Revenue Public
bombings, serviceorks,
shootings, or cyber- mParks and
attacks. Ensure that ; Enhance Recreation
hese plans are resilience
regularly updated gainst
and tested. errorism.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 301
y
ROUND ROCK
TEXAS
i 77
" ,Rx
x 46
1 P
•
SECTION 25: PLAN MAINTENANCE
PlanMaintenance Procedures..................................................................................................303
Incorporation.............................................................................................................................303
Process of Incorporation .......................................................................................................303
Monitoring and Evaluation ........................................................................................................305
Monitoring..............................................................................................................................306
Evaluation..............................................................................................................................306
Updating....................................................................................................................................307
PlanRevisions.......................................................................................................................307
Five (5) Year Review.............................................................................................................307
Continued Public Involvement ..................................................................................................308
PLAN MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES
The following is an explanation of how the City of Round Rock and the general public will be
involved in implementing, evaluating, and enhancing the Plan over time. When the plan is
discussed in all maintenance procedures it includes mitigation actions and hazard assessments.
The sustained hazard mitigation planning process consists of four main parts:
Incorporation
Monitoring and Evaluation
Updating
Continued Public Involvement
INCORPORATION
The City of Round Rock will be responsible for further development and implementation of
mitigation actions. Each action has been assigned to a specific department within the city. The
following describes the process by which the city will incorporate elements of the mitigation plan
into other planning mechanisms.
PROCESS OF INCORPORATION
Once the Plan Update is adopted, the City of Round Rock will implement actions based on priority
and the availability of funding. The city currently implements policies and programs to reduce
loss to life and property from hazards. The mitigation actions developed for this Plan Update
enhance this ongoing effort and will be implemented through other program mechanisms where
possible.
The potential funding sources listed for each identified action may be used when the City seeks
funds to implement actions. An implementation time period or a specific implementation date has
been assigned to each action as an incentive for completing each task and gauging whether
actions are implemented in a timely manner.
The City of Round Rock will integrate implementation of their mitigation actions with other plans
and policies such as construction standards and emergency management plans, and ensure that
these actions, or proposed projects, are reflected in other planning efforts. Coordinating and
integrating components of other plans and policies into goals and objectives of the Plan Update
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 303
SECTION 25: PLAN MAINTENANCE
will further maximize funding and provide possible cost-sharing of key projects, thereby reducing
loss of lives and property and mitigating hazards affecting the area.
Upon formal adoption of the Plan Update, planning team members will work to integrate the
hazard mitigation strategies into other plans and codes as they are developed. Participating team
members will conduct periodic reviews of plans and policies, once per year at a minimum, and
analyze the need for revisions in light of the approved Plan. The planning team will review all
comprehensive land use plans, capital improvement plans, annual budget reviews, emergency
operations or management plans, and transportation plans to guide and control development.
The City will ensure that capital improvement planning in the future will also contribute to the goals
of this Hazard Mitigation Plan Update to reduce the long-term risk to life and property from all
hazards. Within one year of formal adoption of the Hazard Mitigation Plan Update, existing
planning mechanisms will be reviewed by each jurisdiction.
The City of Round Rock is committed to implementing their mitigation actions. Planning team
members will review and revise, as necessary, the long-range goals and objectives in strategic
plan and budgets to ensure that they are consistent with this mitigation action plan. Additionally,
the team will work to advance the goals of this hazard mitigation plan through its routine, ongoing,
long-range planning, budgeting, and work processes.
Table 25-1 identifies types of planning mechanisms and examples of methods for incorporating
the Plan Update into other planning efforts. The team members, listed in Table 25-2 below, will
be responsible for the review of these planning mechanisms and their incorporation of the plan,
with the exception of the Floodplain Management Plans; the Floodplain Administrator on staff will
be responsible for incorporating the plan when floodplain management plans are updated, or new
plans are developed.
Table 25-1. Methods of Incorporation of the Plan
RESPONSIBLEPLANNING DEPARTMENT / TITLE
MECHANISM
• -P•RA • OF PLAN
Various departments and key personnel
that participated in the planning process will
review this Plan Update and mitigation
actions therein when conducting their
Annual Budget annual budget review. Allowances will be
Review Finance Director made in accordance with grant applications
sought, and mitigation actions that will be
undertaken, according to the
implementation schedule of the specific
action.
Prior to any revisions to the Capital
Improvement Plan (CIP), City departments
will review the risk assessment and
Capital Improvement mitigation strategy sections of this HMAP,
Plans Finance Director
as limiting public spending in hazardous
zones is one of the most effective long-term
mitigation actions available to local
governments.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 304
SECTION 25: PLAN MAINTENANCE
PLANNING DEPARTMENT / TITLE INCORPORATION OF
RESPONSIBLEMECHANISM
The City of Round Rock has a
Comprehensive Plan in place. Since
Comprehensive Planning and comprehensive plans involve developing a
Plans Development and unified vision for a community, the
Director mitigation vision and goals of the HMAP will
be reviewed in the development or revision
of a Comprehensive Plan.
Floodplain management plans include
preventative and corrective actions to
address the flood hazard. Therefore, the
Floodplain actions for flooding and information found in
Management Plans Floodplain Administrator Section 9 of this Plan Update discussing
the people and property at risk to flood, will
be reviewed and revised when updating the
flood management plans or developing new
plans.
This Plan Update will be evaluated when
enc
Emer Management grant funding is sought for mitigation
Grant Applications Emergency g projects. If a project is not in the Plan
Coordinator Update, a Plan Revision may be necessary
to include the action in the Plan.
Currently, the City of Round Rock has
regulatory plans in place, such as an
Emergency Management Action Plan, Land
Planning and Use Plan, and Evacuation Plan. The HMAP
Regulatory Plans 9 will be consulted when departments review
Development Services or revise their current regulatory planning
Director mechanisms, or in the development of
regulatory plans that are not currently in
---------- --- - ---- place. — —
MONITORING AND EVALUATION
Periodic revisions of the Plan are required to ensure that goals, objectives, and mitigation actions
are kept current. When the plan is discussed in these sections, it includes the risk assessment
and mitigation actions as a part of the monitoring, evaluating, updating and review process.
Revisions may be required to ensure the Plan is in compliance with federal and state statutes and
regulations. This section outlines the procedures for completing Plan revisions, updates, and
review. Table 25-2 indicates the department and title of the party responsible for Plan monitoring,
evaluating, updating, and review of the Plan.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 305
SECTION 25: PLAN MAINTENANCE
Table 25-2. Team Members Responsible for Plan Monitoring, Evaluating, Updating, and
Review of the Plan
DEPARTMENT
City of Round Rock—Administration City Manager
City of Round Rock—Community and Director
Neighborhood Services
City of Round Rock— Fire Fire Chief
City of Round Rock—General Services Director
City of Round Rock— Homeland Emergency Management Coordinator
Security and Emergency Management
City of Round Rock— Parks and Director
Recreation
City of Round Rock— Planning and Director
Services
City of Round Rock— Police Chief of Police
City of Round Rock—Transportation Director
City of Round Rock— Utilities and Executive Director— Public Works
Environmental Services
MONITORING
Designated Planning Team members are responsible for monitoring, evaluating, updating, and
reviewing the Plan, as shown in Table 25-2. Individuals holding the title listed in Table 25-2 will
be responsible for monitoring the Plan on an annual basis. Plan monitoring includes reviewing
and incorporating into the Plan other existing planning mechanisms that relate or support goals
and objectives of the Plan; monitoring the incorporation of the Plan into future updates of other
existing planning mechanisms as appropriate; reviewing mitigation actions submitted and
coordinating with various departments to determine if mitigation actions need to be re-evaluated
and updated; evaluating and updating the Plan as necessary; and monitoring plan maintenance
to ensure that the process described is being followed, on an annual basis, throughout the
planning process. The Planning Team will develop a brief report that identifies policies and
actions in the plan that have been successfully implemented and any changes in the
implementation process needed for continued success. A summary of meeting notes will report
the particulars involved in developing an action into a project. In addition to the annual monitoring,
the Plan will be similarly reviewed immediately after extreme weather events include but not
limited to state and federally declared disasters.
EVALUATION
As part of the evaluation process, the Planning Team will assess changes in risk; determine
whether the implementation of mitigation actions is on schedule; determine whether there are any
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 306
SECTION 25: PLAN MAINTENANCE
implementation problems, such as technical, political, legal, or coordination issues; and identify
changes in land development or programs that affect mitigation priorities for each respective
department or organization.
The Planning Team will meet on an annual basis to evaluate the Plan and identify any needed
changes and assess the effectiveness of the plan achieving its stated purpose and goals. The
team will evaluate the number of mitigation actions implemented along with the loss-reduction
associated with each action. Actions that have not been implemented will be evaluated to
determine if any social, political, or financial barriers are impeding implementation and if any
changes are necessary to improve the viability of an action. The team will evaluate changes in
land development and/or programs that affect mitigation priorities. The annual evaluation process
will help to determine if any changes are necessary. In addition,the Plan will be similarly evaluated
immediately after extreme weather events including but not limited to state and federally declared
disasters.
UPDATING
PLAN REVISIONS
At any time, minor technical changes may be made to update the City of Round Rock Hazard
Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025. Material changes to mitigation actions or major changes in
the overall direction of the Plan or the policies contained within it, must be subject to formal
adoption by the city.
The City of Round Rock will review proposed revisions and vote to accept, reject, or amend the
proposed change. Upon ratification, the Revision will be transmitted to TDEM.
In determining whether to recommend approval or denial of a Plan Revision request, the City will
consider the following factors:
• Errors or omissions made in the identification of issues or needs during the preparation of
the Plan Update;
• New issues or needs that were not adequately addressed in the Plan Update; and
• Changes in information, data, or assumptions from those on which the Plan Update was
based.
FIVE (5) YEAR REVIEW
The Plan will be thoroughly reviewed by the Planning Team at the end of three years from the
approval date, to determine whether there have been significant changes in the planning area
that necessitate changes in the types of mitigation actions proposed. Factors that may affect the
content of the Plan include new development in identified hazard areas, increased exposure to
hazards, disaster declarations, increase or decrease in capability to address hazards, and
changes to federal or state legislation.
The Plan review process provides the City of Round Rock an opportunity to evaluate mitigation
actions that have been successful, identify losses avoided due to the implementation of specific
mitigation measures, and address mitigation actions that may not have been successfully
implemented as assigned.
It is recommended that the full Executive and Advisory Planning Team (Section 2, Tables 2-1 and
2-2) meet to review the Plan at the end of three years because grant funds may be necessary for
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 307
SECTION 25: PLAN MAINTENANCE
the development of a five-year update. Reviewing planning grant options in advance of the five-
year Plan update deadline is recommended considering the timelines for grant and planning
cycles can be in excess of a year.
Following the Plan review, any revisions deemed necessary will be summarized and implemented
according to the reporting procedures and Plan Revision process outlined herein. Upon
completion of the review, update, and revision process the revised Plan will be submitted to TDEM
for final review and approval in coordination with FEMA.
CONTINUED PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT
Public input was an integral part of the preparation of this Plan and will continue to be essential
for Plan updates. The Public will be directly involved in the annual evaluation, monitoring, reviews
and cyclical updates. Changes or suggestions to improve or update the Plan will provide
opportunities for additional public input.
The public can review the Plan on the City of Round Rock's website, where officials and the public
are invited to provide ongoing feedback, via email.
The Planning Team may also designate voluntary citizens from the planning area or willing
stakeholder members from the private sector businesses that were involved in the Plan's
development to provide feedback on an annual basis. It is important that stakeholders and the
immediate community maintain a vested interest in preserving the functionality of the planning
area as it pertains to the overall goals of the mitigation plan. The Planning Team is responsible
for notifying stakeholders and community members on an annual basis and maintaining the Plan.
The City of Round Rock's Communication and Marketing Department will notify the public, as
necessary, of any maintenance or periodic review activities during the implementation,
monitoring, and evaluation phases. Additionally, the Communication and Marketing Department
will strategically develop an outreach plan to inform the public of information regarding Plan
updates . The Communications and Marketing Department will keep the public and stakeholders
apprised of potential opportunities to fund and implement mitigation projects identified in the Plan.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 308
ROUND ROCK
TEXAS
44
APPENDIX A
- '•-� X77 t./.
PLANNING 1
APPENDIX A- PLANNING TEAM
PlanningTeam Members..........................................................................................................310
Stakeholders.............................................................................................................................311
PLANNING TEAM MEMBERS
The City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 was organized using a direct
representative model. An Executive Planning Team from the city, shown in Table A-1, was formed
to coordinate planning efforts and request input and participation in the planning process. Table
A-2 reflects the Advisory Planning Team, consisting of additional city departments that
participated throughout the planning process. Table A-3 is comprised of stakeholders who were
invited to provide Plan input. Public outreach efforts and meeting documentation is provided in
Appendix E.
Table A-1. Executive Planning Team
ORGANIZATIONDEPARTMENT
City of Round Rock - Fire Assistant Fire Chief- Fire
City of Round Rock - Fire Assistant Fire Chief- Fire'
City of Round Rock- Fire Fire Chief
City of Round Rock— Homeland Security and Emergency Management Coordinator
Emergency Management
Table A-2. Advisory Planning Team
ORGANIZATIONDEPARTMENT TITLE
City of Round Rock - Administration Assistant City Manager
City of Round Rock-Administration Assistant City Manager2
City of Round Rock- Administration City Manager
City of Round Rock - Administration Deputy City Clerk
City of Round Rock—City Council Mayor
City of Round Rock— Communications and Director- Communications
Marketing
City of Round Rock- Community and
Director
Neighborhood Services
City of Round Rock- Finance Deputy Chief Financial Officer
City of Round Rock— Fire Captain - Community Risk Reduction
City of Round Rock— Fire Program Manager— Crisis Response
Please note these city representatives have the same title and are not duplicated entries.
2 Please note these city representatives have the same title and are not duplicated entries.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 310
APPENDIX A: PLANNING TEAM
ORGANIZATION / DEPARTMENT TITLE
City of Round Rock- General Services Assistant Director
City of Round Rock- General Services Director
City of Round Rock- Information Technology GIS Technician
City of Round Rock- Information Technology Systems Analyst
City of Round Rock- Parks and Recreation Assistant Director
City of Round Rock- Parks and Recreation Director
City of Round Rock- Parks and Recreation Manager- Forestry
City of Round Rock- Parks and Recreation Manager— Parks and Recreation
Development
City of Round Rock- Parks and Recreation Manager— Parks Development
City of Round Rock - Planning and Director
Development Services
City of Round Rock- Police Assistant Chief
City of Round Rock- Police Police Chief
City of Round Rock - Transportation Assistant Director
City of Round Rock- Transportation Director
City of Round Rock-Transportation Superintendent
City of Round Rock- Utilities and
Assistant Director- Utilities
Environmental Services
City of Round Rock - Utilities and
Executive Director— Public Works
Environmental Services
City of Round Rock- Utilities and
Supervisor- Utilities GIS
Environmental Services
STAKEHOLDERS
The following groups listed in Table A-3 represent a list of organizations invited to stakeholder
meetings, public meetings, and workshops throughout the planning process and include:
members of community groups, non-profit organizations, private businesses, utility providers,
neighboring counties, school and universities, and state and federal agencies. The public were
also invited to participate via e-mail throughout the planning process. Many of the invited
organizations and stakeholders participated and were integral to providing comments and data
for the Plan. For a list of attendees at meetings, please see Appendix E3.
3 Information contained in Appendix E is exempt from public release under the Freedom of Information Act(FOIA).
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 311
APPENDIX A: PLANNING TEAM
Table A-3. Stakeholders
AGENCY TITLE STAKEHOLDER
Agape Ministry General Representative Religious Organization
American Red Cross Chief Executive Officer Community Organization
Disaster Program Manager
American Red Cross for Central Texas Community Organization
Atmos General Representative Utility Provider
Aventine at Rose Maintenance Director Residential Community -
Vulnerable Populations
Bastrop County Emergency Management Neighboring Community
Coordinator
Baylor Scott and White Head of Public Safety Healthcare Agency
Hospital - Round Rock
Bell County Emergency Management Neighboring Community
Coordinator
Brazos River Authority Emergency Management Community Organization /
Utility Provider
Brazos River Authority Service Manager Community Organization /
Utility Provider
Burnet County Emergency Management Neighboring Community
Coordinator
Capital Area Council of Executive Director Regional Agency
Governments
CapMetro Emergency Preparedness Utility Provider
Central Texas Together General Representative Community Organization
City of Cedar Park Emergency Management Neighboring Community
Coordinator
City of Georgetown Emergency Management Neighboring Community
Coordinator
City of Leander Emergency Management Neighboring Community
Coordinator
City of Round Rock- City Place 1 Local Government
Council
City of Round Rock- City Place 2 Local Government
Council
City of Round Rock- City Place 3/ Mayor Pro Tem Local Government
Council
City of Round Rock- City Place 4 Local Government
Council
City of Round Rock- City Place 5 Local Government
Council
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 312
APPENDIX A: PLANNING TEAM
AGENCY TITLE STAKEHOLDERTYPE
City of Round Rock- City Place 6 Local Government
Council
Community Christian Church General Representative Religious Organization
Cornerstone Hospital - Austin Chief Executive Officer Healthcare Agency
- Round Rock
Cottages Chandler Creek Executive Director Residential Community-
Vulnerable Populations
Court at Round Rock Executive Director Residential Community -
Vulnerable Populations
Environmental Protection Deputy Regional
Agency (EPA)— Region 6 Administration Federal Agency
Environmental Protection Director of Superfund and
Agency (EPA)— Region 6 Emergency Management Federal Agency
Division
Environmental Protection Regional Administration Federal Agency
Agency (EPA) — Region 6
Fairway Vista General Representative Residential Community-
Vulnerable Populations
FBG Church General Representative Religious Organization
The Fellowship General Representative Religious Organization
The Greater Round Rock General Representative Community Organization
Community Foundation
Habitat for Humanity Media Coordinator Non-Profit Organization
Hearthstone Administrator Residential Community -
Vulnerable Populations
Hill Country Bible General Representative Religious Organization
ICNA Relief Austin Chapter Coordinator Community Organization
Lee County Emergency Management Neighboring Community
Coordinator/Grants Writer
Life Church General Representative Religious Organization
Maximizing Hope General Representative Community Organization
Meal on Wheels Director of Community Non-Profit Organization
Services
Milam County Emergency Management Neighboring Community
Coordinator
Mission Accomplished General Representative Community Organization
Missions Church General Representative Religious Organization
Mobile Auto Clinic General Representative Community Organization
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 313
APPENDIX A: PLANNING TEAM
STAKEHOLDERAGENCY TITLE .
National Weather Services Austin/San Antonio Regional Federal Agency
(NWS) Contact
NOAA Regional Representative Federal Agency
Park Valley Inn Administrator Residential Community-
Vulnerable Populations
Pedernales Electric
Cooperative General Representative Utility Provider
Project Linus - Central Texas Chapter Coordinator Community Organization
Restoration Covenant Church Co-Pastor Religious Organization
Round Rock Area Serving Executive Director Community Organization
Center
Round Rock Assisted Living Administrator Residential Community -
Vulnerable Populations
Round Rock Church of Christ General Representative Religious Organization
Round Rock First Baptist General Representative Religious Organization
Round Rock KXAN News Representative Media
Round Rock Library Director Community Organization
Round Rock ISD Director of Risk Management Academia
and Compliance
Sacred Heart Community Center Representative Community Organization
Center
San Gabriel Executive Director Residential Community-
Vulnerable Populations
Serene Setting General Representative Residential Community -
Vulnerable Populations
St. David's Medical Center Head of Security Healthcare Agency
and Hospital - Round Rock
State Legislature House District 20 State Legislature
State Legislature House District 52 State Legislature
State Legislature House District 136 State Legislature
State Senate Senate District 5 State Senate
State Senate Senate District 24 State Senate
Temple College- East
Williamson County Higher Chief of Operations Academia
Education Center
Texas A&M Agrilife Extension District 8 Representative State Agency
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 314
APPENDIX A: PLANNING TEAM
AGENCY TITLE STAKEHOLDERTYPE
Mitigation and Prevention
Texas A&M Forest Service Program Coordinator for State Agency
Williamson County
Texas A&M Health Science Security Manager Academia
Center- Round Rock
Texas Baptist Children's General Representative Community Organization
Home
Texas Commission on
Environmental Quality Executive Assistant State Agency
(TCEQ) - Region 11
Texas Commission on
Environmental Quality Regional Director State Agency
(TCEQ) - Region 11
Texas Department of Health
and Human Services, Deputy Regional Director State Agency
Region 7
Texas Department of Health
and Human Services, Program Manager State Agency
Region 7
Texas Department of Health
and Human Services, Regional Director State Agency
Region 7
Texas Department of Housing Director of Single-Family and State Agency
and Community Affair Homeless Program
Texas Department of Housing Manager of Single-Family
and Community Affair Program State Agency
—
Texas Department of District Engineer State Agency
Transportation (TXDOT)
Texas Division of Emergency County Liaison Officer State Agency
Management (TDEM)
Texas Floodplain
Management Association, Director State Agency
Region 5
Texas Parks and Wildlife District Leader State Agency
Texas State Technical Deputy Safety Officer Academia
College (TSTC)
Texas State University—
Interim Vice President Academia
Round Rock Campus
Texas State University— University Police Sergeant Academia
Round Rock Campus
Texas Water Development Deputy Executive
Board (TWDB) Administrative of the State Agency
Planning Division
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 315
APPENDIX A: PLANNING TEAM
AGENCY TITLE STAKEHOLDER
Texas Windstorm Insurance Chief Deputy Commissioner State Agency
Association
Touch of Home Administrator Residential Community-
Vulnerable Populations
Travis County Deputy Emergency Neighboring Community
Management Coordinator
Trinity Care Administrator Residential Community -
Vulnerable Populations
Union Pacific General Representative Utility Provider
United Way—Williamson Executive Director Community Organization
County
University Village General Representative Residential Community-
Vulnerable Populations
U.S. Army Corps of Regional Representative for
Engineers/Texas Silver Fort Worth/Galveston Office Federal Agency
Jackets
U.S. Fish &Wildlife Southwest Regional Federal Agency
Representative
Williamson County Deputy Director of OEM Neighboring Community
Williamson County Cities Emergency Preparedness Community Organization
Health District Director
Williamson County Cities Executive Director Community Organization
Health District
Williamson County
Conservation Foundation WCCF Board President Community Organization
Williamson County Landfill General Representative Community Organization /
Utility Provider
Williamson County Regional
Animal Shelter Animal Services Director Community Organization
Williamson County Regional Community Programs Community Organization
Animal Shelter Coordinator
Williamson County Veterans County VSO Community Organization
Services
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 316
W
m �
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LU
CL
� W
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APPENDIX B: PUBLIC SURVEY RESULTS
Overview...................................................................................................................................318
PublicSurvey Results...............................................................................................................319
OVERVIEW
The City of Round Rock prepared a public survey that requested public opinion on a wide range
of questions relating to natural hazards. The survey was made available through the city's
website. This survey link was also distributed at public meetings and stakeholder events
throughout the planning process.
The results of the survey are analyzed in Appendix B. The purpose of the survey was twofold: 1)
to solicit public input during the planning process, and 2) to help the jurisdictions identify any
potential mitigation actions or problem areas.
All public survey results were discussed and shared with the Planning Team during the Mitigation
Strategy Workshop. These results are also provided below. The survey results provide
information regarding the public's experience with natural hazards, their perceived hazards of
concern, recommended mitigation actions, and additional valuable insights. Overall, this survey
enhances the mitigation planning process by ensuring the plan properly represents the
community, is informed through local knowledge, and by promoting equity.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 318
APPENDIX B: PUBLIC SURVEY RESULTS
PUBLIC SURVEY RESULTS
0 C ty of Round Rock Ditside City Limits
23 responses
91:ieb answered City of Round Rock
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 319
APPENDIX B: PUBLIC SURVEY RESULTS
Have you ever experienced or been impacted by a disaster?
• ! • •
ItIttItIt 83%
0 0 0 0 0 Responded
lttlttlt 'Yes'
Personal experiences shared in survey responses included:
"1h'inter Storm Uri in February 2021. Power outage at my home for 4 days_ Water
pipe broke. Ice Storm in February 2023. Damage to trees and property. Power
outage for 3 days.F2 tor-ado some wind damage"
"I was *In tr a areas of the Hail storm that occurred last year,the blizzard chat
strol'ed tnrougr about4years ago, lucidly I was out of the range of the tornado.
No: much damage was done to my areas except for a lot of tree fel(and
subsequent cleanup)"
"Excessive HAIL.storm,Sunday,Sept. 24,2023.All roofs in our small suodivision
were damaged &probably 98%+ had to oe replaced_Reside-its' vesicles badly
damaged, leading to extensive vehicle repairs&for total replacements_"
.`Hc,,-ne andyard damaged by Tornado,hai and trees from icestorms."
"Tornado 2020(@ work), hail storms damaged cars and noose,freezes and ice
storms toss of power and tree and house damage.Also lent assistance to friends,
neighbors, etc."
"House was flooded in 2013 and 2015 from an inadequate drainage s_,rstem near
Brusny Creep-"
3O%of those who have been impacted by a disaster mentioned
tornado in their explanations.
• • * 0 • • • • • •
It*It It It It It It It A,
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 320
APPENDIX B: PUBLIC SURVEY RESULTS
Concern level for the possibility of their community being impacted by a
disaster.
Not Concerned
8.7% Extremely Concerned
21.7%
Somewhat Concerned
69.64
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 321
APPENDIX B: PUBLIC SURVEY RESULTS
With the consideration of frequency of occurrence and potential impact
severity,please indicate your concern level for each of the following hazards:
Low i Moderate N H zh
�5
20
15
10
5
0
\Jc Jr
�
SCO V.
C c°
,°� e��C
Other hazards mentioned:
"Power grid."
"Crime and pt,b(ic disorder"
"Tran derai:ment since so ciose to RR tracts.`
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 I Page 322
APPENDIX B: PUBLIC SURVEY RESULTS
To your knowledge, is your Have you had any issues getting
home located in any high homeowners or renters
hazard risk zones? insurance due to risks of
hazardous events?
Yes
Yes 4.3%
8.7%
i.
Unsure
13%
No
78.3% No
95.7%
Do you have any hazard specific insurance?
Why or why not?
Flood insurance
6.7%
Fire Insurance
26.7%
No
66.7%
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 323
APPENDIX B: PUBLIC SURVEY RESULTS
Have you taken any actions to make your home or neighborhood
more resistant to hazards?
• i • • •
52%
• • • • • Responded
'Yes'
Actions taken included:
75%of those who have taken action keep trees trimmed. Regular house
through tree removal/fuel reduction mainternance,backup power sources.
Rerno•:en Trees ar+a vegetatior that grow
into paver lines.
^1e in=_ailed drairs in our yards:hat flo•.v
d:rec:ly to the storm drain ana we built
raisea garden reds around our entre
back yard.
Cutting dawn tread trees.have little
Sol iage around e>-erior of my house_
52%of curve
Never leave fil led was tank in the hot sun
�responders are (as I observe at ria ry houses):Let gas
interested in making their hoines or mover cool aff{several hours)before I
neighborhoods more resistant to stare in garage.
hazards.
The Cy constructed a large drafiage
�vaytalled i drains
near rnyour
subdivision_We
rw
A nstalled drains in our yard=that firnr:
directly to the storm drain aro we buil
raises garden zeds around aur entre
hack yard.
Class 4 roo shingles.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 324
APPENDIX B: PUBLIC SURVEY RESULTS
In your opinion, please select steps your local government should prioritize to
reduce or eliminate the risk of future hazard damages in your neighborhood.
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City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 325
APPENDIX B: PUBLIC SURVEY RESULTS
What is the most effective way for you to receive information about how to
make your home and neighborhood more resistant to hazards?
Least Effective Neutral Most Effective
Newspaper --
Television
Radio
Mail
Public Workshops
School Meetings
Social Media
Official Websites
Internet
0 2 4 b 8 10 12
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 326
APPENDIX B: PUBLIC SURVEY RESULTS
Effectiveness of communication methods for receiving information about how
to make your home and neighborhood mare resistant to hazards
92 % 5
Official V,ebsite Soc*al Metria &Fall
Additional communication methods recommended:
J�
Alerts Texts
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 327
APPENDIX B: PUBLIC SURVEY RESULTS
Do you have any special access
to functional needs (AFN)
within your household
that would require early
warning or specialized response
during disasters?
Unsure
26.146
No
73.9%
Would you support regulation (restrictions)on
land uses within known high hazard areas?
Unsure
26.1
No
4.3%
Yes
69.6°x6
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 328
APPENDIX B: PUBLIC SURVEY RESULTS
A number of community-wide activities can reduce our risk from hazards. In
general, these activities fall into one of the following six broad categories.
Please tell us how important you think each one is for your community to
consider pursuing.
Extremely important 0 Somewhat Important a Neutral
Somewhat not important Not important
25
26
15
10
5
U
4`
Q{°tee
V.:
4oe t4 � i • �
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Emergency Services - Actions that protect people and property during and immediately after a
hazard event. Examples include warning systems, evacuation planning, emergency response
training, and protection of critical facilities or systems.
Natural Resource Protection - Actions that, in addition to minimizing hazard losses. also
preserve or restore the functions of natural systems. Examples include floodplain protection,
habitat preservation, slope stabilization, riparian buffers, and forest management.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 329
APPENDIX B: PUBLIC SURVEY RESULTS
Prevention/ Local Plans & Regulations -Administrative or regulatory actions that influence the
way land is developed and buildings are built. Examples include planning and zoning, building
codes, open space preservation, and floodplain regulations.
Property Protection - Actions that involve the modification of existing buildings to protect them
from a hazard or removal from the hazard area. Examples include acquisition, relocation,
elevation, structural retrofits, and storm shutters.
Public Education and Awareness - Actions to inform citizens about hazards and techniques
they can use to protect themselves and their property. Examples include outreach projects, school
education programs, library materials, and demonstration events.
Structural Projects - Actions intended to lessen the impact of a hazard by modifying the natural
progression of the hazard. Examples include dams, levees, seawalls detention / retention basins,
channel modification, retaining walls, and storm sewers.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 330
ROUND ROCK
TEXAS
APPENDIX C- CRITICAL FACILITIES
Overview...................................................................................................................................332
CriticalFacilities........................................................................................................................332
OVERVIEW
Appendix C is For Official Use Only (FOUO) and may be exempt from public release under
FOIA. Figure C-1 locates all critical facilities that were included in the risk assessment. Mapped
facilities were provided by Planning Team members. Table C-1 notes the critical facilities by type.
CRITICAL FACILITIES
Figure C-1. Critical Facilities in City of Round Rock
CITY OF ROUND ROCK a Gitiwl Fadlities
CRITICAL FACILITIES Q o Adult nay Care(3)
tW:�•,I
par► Gj Autism Behavior Cente,
CP 4 • (lu
o Commun"bons(5)
GeOr gQt" � C Community Facility(1)
• Fre Station(l l)
".o k Say •Z o Health Services(9)
Cobtte/Rv4N G \ O Municipal(3)
Garet �,; • Police(1)
Far►
� Residential:Vulnerable
C O Populatbns(13)
Leat Ter IM O • O SanaatiorVWaste(l)
• School(73)
• O Sewage and Water(32)
{� O Ter 11-HazMat(57)
• C"O IJ a•� 0 Transportation(41)
0
• Participating jurisdiction
Q (,0 _O Q City of Round Rock
C• dar Park O Critical Catnturtity Features
O O Transportation
u
®-y- Interstate
US Highway
O State Highway
Railroad
J• Il,.dl- y"115 ranch
Pflug.fvllle
PLATEAU
4
Miles a +kgtn ue trur,no.re..:,..
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 I Page 332
APPENDIX C: CRITICAL FACILITIES
Table C-1. Critical Facilities by Type in City of Round Rock
TYPE NUMBER
Adult Day Care 3
Autism Behavior Center 11
Communications— Radio 5
Tower
Community Facility— 1
Senior Center
Fire Station 10
Fire Station —Critical 1
Response Unit
Health Services— Dialysis 1
Health Services— Health 2
Center
Health Services— Hospital 3
Health Services— 3
Rehabilitation
Municipal 3
Police 1
Residential: Vulnerable
Populations—Assisted 13
Living
Sanitation/Waste - 1
Recycling
School 73
Sewage and Water— Lift 12
Station
Sewage and Water— 4
Pump Station
Sewage and Water—
Wastewater Treatment 3
Plant
Sewage and Water— 4
Storage Tank
Sewage and Water— 9
Water Treatment Plant
Tier II — HazMat 57
Transportation- Bridge 41
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 333
APPENDIX D
DAM LOCATIONS
APPENDIX D: DAM LOCATIONS
Overview...................................................................................................................................335
DamLocations..........................................................................................................................335
OVERVIEW
Appendix D is For Official Use Only (FOUO) and may be exempt from public release under the
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).
DAM LOCATIONS
Table D-1 below reflects all dams that are located in the participating jurisdictions within the City
of Round Rock County Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025. This list includes High,
Significant, and Low Hazards Dams. Section 5 of the plan doesn't profile dams that were deemed
to pose no past, current, or future risk to the planning area as no loss of life or impact to critical
facilities or infrastructure is expected in the event of a breach. The asterisk denotes those that
were profiled in the hazards assessment. Some dams are located in Williamson County but have
been profiled in the plan as a city asset or due to their proximity and/or potential impact to the
planning area.
Table D-1. List of Dam Locations and Storage Capacities
HEIGHT STORAGE
JURISDICTION •
(feet) (acre feet)
City of Round Rock 30.484172 -97.713573 36 3,202
City of Round Rock* 30.541358 -97.678738 41 5,844
City of Round Rock 30.536535 -97.710947 32 2,984
City of Round Rock* 30.541862 -97.662362 24.8 2,549
City of Round Rock* 30.520457 -97.599098 41 970
City of Round Rock 30.540025 -97.750604 32 2,839
City of Round Rock 30.486466 -97.681984 30 75.45
City of Round Rock 30.577267 -97.780334 39 779
City of Round Rock* 30.534679 -97.791313 56.5 3,226
City of Round Rock* 30.487442 -97.809842 49 3,488
City of Round Rock* 30.507858 -97.766405 54 5,587
City of Round Rock 30.470298 -97.745865 42 6,935
City of Round Rock 30.522309 -97.748596 11 64
City of Round Rock/ 30.53666 -97.625222 34 739
Williamson County*
City of Round Rock/ 30.56717 -97.629383 48 4,868
Williamson County
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 I Page 335
Z
O
Q
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APPENDIX E: MEETING DOCUMENTATION
Workshop Documentation.........................................................................................................337
Public Meeting Documentation .................................................................................................341
PublicNotices...........................................................................................................................343
WORKSHOP DOCUMENTATION
Appendix E is For Official Use Only (FOUO) and may be exempt from public release under the
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).
The City of Round Rock held a series of Planning Team workshops: a Kickoff Workshop on April
15, 2024, a Risk Assessment Workshop on May 22, 2024, and Mitigation Strategy Workshop on
June 18, 2024. At each of these workshops members of the Planning Team were informed of the
planning process, expressed opinions, and volunteered information. The City of Round Rock
hosted public meetings. The sign-in sheets for each workshop and public meeting are included
below. For more details on the workshops and planning process, see Section 2.
Figure E-1. City of Round Rock Kickoff Workshop, April 15, 2024
CITY OF ROUND ROCK HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN /'� O
Virtual Kick-Off Workshop LJ
kOUNO ROCK i �K- Microsoft Teams
April 15,2024 @ 2:00 PM PAPhJ E(1c
Name Jurisdiction Titls Email I Phone
Mall Fitzgerald CO Round Rock Supenntendent of mattfltzgeraldQroundrocktexas.gov 512-341.3186
Transportation
Paul Hernandez CO Round Rods Superintendent pauthemandez@roundrodttexas.gov 5124845-9315
Wasfewater
Collections
Justin Carmichael CO Round Rock Assistant Chief of jcarniehael@rourdmcktexas.gov 512.871-2855
Police
Brian Kuhn CO Round Pock Assistant Director- bkuhnproundrocktexas.gov 512-216-6594
Transportation
Sara Bustllloz CO Round Rook Marketing and Oustilloz@roundrocktexas gov 512-21846447
Communications 11I
Director
Brad Wiseman CO Round Rode Assistant City bwiseman@roundroektexas.gov 512-341-3321
Manager
Gary Hudder CO Round Rock Direclor- ghuddsr@roundrocktexss.gov 512-218.5560
Transportation
Annie Burwell CO Round Rock Program Manager- fbunaeli@roundrotcteuas•gov 512-218-5491
Crisis Response
Allen Banka CO Round Rock Chief of Police ebanks@roundmcklexas.gov 512-2185521
Bradley Dushkin CO Round Rock Director of Planning bdushkin@roundrocktexas.gov 512-671-2728
a Development
Services
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 337
APPENDIX E: MEETING DOCUMENTATION
CITY OF ROUND ROCK HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Virtual Kick-Off Workshop H20
ROUNO ROCK I txAS Microsoft Teams
April 15,2024 @ 2:00 PM PA R T N E P S
Name Jurisdiction Title Email phone
Rick Atkins CO Round Rods Parks and rcka@mndroddems.gov 512-341-3344
Recreation Director
Ricci Strayhom CO Round Rods Forestry Manager rstreyhom@roundrocktexas.gov 512-341-3151
Katie Baker CO Round Rods Park Development kbaker®roundroddexas.gov 512-341-3355
Manager
Mike Hemker CO Round Rods Parks Operations mhemker@roundrocktexas.gov 512-218.5541
Manager
David Buaell CO Round Rods Assistant Director of dbuuell@mundrocktexas.gov 512-341-3345
Parks and
Recreation
Chad Kinder CO Round Rods Superintendent of wkinder®roundrocktexas.gov 512-341-3134
Water Treatment
Plant
Joe Brehm CO Round Rode Director of Jbrehm@roundrocldexas.gov 512-341-3148
Community&
Neighborhood
Services Department
Melana Taylor CO Round Rads Deputy Chief mtayior@roundrocktexas.gov 512-218-3295
Financial Officer
Shane Glaiser CO Round Rode Fre Chief sgiaiser@mundrocktexas.gov 512-671-2783
- CITY OF ROUND ROCK HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN rtu
H20
Vial Kick-Off Workshop
ROCKaouNo RK r t:xAs Microsoft Teams
April 15,2024 @ 2:00 PM PAR T N E R S
Name Jurisdiction Title Email Phone
Wylie Brownell CO Round Rock Assistant Fire Chief wbrownell@mundrocktexas.gov 512-671.2748
Charles Dittman CO Round Rods Assistant Fire Chief cdittrnan@roundmcktexas.gov 512-671-2276
Captain Darwin Shell CO Round Rods Captain dshell@roundrodRexas.gov 512-671.2876
Cheree Smith CO Round Rock EMC cheree.smith@roundroddexas.gov 512-3413106
Krystian Murray H2O Partners Mitigation Specialist kmurray@h2oparinersusa.com 512.827.1795
Will Parker H2O Partners Mitigation Outreach wparker®h2opartnersusa.corn 512.539.7016
Specialist
Stevie-Ann O'Donnell H2O Partners Mitigation Outreach sodonne0@h2opanmrsusa.com 631-921-2460
Coordinator
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 338
APPENDIX E: MEETING DOCUMENTATION
Figure E-2. City of Round Rock Risk Assessment Workshop, May 22, 2024
CITY OF ROUND ROCK HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Virtual Risk Assessment Workshop H20
ROUND ROCK I I XA�, Microsoft Teams
May 22,2024 @ 2:00 PM PARTNERS
Name Jurisdiction Title Email Phone
Annie Burwell Rand Rods Crisis Response IburweWoiedrocktexas.gov 512-218-5491
Program Manager
Brad Wiseman Rourd Rock Assisi City Manager, bwisernaVrandroddexas.gov 512-341-3321
Bradley Dushlun Rand Rods Director of PW"ng bdushkuarou droddexas.gov 512-671-2728
&Developmerd
Brian Kuhn Round Rods Assist.Dreclor of bkuhnMrorndrocktexas.gov 512-218-6694
Transportation
Brooks Bennett Rand Rock Assist City Manager bbent-Mrorndrocktexas.gov 512-218-7070
Chad McDowell Rand Rock General Services crncdoweWotndroc-Mexas.gov 512-341-3191
Director
Charles Dittrnan Round Rods Assist Fre Chief rourdroddexas.gov 512-671-2T76
Cheree Smith Rand Rods EMC cheree-soi erourdrocktexas.gov 512-341-3106
CoreyAmidon Rand Rods Assist Director of camrdonCrondroddexas.gov 512-341-3144
General Services
Gary Hudder Round Rod Director of gov 512-218-5560
Transportation
CITY OF ROUND ROCK HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Vftual Risk Assessment Workshop
ROUND ROCK I I XA`,
Microsoft Teams H 20
May 22,2024 @ 2:00 PM PARTNERS
Marne Jurisdiction Title Email Phone
Joe Brehm Round Rock Director of jbrefr ro ndrocldexas.gov 512-671-2734
Co rimunity&
Services Depaitimpt
Justin Carmichael Rand Rock Assisi Chief of jcamicha ftro ndrocktexas.gov 512-671-2855
Police
Matt Fitzgerald Round Rock Superintendent of malffdzgeraldQroundroddexas.gov 512-341-3186
Traruporlabon
Nike Hemlier Round Rock Parks Operations -gov -
218-5641
Manager
Ricci Strayhom Round Rode Forestry Manager xas.9ov - 1 1
Rich Reedy Round Rock Supervisor—Utilities rreedy@roundrodgexas-gov 512-218-6606
GIS
Sara Bustilloz Round Rock MarkebrK�& �-9ov
Conrnuncations
Diredor
Shan Glaiser Round Rode Fire Chief sglaiser@roundrocktexas.gov 512-671-2783
Round Rode Assisi Fre Chief wbrowneigmundroddexas.gov 51 -7 -5748
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 339
APPENDIX E: MEETING DOCUMENTATION
CITY OF ROUND ROCK HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN ld20
Virtual Risk Assessment Workshop
ROUND ROCK I t i(A`, Microsoft Teams
May 22,2024 @ 2:00 PM PA PT N C.. -;
Name Judsdidiar ride Email Phone
Frandsco Vincent Rood Rock UES Assist Director NicentLtroundrocktexas.gov n<a
Will Parker H2O Partners Inc Mitigation Specialist Wparkergh2opartnersusa com 512-539-7016
Rhonda Murphy H2O Partners Inc Deputy Program Rmurphy@h2opartnersusa.com 512-571-2088
Manager
Heather Ferrara H2O Partners Inc Program Manager Heathergh2oparbtersusa.com 205586-6616
Stevie-Ann O Donnell H2O Partners Inc Mitigation Outreach SodonneA@h2oparfnersusa.com 631-921-2460
Coordinator
Figure E-3. City of Round Rock Mitigation Strategy Workshop, June 18, 2024
CITY OF ROUND ROCK HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN H20
Virtual Mitigation Strategy Workshop
' ROUNO ROCK It>..n, Microsoft Teams
June 18,2024 @ 2:00 PM PARTNERS
Name Jurisdiction Title Email Phorne
Annie Burwell Round Rock Crisis Response lburwell@roundrocktexas.gov 512-218-5491
Program Manager
Anana Bernal Round Rock GIs technician abemair@roundrocktexas.gov rda
Bradley Dushkin Round Rock Director of Pfamirxl bdushkineroundrocktexas gov 512-671-2728
&Development
Brian Kuhn Round Rock Assist Director of bkuhngroundrocMexas.gov 512-218-6694
Transportation
Charles Dittman Round Rock Assist Fre Chief cdittman4proundrocktexas gov 512-671-2776
Cheree Smith Round Rock EMC cheree smith@roundrocktexas.gov 512-341-3106
CoreyAmidon Round Rode Assist Director of camidon4groundrocktexas gov 512-341-3144
General Services
Joe Brehm Rand Rock Director Of Jbrehm@roundroddexas.gov 512-671-2734
Comm mity&
Neighborhood
Services Department
Justin Carmichael Round Rock Assist Chief of icarmchae4Croundrocktexas.gov 512-671-2855
Police
Ricci Strayhom Round Rock Forestry Manager rstraybom@roundroddexas gov 512-341-3151
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 340
APPENDIX E: MEETING DOCUMENTATION
CITY OF ROUND ROCK HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN H20
Virtual Mitigation StrategyWorkshop
IaouNo ROCK 1 XAL, Microsoft Teams
June 18,2024 @ 2:00 PM PARTNERS
Name JW$dction Title FunaY Phare
Sara Brs61w Rand Rods Marketing R s 11a;* -gov 512-218-5447
CamMnicatiors
Dfeclor
Shane Glaser Road Rods Foe Chef mem-drodctexas.gov 512-671-2783
Sophia SchreflleF Road Rods Systems Analyst– 9 gov 512-993-0632
Servicestrr
Wyk Brownell Road Rods Assist.Fre thief gov 512-761-5748
Y,M Parker H2O Partners Inc Mitigation Specialist Wpark Qh2opartrlersrsa_can 512-539-7016
Payton Mars FRO Partners Inc Mitigation Specialist Pn—m@h2opartrlerstrsa.can 737-376-4992
Shawna Payan FRO Partners Inc Mitigation Specialist SP2y-Qh20P2r-- 737-376-4983
wYstian WR3y FRO Partners Inc Mitigation Specialist KnmrTa1YWh20Par6rerasacan 512-727-1795
PUBLIC MEETING DOCUMENTATION
As discussed in Section 2, public meetings were held in the City of Round Rock. Documentation
in the form of sign-in sheets for each of the meetings follows.
Figure E-4. Public Meeting, April 15, 2024
CITY OF ROUND ROCK HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Public Meeting#1
nOUN❑ROCK f F%ny Public Safety Training Center,Room 1203 H20,
2801 N-Mays St..Round Rock,TX 78665 PARTNERS
April 15 2024 @ 5.30 PM
Name luredctian Tkra Erwui —— --phpr
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 I Page 341
APPENDIX E: MEETING DOCUMENTATION
Figure E-5. Public Meeting, May 22, 2024
CITY OF ROUND ROCK HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Public Meeting 92 H201 HouHo ROCK TEXAS Round Rock Public Library,Meeting Rooms A88 Combo
200 E.Liberty Ave.,Round Rock.TX 78664 PARTNERS
May 22,2024 @ 5:30 PM
Name JudsdkHon Title Email phone
Figure E-6. Public Meeting, June 18, 2024
CITY OF ROUND ROCK HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN H20
Public Meeting#3
ROUND 11CK TEXAS Public Safety Training Center,Room 1203
2801 N. Mays St_,Round Rock,TX 78665 PARTNERS
June 18,2024 @ 5:30 PM
Name Jurisdiction Title Email phone
l(/r1• I^! �(r P 1. ,J.l�• F' rry fir( , �• �' . -
1
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 342
APPENDIX E: MEETING DOCUMENTATION
PUBLIC NOTICES
Public notices to announce the City of Round Rock's participation in the Plan Update development
process were posted on their website, through the local media, and/or posting the information on
bulletin boards in public facilities.
Figure E-7. City of Round Rock Public Notice, City Hall Bulletin
Ld.'DF.LfVliR16S l,- I •
rrna.akc.�r arI afe.aaerpe_
r•ru�rsr
fnJ!aurra,A.
Figure E-8. City of Round Rock Public Notice, City Website
Y'ROUND NOCK TEM'
puElic mN—to help RRun2 Rock upAata actwn plan for disaster risks
.ti<nr auarw voaa aa�a.yrare+v+apa am 6.awrnw, or wmmvar n3an+avenrrr.+w a aa.a✓v.+n acro-vrar.n.va .vavaysraar e.gna+..w ay..e�.r. y na..r ,
ra+pK + .., r on mnaparn.nq py ftraan r < .,,�.nwn
..>,n< q.a rwrfnvar3n rflaa+narvnr .w sa++ran.wpry an a+vwmfry am e.m+avry+.aranF na omsror a.a.grr grnergnm m^eam+
...tm.a..en...aJ- ./neq va.a+a bae ryuadin rfnas wrav q na..arM.ne gral...mnvq rv.ar4 b.xr.Farr.fe•ya3q J.ettvn!ntta wr[aa wvl tamMa•n.lr,m••.Jaarrrva+m:
aya4+aaeaYaaarn�k3v prn v� L,pM A.e
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nr. ..nw..ri..,�.or�+...a.a,i.Nnernttp R.rgvn<grvHquMIOCFNMAP
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PUBLIC NOTICE NOTICIA PUBUCA
' I�+S�Z•Al�i _�._ 1�.1�1'�t•
IIr.4YA', fes.• iYS•,
r �L.. ti
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 343
APPENDIX E: MEETING DOCUMENTATION
Figure E-9. City of Round Rock Public Notice, KXAN News Report
to, X +
kxdrCOM 1'-" Irn-31"a nd r1 t.m, :d me aor an to prepare for future h3z,� [�■ 3096 �(`
kx W.
Round Rock updates phin to
pre pa re for fu I u re haya rd.s
■DO■
Mon Than the:......,.,.«.. ti.,. ..�...,. S[ ft Sport&
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 344
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7
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'h?J i . .. `1�::aR i-.���,•• .':F 4 �� �. --!!"" /5:., fig,. h e§ r.; t.�� '`P'r � ,BrF t r��� 3 t F i
APPENDIX F '�
APPENDIX F: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
Overview...................................................................................................................................346
Community Capability Assessments.........................................................................................347
OVERVIEW
A Community Capability Assessment is an integral component of the Hazzard Mitigation Planning
Process. It is an invaluable tool in assessing a community's existing planning and regulatory
capabilities to support implementation of mitigation strategy objectives.
Beginning on Page 2, a completed Capability Assessment Checklist provides information on
existing policies. plans, and regulations in place for Planning Team members at the local level or
that may be provided by the County on an as-needed basis. Participation is denoted with an
'Y' on the Checklist.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 346
APPENDIX F: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
COMMUNITY CAPABILITY ASSESSMENTS
COMMUNITY ' " of ROUndRock
PLANS
Capital Improvements Plan X
Climate Change Adaptation Plan
Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Comprehensive/ Master Plan / Land Use Plan X
Continuity of Operations Plan X
Drought Contingency Plan/Protocol on Water Restrictions X
Economic Development Plan X
Emergency Management Action Plan X
Emergency Operations Plan X
Evacuation Plan X
Extreme Heat Protocol X
Hazard Mitigation Plan X
Stormwater Management Plan /Ordinance X
Transportation Plan X
• • ORDINANCES
Building Codes X
Fire Code
Floodplain Ordinance X
Manufactured Home Restrictions X
Stormwater Ordinance X
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 347
APPENDIX F: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
COMMUNITY " ' Round Rock
Subdivision Regulations X
Wildfire Ordinance
Zoning Ordinance/Land Use Restrictions X
PROGRAMS
Firewise Communities X
Floodplain Maps/Flood Insurance Studies X
Hydrologic/Hydraulic Studies X
Mutual Aid Agreement X
National Flood Insurance Program Participant X
NFIP Community Rating System Participant
Property Acquisition Program
Public Education/Awareness Programs X
Storm Drainage Systems Maintenance Program X
Stream Maintenance Program
StormReady Communities X
Warning Systems/Services (reverse 911, outdoor warning X
sirens)
Building Code Official X
Emergency Manager X
Engineers X
Environmental Conservation Specialist X
Floodplain Administrator X
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 348
APPENDIX F: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
COMMUNITY CAPABILITY CHECKLIST City of Round Rock
Geographic Information System (GIS) Coordinator X
Personnel with Hazard Knowledge X
Planners X
Public Information Official X
Resource Development/Grant Writer X
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 349
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APPENDIX G
STATE AND
FEDERAL FUNDING
OPPORTUNITIES
APPENDIX G: STATE AND FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
Overview...................................................................................................................................351
OVERVIEW
Texas utilizes state funds to improve statewide hazard mitigation capabilities and advance their
hazard mitigation goals to help identify, understand, and manage various risks associated with
natural hazards. State funds also provide funding for state facility and infrastructure upgrades,
hazard mapping, mitigation planning, and other mitigation programmatic activities. Table G-1
describes a variety of loan and grant programs offered by state agencies for which mitigation
activities may be eligible.
Table G-1. Summary of State Funded Mitigation Programs
• Community Fire Protection Program
. Community Wildfire Defense Grant
. Fire-Adapted Communities Program (FAC)
Firewise USA Program
• Forest Land Enhancement Program
• Forest Legacy Program
Mitigation Project Support Fund Prescribed Fire Grants
Resilient Landscapes Program
Rural Fire Assistance Grant
State Fire Assistance for Mitigation (SFAM) - Mechanical Fuels
Grants
• State Fire Assistance for Mitigation (SFAM) - Vegetative Fuel
Break Grant
Texas Longleaf Conservation Assistance Program
Urban Tree Canopy Project (UTC)
Clean Water Act Section 319 Grants
• High Hazard Potential Dam Program (HHPD)
Nonpoint Source Grant Program
• U.S.-Mexico Border Water Infrastructure Program
Agricultural Management Assistance (AMA)
Agricultural Water Enhancement Program (AWEP)
' 0 Community Development Block Grant
Community Development Block Grant for Rural Texas
Conservation Innovation Grants (CIG)
Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQUIP)
Texas HOME Disaster Relief
• . . . Hospital Preparedness Program (HPP) Cooperative Agreement
Public Health Emergency Preparedness (PNEP) Cooperative
Agreement
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 351
APPENDIX G: STATE AND FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
• Bridge Preventative Maintenance Program
- •• • Emergency Relief(ER) Program
• •• • . Highway Bridge Replacement and Rehabilitation Program
• • Safe Rest Stops Program
• Transportation Enhancement Program
• Building Resilient Infrastructure & Communities (BRIC)
. Emergency Management Performance Grant (EMPG)
• • . Fire Management Assistance Grants (FMAG)
• - . Hazard Mitigation Planning Grants Program (HMGP)
• • - . Homeland Security Grant Program (HSGP)
• Individual Assistance (IA)
• National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP)
. Public Assistance (PA) Section 406 Funds
• - • • - . Economic Development Administration Grants and Investments
. Beach Grants
. Beach Maintenance Reimbursement Fund
• Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program (CELCP)
• Coastal Erosion Planning and Response Act (CEPRA)
• Coastal Management Program (CMP)
Community Development Block Grant— Disaster Recovery
(CDBG-DR)
• Community Development Block Grant— Mitigation (CDBG-MIT)
• Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act (GOMESA)
Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Supplemental -LHMPP
. Nation Resources Damage Assessment (NRDA)
• . National Wildlife Wetland Refuge System
• • North American Wetland Conservation Fund
• •• . Partners for Fish and Wildlife
. Texas Farm and Ranch Lands Conservation Program (TFRLCP)
. Wildlife Habitat Incentive Program (WHIP)
• • • Clean Water Act Section 319 Grants
• • • • Nonpoint Source Grant Program
• Agricultural Water Conservation Grants
• Agricultural Water Conservation Loans
• Clean Water State Revolving Fund (SWSRF)
• Community Assistance Program (CAP)
- • • • Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF)
• • • �: • Economically Distressed Areas Program
Emergency Community Water Assistance Grants
• Flood Infrastructure Fund (FIF)
Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) Program
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 Page 352
APPENDIX G: STATE AND FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) Swift Program
0 • • . . . Flood Protection Planning Program
• . • �: • Groundwater Conservation District Loan Program
-. . Planning Assistance to States
Regional Facility Planning Grant Program
Regional Water Planning Group Grants
Research and Planning Fund and Fund Development Program
Risk MAP Program
Rural Development Grants
Rural Water Assistance Fund
• Silver Jackets
Small Flood Control Projects (USACE Section 205)
• State Participation Program— Regional Water and Wastewater
Facilities
• State Water Implementation Fund for Texas (SWIFT)
State Water Resources Research Act Program
Texas Infrastructure Resiliency Fund (TIRF)
• Water Research Grant Program
Water SMART - Drought Response Program
Texas Water Development Fund (DFund)
In addition to State funded programs, many local jurisdictions benefit from federal mitigation
funding opportunities. FEMA'S Hazard Mitigation Assistance is a primary source for the
implementation of mitigation projects throughout the Nation. Table G-2 described additional
Federal, State, Local, and Non-Profit mitigation funding sources specifically within the State of
Texas.
Table G-2. Federal, State, Local and Non-Profit Mitigation Funding Sources in Texas
Provides financial and technical assistance to
_ agricultural producers to voluntarily address
• Federal USDA, NRCS TDA issues such as water management, water quality,
and erosion control by incorporating conservation
methods into their farming operations.
Voluntary conservation initiative that provides
financial and technical assistance to agricultural
Federal USDA, NRCS TDA producers to implement water enhancement
.. activities on agricultural land to conserve surface
• and ground water and improve water quality.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 353
APPENDIX G: STATE AND FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
Provided to state agencies and political
• subdivisions for projects that support the
implementation of conservation of water
State TWDB TWDB management strategies identified in state and
regional water plans. Yearly applications. Up to
$1.2 million available annually. Grant categories
vary from year to year.
Agricultural water conservation loans to use
• either for improvements on facilities or as loan to
State TWDB TWDB individuals. Low-interest, fixed rates. Up to 10-
• • year repayment terms. U.S. Iron and Steel
• • requirements apply to certain projects. Eligible
Loan applicants include political subdivisions.
• •• • • Provides funding for volunteers to serve
• Federal AmeriCorps N/A communities, including disaster prevention.
AmeriCorps/Vista has assisted local communities
• with wildfire mitigation projects.
Nicknamed the Recovery Act was a stimulus
package enacted by the 111th U.S. Congress
and signed into law by President Barack Obama
in February 2009. Developed in response to the
• , DOT Federal Great Recession, the primary objective of this
• • • • Federal Transit TDA federal statute was to save existing jobs and
.. Administration create new ones as soon as possible. Other
objectives were to provide temporary relief
programs for those most affected by the
recession and invest in infrastructure, education,
health, and renewable energy.
•
Fire Prevention & Safety (FP&S) Grants support
• Federal FEMA, AFG projects that enhance the safety of the public and
firefighters from fire and related hazards.
EPA awards grants under authority of the
BEACH Act to eligible states, territories, and
Federal EPA TXGLO tribes with beaches on ocean and Great Lakes
coasts to develop and implement programs to
monitor their beaches and notify the public when
it is not safe to swim.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 354
APPENDIX G: STATE AND FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
Allocates approximately $750,000 per year to
• • help communities keep their beaches
State GLO TXGLO maintained. Applications are distributed to
• eligible participants in early fall and are due
• within a specified amount of time, no less than 30
days. Contracts are renewable annually.
A planned, cost-effective treatment that preserves,
improves, or delays future deterioration of the
condition of a bridge. To be eligible for the BMIP a
bridge must have a condition rating of 5 or 6 for at
• • • least one of the following: deck, superstructure,
State TXDOT TXDOT substructure, culvert, or channel. Safety and
improvement to the physical conditions of the
.• State's on-system bridges are TxDOT's main goals
in the prioritization of the bridges using BMIP funds.
The Bridge Division develops an initial list each FY
of eligible bridges in each district and distribute to
the districts for the annual program call.
Federal FEMA TDEM Pre-disaster/annual cycle addressing all natural
hazards, emphasis on infrastructure & lifelines.
TCEQ and Provides grants for a wide variety of activities
• Federal EPA TSSWCB related to non-point source pollution runoff
mitigation.
Providing low-cost financing for a wide range of
• ' • • • Federal EPA TWDB wastewater, stormwater, reuse, and other
• pollution control projects.
• . • When NOAA provides funding for CELCP, the
• GLO provides coastal communities an
• • Federal NOAA TXGLO opportunity to apply for up to three projects per
•• year, with federal grants for any single project not
to exceed $3 million.
Since 2000, the Texas General Land Office's
Coastal Erosion Planning and Response
Program has received more than $62 million in
•. • • state funding and more than $62 million in
• ' State GLO TXGLO matching funds, completing more than 200
• - • • - coastal erosion projects and studies. The
application process for non-emergency project
funding requests opens every even year in
February and closes in early June of that same
year.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 355
APPENDIX G: STATE AND FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
Texas receives approximately $2 million annually in
grants from National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) and 90% of the funds are
passed through to local governments and entities to
address environmental needs and promote
sustainable economic development along the
coast. Projects must improve the management of
the state's coastal resources and ensure long-term
ecological and economic productivity. Section 306
•• administrative funds can be used for non-
• • • Federal NOAA TXGLO construction, coastal planning and education, and
•• research. Section 306A improvement funds can be
utilized for construction and land acquisition
projects and preservation and restoration. CMP
funding categories include Coastal Natural Hazards
Response, Critical Areas Enhancement, Public
Access, Water/Sediment Quantity and Quality
Improvements, Waterfront Revitalization and
Ecotourism Development, Permit Streamlining/
Assistance, Governmental Coordination and Local
Government Planning Assistance.
• Product-oriented financial assistance program
Federal FEMA, NFIP TWDB directly related to the flood loss reduction
• •• ' ' objectives of the NFIP.
The primary objective is to develop viable
communities by providing decent housing and
suitable living environments and expanding
economic opportunities principally for persons of
• low-to moderate- income.
• • • Federal HUD TDA Eligible applicants are non-entitlement cities
• under 50,000 in population and non-entitlement
counties that have a non-metropolitan population
under 200,000 and are not eligible for direct
CDBG funding from HUD may apply for funding
through any of the Texas CDBG programs.
Often following a disaster, the state may receive
a CDBG-DR Supplement intended for mitigation
• and disaster recovery projects in the affected
• • • areas. Funding can be used to acquire properties
- • Federal HUD TXGLO in hazard prone areas. Since CDBG funds lose
their federal identify they can also be used to
• ' • supplement state or local match requirements on
other funds such as FEMA HMA grants. Funding
also supports public facilities including water and
wastewater.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 356
APPENDIX G: STATE AND FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
,
TDA administers the Community Development
Block Grant for Rural Texas. The primary
objective of the CDBG is to develop viable
communities by providing decent housing and
suitable living environments and expanding
economic opportunities principally for persons of
State TDA TDA low-to moderate-income. Eligible applicants are
• non-entitlement cities under 50,000 in population
and non-entitlement counties that have a non-
metropolitan population under 200,000 and are
not eligible for direct CDBG funding from HUD
may apply for funding through any of the Texas
CDBG programs.
Eligible grantees to use this assistance in areas
impacted by recent disasters to carry out
strategic and high-impact activities to mitigate
disaster risks and reduce future losses. In
- • . • February of 2018, Congress appropriated $12
: . Federal HUD TXGLO billion dollars in Community Development Block
. . . Grant (CDBG) funds specifically for mitigation
activities for qualifying disasters in 2015, 2016,
and 2017. HUD was able to allocate an additional
$3.9 billion, bringing the amount available for
mitigation to nearly $16 billion.
• •. - . Federal USDA TAMFS Mitigation delivered via USDA Forest Service and
Private Forestry Coop Fire Program.
Offers financial assistance to at-risk local
communities with planning for and mitigating
against the risk of catastrophic wildfire. This
program is authorized in Public Law 117-58, the
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act.
Two primary objectives: The development and
- - Federal USFS TAMFS revision of Community Wildfire Protection Plans
(CWPP), and the implementation of projects
described in a CWPP that is less than ten years
old. Prioritizes at-risk communities that are in an
area identified as having high or very high wildfire
hazard potential, are low-income, and/or have
been impacted by a severe disaster. No
minimum federal funding limit for projects.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 357
APPENDIX G: STATE AND FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
,
Voluntary program intended to stimulate the
development and adoption of innovative
• • Federal USDA, NRCS TDA conservation approaches and technologies while
leveraging federal investment in environmental
enhancement and protection, in conjunction with
agricultural production.
Makes funds available to drinking water systems
_ to finance infrastructure improvements. The
• • • • Federal EPA TWDB program also emphasizes providing funds to
small and disadvantaged communities and to
programs that encourage pollution prevention as
a tool for ensuring safe drinking water.
• • • Invests and provides grants for community
• • Federal EDA DOC, EDT construction projects, including mitigation
• activities.
Provides financial assistance for projects serving
economically distressed areas where water or
sewer services do not exist, or systems do not
meet minimum state standards. Eligible EDAP
applicants include cities, counties, water districts,
• • nonprofit water supply corporations, and all other
- State TWDB TWDB political subdivisions. The city or county where
•• the project is located must adopt and enforce
Model Subdivision Rules for the regulation of
subdivisions prior to application for financial
assistance. Projects must also be in an
economically distressed area where the median
household income is not greater than 75 percent
of the median state household income.
$150,000 to $500,000 available to rural
- communities with populations over 10,000 people
• with a median household income less than
Federal USDA TWDB $65,900. Aids communities who have
experienced a decline in quantity or quality of
drinking water as a result of an emergency
including drought.
The EMPG program provides a yearly allocation
- - of funding to support state and local emergency
•; Federal FEMA TDEM management programs. This has included
- - providing some funding for local mitigation plans,
mitigation-oriented studies, and related activities.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 358
APPENDIX G: STATE AND FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
• • • • •
,
Provides funds for roads and bridgePonFederal-
Federal
US DOT- TXDOT aid highways that are damaged as a direct result
FHWA of a natural disaster or catastrophic failure from
an external cause.
Provides funding and technical assistance for
emergency measures such as floodplain
. • easements in impaired watersheds. Funding
• Federal USDA, NRCS TWDB available through the Simplified Acquisition
. • Procedures (SAP) ranges from $25K to $100K.
Funded through contracts between project
sponsors and the NRCS. There are no grants.
The NRCS pays 75% of the costs.
• Provides funding and technical assistance to
Federal USDA, NRCS TDA farmers and ranchers to promote agricultural
production and environmental quality as
compatible goals.
Collaborates to identify its wildfire risk and works
• collectively on actionable steps to reduce its risk
• - Federal FEMA, USFA TAMFS of loss. This work protects property and
• increases the safety of firefighters and residents.
Provides fire suppression support to states when
Federal FEMA TDEM loss of life and property are imminent. Wildfire
mitigation is also eligible under emergency
protection if life is in imminent danger.
The national Firewise USA® recognition program
USDA, DOI, provides a collaborative framework to help
• Federal NASFF, TAMFS neighbors in a geographic area get organized,
• NFPA find direction, and take action to increase the
ignition resistance of their homes and community
and to reduce wildfire risks at the local level.
Enacted through Senate Bill 7 to address needs
identified following the flood disasters of 2015,
2016, and 2017. Senate Bill 500 appropriated $793
State TWDB TWDB million. The purpose is to provide loans and grants
for flood activities and projects. Once the State
Flood Plan is adopted, the account may only be
used for projects included in the plan. The SWIFT
Advisory Committee is the oversight entity.
Repetitive flood loss property reduction and
Federal FEMA TWDB projects that mitigate losses to NFIP insured
• properties.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 359
APPENDIX G: STATE AND FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
• • Developed to evaluate solutions to flooding
State TWDB TWDB problems in the state of Texas. Planning
• • activities eligible for this program may include:
• • Provides educational, technical, and financial
Federal USDA, NRCS TAMFS assistance to help landowners implement
•• sustainable forestry management objectives.
Program providing funding to protect private
_ forest lands that are environmentally,
• • • Federal USFS TAMFS economically, and socially critical. This program
reduces development in the wildland-urban
interface.
• • Post-disaster multi-hazard mitigation funding for
Federal FEMA TDEM federally declared disasters. HMGP Post Fire
funds are available for FMAG declarations.
• • Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Program (LHMPP)
• • • assists eligible entities by providing grants to
•• develop or update local hazard mitigation plans,
• • ' or to provide cost share for hazard mitigation
• • planning activities funded through other federal
• • • sources. Community Development Block Grant
•• Mitigation (CDBG-MIT) funds allocated by the
United States Department of Housing and Urban
• Federal FEMA TXGLO Development (HUD) and administered by the
• • • Texas General Land Office (GLO) fund these
•• planning activities, and the Hazard Mitigation
• • ' Plan development and approval oversight is
• • administered by the Federal Emergency
• • • Management Agency (FEMA) and administered
•• by the Texas Division of Emergency
Management (IDEM Grant awards will range
• '• from $20,000 — $100,000.
•� Pre-disaster/annual cycle, for non-federal high
•• Federal FEMA TCEQ hazard dams rated Unsatisfactory. Local match is
35% for each of the four grant periods.
• • • , Provides funding to enable states to improve the
• condition of highway bridges through
• Federal FHWA TXDOT replacement, rehabilitation, and systematic
• • • preventive maintenance. Also includes the
•• National Historic Covered Bridge Preservation
Program.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 360
APPENDIX G: STATE AND FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
• •
Homeland security activities identified in thPstate
and local strategic plans. Funding supports threat&
•� Federal DHS TDEM hazard and risk identification for natural,
technological, and human-caused hazards. Some
prevention activities may be considered mitigation.
HPP is the primary source of federal funding for
health care system preparedness and response
• and, in collaboration with public health, prepares
•• Federal HHS TXDSHS health care delivery systems to save lives through
• the development of health care coalitions (HCCs).
_ Under the direction of the HPP providers, the HCCs
develop plans and provide training, and coordinate
regional exercises.
Up to$125,000 to conduct joint research and
development on pressing surface water hydrology
issues common to national, regional, local
• • •• operational offices. Eligible applicants are federally
• Federal NOAA recognized agencies of state or local governments,
quasi-public institutions such as water supply or
power companies, hydrologic consultants and
companies involved in using and developing
hydrologic forecasts.
Provides short-term loans to finance the start-up
costs of Groundwater Conservation Districts.
_ Funding is available for any Groundwater District or
Authority with the authority to regulate the spacing
State TWDB TWDB of water wells, the production from water wells, or
both. The program is authorized under Texas
Water Code Chap. 36, Subchapter. L, and
governed by TWDB rules in 31 Tex. Admin. Code
Chap. 363, Subchapter. H.
GOMESA significantly enhances oil and gas
leasing activities and creates revenue sharing
provisions for the oil- and gas-producing states of
Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, and
their coastal political subdivisions (CPSs).
GOMESA funds are used for coastal conservation,
restoration, and hurricane protection. The second
• Federal DOI TXGLO phase of GOMESA revenue sharing began in
Fiscal Year 2017 and expands the definition of
qualified Outer Continental Shelf revenues to
include receipts from Gulf of Mexico leases subject
to withdrawal or moratoria restrictions. A revenue-
sharing cap of$500 million per year for the four
Gulf producing states, their CPSs and the Land and
Water Conservation Fund applies from fiscal years
2016 through 2055.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 361
APPENDIX G: STATE AND FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
,
Following a disaster, funds can be used to
• • Federal FEMA TDEM mitigate hazards when repairing individual and
family homes.
Restoration, establishment, enhancement, and/or
preservation of aquatic resources through funds
•• Federal USACE Community paid to a governmental or non-profit natural
• • Applicants resources management entity to satisfy
• compensatory mitigation requirements for
Department of the Army permits.
Mitigation Banks are sites approved by the Corps
to sell compensatory mitigation credits for
• • • Community Projects resulting in unavoidable impacts to
Federal USACE waters of the U.S. When a permit is issued that
Applicants requires compensatory mitigation, the permit will
specify how many credits are required to be
purchased at an approved mitigation bank.
•
• Provides money to support enhanced earthquake
• Federal FEMA TDEM risk assessments in local hazard mitigation plans
•• and other earthquake hazard mitigation and
•• preparedness activities.
ERAs evaluate the likelihood that adverse
- • • ecological effects are occurring or may occur as
• • • • Federal EPA TPWD a result of exposure to physical stressors (e.g.,
cleanup activities) or chemical stressors (e.g.,
release of hazardous substances) at a site.
NWS offers storm spotter training, along with
• • weather and flooding safety guides. They can
Federal NOAA- NWS also sometimes provide funding to support
severe weather signage in parks or other public
places.
•
• Federal USFWS TPWD Provides funding for the acquisition of lands into
• • - • • • the federal wildlife refuge system.
The federal Clean Water Act (CWA) requires
States to develop a program to protect the quality
• •• TCEQ, of water resources from the adverse effects of
• Federal EPA TSSWCB nonpoint source (NPS) water pollution. TCEQ
•• and TSSWCB administer federal grants for
activities that prevent or reduce nonpoint source
pollution (NPS).
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 362
APPENDIX G: STATE AND FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
,
Federal USFWS TPWD Provides funding for wetland conservation
projects.
Federal USDA, NRCS Community Provides funding through several programs for
• Applicants the conservation of natural resources.
• . Provides financial and technical assistance to
Federal USFWS TPWD landowners for wetland restoration projects in
• "Focus Areas" of the state.
• Aids states in planning for the development,
• • Federal USACE TWDB utilization, and conservation of water and related
land resources.
. . . .. Federal SBA Provides low-interest loans to small businesses
• for mitigation projects.
• • • • State TAMFS TAMFS TAMFS's Mitigation & Prevention Department
annually implements four prescribed fire grants
intended to protect local communities and restore
ecosystems.
(1) SFAM Plains Prescribed Fire Grant—aids
communities that have been or may be
threatened by wildland fire by funding
prescribed burning to reduce hazardous fuels
in or around communities. Treatment areas
will be located adjacent to priority
communities in Texas that are at the highest
risk for loss during a Southern Plains Wildfire
Outbreak event.
(2) The Community Protection Program Grant
aids reducing the hazard of high-risk fuels on
private lands through the use of prescribed
burning. The treatment area will be within 10
miles of a National Forest boundary. The
grant's goal is to protect high-risk
communities and associated forest resources
by reducing the risk of catastrophic wildfire on
private and public lands.
(3) The State Fire Assistance for Mitigation
Central & East Texas Grant provides
assistance to communities that have been or
may be threatened by wildfire by funding
prescribed burning to reduce hazardous fuels
in and around communities. Treatment areas
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 363
APPENDIX G: STATE AND FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
• - • will be private property in the 43 Counties in
Central and East Texas that have a
• '• Community Wildfire Protection Plan within the
county. The goal is to protect high-risk
communities and aid in ecosystem
restoration by utilizing prescribed fire to
consume excess vegetation before it
contributes to catastrophic wildfire. Priority
will be given to treatments sites that are
within a CWPP. located near a Firewise
community, located near homes based on
Texas Wildfire Risk Assessment Portal and
contain ecosystems that will benefit from
prescribed fire.
(4) Neches River and Cypress Basin Watershed
Restoration Program - Prescribed Fire Grant
provides assistance to landowners in utilizing
prescribed fire for ecological improvement to
the Neches River and Cypress Basin
watersheds. This program will benefit the
public and natural resources through
improvement of water quality and quantity,
control of invasive species and enhancement
of wildlife habitat. Treatment areas will be
private property in the Neches River and
Cypress Basin Watersheds. Priority will be
given to prescribed burn treatments that
promote native ecosystem restoration, are in
priority watershed protection zones and near
public land.
Following a disaster, funds can be used to
• mitigate hazards when repairing damages to a
• - Federal FEMA TDEM public structure or infrastructure. Wildfire
mitigation is also eligible under emergency
• protection if life is in imminent danger.
Helps health departments build and strengthen
•
their abilities to effectively respond to a range of
_ public health threats, including infectious
diseases, natural disasters, and biological,
•- • - Federal CDC TXDSHS chemical, nuclear, and radiological events.
• • •, Preparedness activities funded by the PHEP
cooperative agreement specifically target the
development of emergency-ready public health
departments that are flexible and adaptable.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 364
APPENDIX G: STATE AND FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
TWDB grants to political subdivisions of the State
of Texas for studies and analyses to evaluate
and determine the most feasible alternatives to
•. . meet regional water supply and wastewater
State TWDB TWDB facility needs, estimate the costs associated with
• . implementing feasible regional water supply and
• .. wastewater facility alternatives, and identify
institutional arrangements to provide regional
water supply and wastewater services for areas
in Texas.
Developed to guide and support planning of the
state's water resources by administering and
• assisting in the development of the regional and
• • .• - • State TWDB TWDB state water plans. The department strives to
improve the planning process each cycle by
developing clear guidance for the program's
stakeholders and utilizing best-available data,
methodologies, and technical innovations.
Offers grants to eligible applicants for the
development or revision of regional water plans.
The proposed planning must be a plan, an
amendment to an approved regional water plan
developed by the regional water planning group
• . . for a regional water planning area pursuant to the
,• • State TWDB TWDB Texas Water Code, §16.053 and Chapter 357, or
• - . . other special studies approved by the TWDB
• .. which will enhance water planning efforts in the
region. Activities eligible for funding are those
related to the development, revision, or
improvement of regional water plans including
public meetings, hearings, and special studies.
The USFS is working with partners to restore
healthy, resilient, fire-adapted ecosystems.
• • Restoring ecosystems includes thinning crowded
. .- Federal USDA, USFS TAMFS forests and using prescribed fire on two to three
• .• million acres each year, which can help prevent
the buildup of flammable vegetation that feeds
extreme wildfires.
• Establishes or updates floodplain mapping and
• Federal FEMA, NFIP TWDB multi-hazard risk products.
Provides grants and loans for infrastructure and
• • . . - Federal USDA-Rural TWDB public safety development and enhancement in
Development rural areas. Provides $100,000 or 75% of the
total project, whichever is less.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 365
APPENDIX G: STATE AND FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
' Federal NIFC TAMFS Funds fire mitigation activities in rural
communities.
RUS administers programs that provide much-
Federal needed infrastructure or infrastructure
Federal Development improvements to rural communities. These
include water and waste treatment, electric
power, and telecommunications services.
Designed to assist small rural utilities to obtain
State TWDB TWDB low-cost financing for water and wastewater
projects. The RWAF offers tax-exempt equivalent
interest rate loans with long-term finance options.
Texas has 21 major highways that serve as long
distance travel corridors. Along each of these
roadways, rest areas are an essential safety
■ •� State TXDOT TXDOT feature to reduce accidents caused by driver
fatigue. These facilities give travelers a break
from driving, and then return them to the road
rested, refreshed and alert.
Provides financial assistance to reduce the
hazard of high-risk fuels on private lands using
hazardous fuel reduction. The grant's goal is
protected high risk communities within the 32
• • high risk counties in Central Texas identified by
State TAMFS TAMFS Texas A&M Forest Service Mitigation and
Prevention Department. Priority will be given to
landowners that live with in the 32 high risk
counties, are in a county or city that has an active
Community Wildfire Protection plan or live with in
a Firewise USA Site.
Provides financial assistance for the creation of
vegetative fuel breaks on private lands in Texas.
Vegetative fuel breaks are trees and shrubs
systematically planted adjacent to fields,
homesteads, or feedlots to reduce or redirect the
wind. Projects will be in the Texas High Plains.
•• • State TAMFS TAMFS The goal of the grant is to protect high-risk
communities by reducing the risk of catastrophic
wildfire on private and public lands. Grant
recipients will be reimbursed up to $2,500 for
actual costs associated with creating a green,
vegetative fuel break, consisting of a minimum of
3 rows of trees and 400 feet in length.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 366
APPENDIX G: STATE AND FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
,
Can provide funding for flood related studies,
Federal USACE TWDB public awareness, risk analysis, and flood
response plans. Construction of small flood
control projects.
• •. • • Federal USACE TWDB Authorizes use of USACE to do feasibility and
construction of small flood control projects.
The State Participation Program enables the
TWDB to provide funding and assume a
temporary ownership interest in a regional water,
wastewater, or flood control project when the
• local sponsors are unable to assume debt for an
optimally sized facility. The program is intended
• State TWDB TWDB to encourage the optimum regional development
of projects by funding excess capacity for future
use where the benefits can be documented, and
where such development is unaffordable without
state participation. The goal is to allow for the
"right sizing" of projects in consideration of future
needs.
Passed by the Legislature and approved by
Texas voters through a constitutional
amendment, the SWIFT program helps
• communities develop and optimize water
State TWDB TWDB supplies at cost-effective rates. The program
provides low-interest loans, extended repayment
terms, deferral of loan repayments, and
incremental repurchase terms for projects with
state ownership aspects.
USGS in cooperation with the National Institutes
for Water Resources supports an annual call for
proposals to focus on water problems and issues
Federal USGS TWDB
• that are of a regional or interstate nature or relate
• •• to a specific program priority identified by the
Secretary of the Interior and the Institutes.
Maintains and enhances the ecological and
• agricultural productivity of these lands through
State TPWD TPWD Agricultural Conservation Easements. The
• . . TFRLCP supports responsible stewardship and
conservation of working lands, water, fish and
wildlife, and agricultural production through:
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 367
APPENDIX G: STATE AND FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
,
,
• • Generating interest and awareness in
• • easement programs and other options for
• • conserving working lands.
•• • Leveraging available monies to fund as many
high-quality projects as possible.
• "• Highlighting the ecological and economic value of
working lands and the opportunities to conserve
working lands for the future.
The Texas HOME Disaster Relief Program is a
long-term housing program designed to help
eligible organizations serve income eligible
households impacted by disasters. Funds are
available to assist with federal or state declared
• disasters, or other natural or man-made disasters
• ' - Federal TDHCA TDHCA that may occur.
The Department's practice is to maintain a
HOME Disaster Relief Fund balance of$1 million
whenever possible. These funds can be
accessed to support impacted households not
located in communities that receive HOME funds
directly from the U.S. Department of Housing and
Urban Development (HUD).
Provides eligible landowners with financial and
technical assistance for establishing. enhancing,
and managing longleaf pine. Landowners with
property within ten East Texas counties which
• -• National Fish include Angelina, Hardin, Jasper, Nacogdoches,
• and Wildlife Newton, Polk, San Augustine, Sabine, San
• Federal Foundation TAMFS Jacinto, Trinity, and Tyler are eligible to apply.
•• (NFWF) Approved participants may receive up to 50%
payment not to exceed a standard cap rate for
implementing approved conservation practices.
Approved conservation practices include
prescribed burning, reforestation, site
preparation, and forest stand improvement.
Enacted through Senate Bill 7 to address needs
identified following the flood disasters of 2015,
2016, and 2017. Senate Bill 500 appropriated
$685 million. Purpose is to provide loans, grants,
State TWDB TWDB and matching funds for flood projects through
" • four separate accounts. Each account has
different purposes. The oversight entity is the
TIRF Advisory Board (SWIFT Advisory
Committee and TDEM Director as non-voting
member).
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 368
APPENDIX G: STATE AND FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
State funded loan program The DFund enables the
Board to fund multiple eligible components in one
loan to our borrowers, e.g., an application for
funding of water and wastewater components can
_ State TWDB TWDB be processed in a single loan. Provide financial
• " assistance for water supply projects, wastewater
projects, and flood control projects (including
structural and nonstructural flood protection
improvements).
Provides opportunities for non-traditional
transportation related activities. Projects should go
above and beyond standard transportation activities
and be integrated into the surrounding environment
•• • in a sensitive and creative manner that contributes
Federal FHWA TXDOT to the livelihood of the communities, promotes the
• • quality of our environment, and enhances the
aesthetics of our roadways. Projects undertaken
with enhancement funds are eligible for
reimbursement of up to 80 percent of allowable
costs.
• USGS issues competitive grants and cooperative
• • • • Federal USGS agreements to support research in earthquake
hazards, the physics of earthquakes, earthquake
occurrence, and earthquake safety policy.
Urban tree canopy (UTC) is the layer of leaves,
branches, and stems of trees that cover the ground
when viewed from above. In urban areas, the UTC
provides an important stormwater management
function by intercepting rainfall that would otherwise
•. run off of paved surfaces and be transported into
• • • - Federal USDA, USFS TAMFS local waters though the storm drainage system,
picking up various pollutants along the way. UTC
also reduces the urban heat island effect, reduces
heating/cooling costs, lowers air temperatures,
reduces air pollution, increases property values,
provides wildlife habitat, and provides aesthetic and
community benefits such as improved quality of life.
Provides grant assistance to U.S. and Mexican
communities located within 60 miles of the border
• for the development and construction of high-
• • • Federal EPA TCEQ priority drinking water and wastewater facilities. The
program furthers EPA's mission of protecting
.• human health and the environment by providing
critical resources for what is often an area's first
drinking water and basic sanitation services.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 369
APPENDIX G- STATE AND FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
- - • pw"aterr
b
TWDB funds a variety plannW."',g
- • State TWDB TWDB water research studies and projects intended to
•• assist and support regional water planning efforts
or to answer regional water planning questions.
• • Federal HUD Texas A&M Provides several grants related to safe housing
• AgriLife initiatives.
• • Bureau of Up to $25,000 for projects that improve water use
• •• Federal Reclamation TWDB efficiency and improve water management
• practices.
•• Up to $250,000 for projects that can be
• • Bureau of TWDB completed within 24 months and that reduce
Federal Reclamation conflicts through water conservation, efficiency,
• and markets.
• • $100,000 available. Sponsors research that
addresses two areas: (1) understanding
• fundamental watershed processes-, and (2)
• Federal USDA TWDB developing appropriate technology and
management practices for improving the effective
use of water (consumptive and non-consumptive)
• • • • and protecting or improving water quality for
• agriculture and forestry production.
$500,000 available. Innovative research in
_ - understanding fundamental processes that affect
• the quality and quantity of water resources at
•• Federal USDA TWDB diverse spatial and temporal scales, ways on
•• improving water resource management in
agriculture, forested, and rangeland watersheds,
and developing appropriate technology to reach
those goals.
Voluntary program for conservation-minded
Federal USDA, NRCS TPWD landowners who want to develop and improve
•• - wildlife habitat on agricultural land, nonindustrial
private forest land, and tribal land.
City of Round Rock Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Update 2025 1 Page 370
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